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Figure 1 from: Pykälä J, Kantelinen A, Myllys L (2020) Taxonomy of Verrucaria species characterised by large spores, perithecia leaving pits in the rock and a pale thin thallus in Finland. MycoKeys 72: 43-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.56223
Figure 1 Phylogenetic relationships of Verrucaria with large spores, perithecia leaving pits in the rock and pale thin thallus belonging to the Thelidium group. A Maximum Likelihood phylogram obtained from the RAxML analysis is based on the ITS dataset. Bootstrap values (> 50%) are shown at nodes. The node leading to the ingroup is shortened and is in reality three times longer.
Figure 2 from: Pykälä J, Kantelinen A, Myllys L (2020) Taxonomy of Verrucaria species characterised by large spores, perithecia leaving pits in the rock and a pale thin thallus in Finland. MycoKeys 72: 43-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.72.56223
Figure 2 Habitus of the new Verrucaria species AV. bifurcata (holotype) BV. cavernarum (holotype) CV. difficilis (holotype) DV. fuscozonata (holotype) EV. kuusamoensis (holotype) FV. subdevergens (holotype) GV. vacillans (holotype). Scale bars: 1 mm (A–D), 0.5 mm (E–G).
Data from: Digging the optimum pit: antlions, spirals and spontaneous stratification
Most animal traps are constructed from self-secreted silk, so antlions are rare among trap builders because they use only materials found in the environment. We show how antlions exploit the properties of the substrate to produce very effective structures in the minimum amount of time. Our modelling demonstrates how antlions (1) exploit self-stratification in granular media differentially to expose deleterious large grains at the bottom of the construction trench where they can be ejected preferentially and (2) minimize completion time by spiral rather than central digging. Both phenomena are confirmed by our experiments. Spiral digging saves time because it enables the antlion to eject material initially from the periphery of the pit where it is less likely to topple back into the centre. As a result, antlions can produce their pits — lined almost exclusively with small slippery grains to maximize powerful avalanches and hence prey capture — much more quickly than if they simply dig at the pit's centre. Our demonstration, for the first time, of an animal utilizing self-stratification in granular media exemplifies the sophistication of extended phenotypes even if they are only formed from material found in the animal's environment.
Data from: A novel environmental restoration method for an abandoned limestone quarry with a deep open pit and steep palisades: a case study
In general, exploitation of rock materials, such as limestone or granite exploitation, can cause serious damage to the ecological environment near a mine area. With economic development and the ever-increasing demand for ore resources, mining activities have induced very serious environmental issues in China. Therefore, environmental restoration work around mines in China is urgently required. This study explores the Chuankou open-pit limestone quarry in Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, Northwest China, as the engineering case. The environmental issues caused by over 40 years of limestone exploitation, including land degradation, land occupation, dust pollution and potential geological disasters, were investigated. Combining the characteristics of this quarry with a summary of previous studies on environmental restoration work, this paper proposes a novel and systematic method that was comprehensively carried out through engineering and revegetation measures. The engineering measure, that is, the construction of an artificial slope by using local abandoned construction materials, solved the environmental problems in this quarry and provided site conditions favourable for revegetation. The revegetation measure restored the local ecosystem. This method provides both a new idea for the sustainable development of a mining area and a useful reference for analogous engineering cases.
Data from: Seed priming and Zaï pit practice improve field performance of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in the Sahelian zone of Mali
Poor seed germination caused by a variety of seed, soil and environmental factors lead to suboptimal seedling stand and ultimately yield suffers a serious setback. A number of priming techniques have been found to be effective in increasing germination and seedling growth and development. This includes techniques such as on-farm hydro-priming (seed soaking in well water) and osmo-priming (seed soaking in low osmotic solutions of Potassium silicate). Also, Zaï practice, a cropping system concentrating runoff water and manure in pits, may be a simple solution in addition to seed priming techniques for crop establishment under early drought and heat prone areas and for increased productivity of poor soils. This study aims to evaluate the combined effect of priming and cultural practices (ridge and zaï pits) on three sorghum varieties in the Sahelian zone of Mali. Data were collected during two growing seasons in 2014 and 2015. Monitored parameters were assessed by comparing the impact of priming with untreated sorghum seeds (the control) cultivated on ridges and zaï pits with or without compost. We also compared the effect of hydro-priming in water from well to osmo-priming using K2SiO3 performance. Hence, each of the 3 sorghum variety seeds were subjected to 3 different priming, sowed on ridges and zaï treatments. Variety banidoka and CSM63E recorded the maximum GP (54.0%) which was significantly higher than saba-tienda GP (48%). The priming treatments were not statistically different for germination but showed slight improvement in GP for primed (54%) compared to unprimed (48%). Germination percentages were significantly higher in zaï pits practice without (55%) and with compost (55%) compared to ridges (48%). Grain yield varied significantly among sorghum varieties (p<0. 04) and cultural practices (p<0. 01). There was no significant difference among priming treatments for grain yield. However, variety banidoka produced the highest grain yield (961 kg ha-1) followed by CSM63E (874 kg ha-1) and lastly saba-tienda (671 kg ha-1) with banidoka showing statistically different yield compared to saba-tienda. Zaï pits practice with compost obtained the highest GY (1131 kg ha-1), which was statistically different from the GY of zaï pits practice without compost (695 kg ha-1) and ridge practice (742 kg ha-1). Zaï pits practice without compost did not statistically differ from ridge practice. The findings showed that seed priming in addition to zaï pits practice improves seed germination and seedling development of sorghum probably by accelerating imbibition and providing continuous moisture during the germination phase. Combining seed priming and zai pit practice with compost appears a simple practice that will improve crop establishment and grain yield in the Sahelian zone of West Africa.
Supplementary material 1 from: Chan KO, Anuar S, Sankar A, Law IT, Law IS, Shivaram R, Christian C, Mulcahy DG, Malhotra A (2023) A new species of pit-viper from the Ayeyarwady and Yangon regions in Myanmar (Viperidae, Trimeresurus). ZooKeys 1186: 221-234. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1186.110422
Raw morphological data of specimens examined in this study
Dataset of 'Radar Evidence of an Accessible Cave Conduit on the Moon below the Mare Tranquillitatis Pit'
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 2 in Molecular and phenotypic data reveal a new Amazonian species of pit vipers (Serpentes: Viperidae: Bothrops)
Figure 2. Bothrops oligobalius sp. nov. from French Guiana. Photo by Maël Dewynter.
Figs. 219–230. Noideattella tany, new species. 219. Cephalothorax male, ventral view. 220. Infracoxal grooves male, ventral view. 221. Chelicerae with modified setae male, anterior view. 222. Cheliceral pits detail, anterior view. 223. Chelicerae male variations, anterior view. 224. Palp male, retrolateral view. 225. Same, prolateral view. 226. Palp tarsal organ male, dorsal view. 227. Embolus, prolateral view. 228. Embolus, retrolateral view. 229. Embolus, ventral view. 230 in Noideattella and Tolegnaro, Two New Genera of Goblin Spiders from Madagascar, with Comments on the Gamasomorphoid and Silhouettelloid Oonopids (Araneae, Oonopidae)
Figs. 219–230. Noideattella tany, new species. 219. Cephalothorax male, ventral view. 220. Infracoxal grooves male, ventral view. 221. Chelicerae with modified setae male, anterior view. 222. Cheliceral pits detail, anterior view. 223. Chelicerae male variations, anterior view. 224. Palp male, retrolateral view. 225. Same, prolateral view. 226. Palp tarsal organ male, dorsal view. 227. Embolus, prolateral view. 228. Embolus, retrolateral view. 229. Embolus, ventral view. 230. Embolus, dorsal view. Scale bars = 50 µm, except 222, 226–230: 10 µm.
17O-excess data of two snow pits at Dome A
<p>17O-excess data of two snow pits at Dome A</p>
Text-fig. 6. Quercus sp. Red Oak, UF 279-24550. a, b: Wood semi-ring-porous to diffuse-porous; vessels exclusively solitary; thinwalled tyloses in wide vessels; diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma; rays of two distinct sizes. TS. c: Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. d: Vessel-vasicentric tracheid pitting, RLS. e: Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, vertically elongate, RLS. f: Narrow rays 1-2 cells wide, TLS. g: Ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in a, b, c; 50 µm in d, f, g; 20 µm in e. in A Diverse Assemblage Of Late Eocene Woods From Oregon, Western Usa
Text-fig. 6. Quercus sp. Red Oak, UF 279-24550. a, b: Wood semi-ring-porous to diffuse-porous; vessels exclusively solitary; thinwalled tyloses in wide vessels; diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma; rays of two distinct sizes. TS. c: Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. d: Vessel-vasicentric tracheid pitting, RLS. e: Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, vertically elongate, RLS. f: Narrow rays 1-2 cells wide, TLS. g: Ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in a, b, c; 50 µm in d, f, g; 20 µm in e.
White-lipped Pit Viper (Trimeresurus insularis)
SciDraw upload
FIGURE 15 in Designing scientifically-grounded paleoart for augmented reality at La Brea Tar Pits
FIGURE 15. Low poly reconstruction of the extinct Shasta ground sloth (Nothrotheriops shastensis). To view this model in 3D, please see the online version of this article.
FIGURE 5. Bird fossil and subfossil remains from test pit D. 1 in Late Holocene land vertebrate fauna from Cueva de los Nesofontes, Western Cuba: Stratigraphy, chronology, diversity, and paleoecology
FIGURE 5. Bird fossil and subfossil remains from test pit D. 1, Cathartes aura maxilla in lateral and dorsal view. 2, proximal tibiotarsus of Colaptes cf. fernandinae. 3, the humerus of Psittacara eups. 4, distal coracoid of Progne cf. cryptoleuca or subis. 5, humerus of Tachycineta bicolor (FLMNH-UF 17685); 6, humerus of Tachycineta cf. bicolor. 7, humerus of Geotrygon cf. chrysia. 8, humerus of Sphyrapicus varius. 9, humerus of Melanerpes superciliaris. 10, tarsometatarsus (left) and humerus of Margarobyas lawrencii. 11, humerus of Saurothera merlini. The numbers on specimens are field numbers. Each scale bar represents 10 mm.
Text-fig. 5. Schema of radial section of T. gypsaceum (sample Bečov 2). t – tracheid, r – ray, bp – bordered pit, tp – taxodioid pit, cp – cupressoid pit, c – crassulae. in New Fossil Woods From The Paleogene Of Doupovské Hory And České Středohoří Mts. (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 5. Schema of radial section of T. gypsaceum (sample Bečov 2). t – tracheid, r – ray, bp – bordered pit, tp – taxodioid pit, cp – cupressoid pit, c – crassulae.
FIGURE 23. Claiborne Fagaceae Fruit Type 5 in Fruits, seeds and flowers from the Puryear clay pit (middle Eocene Cockfield Formation), western Tennessee, USA
FIGURE 23. Claiborne Fagaceae Fruit Type 5: 1) UF15820-004015, fruit showing branched spines (indicated by arrows); 2) UF15820-004025, fruit showing two superimposed valves with clay filled in between them (indicated by lower left arrows) and branching and intertwining spines (indicated by top arrow); 3) UF15820- 032853, fruit showing valves with distal portions of spines missing and only proximal web-like valve preserved (indicated by arrow). All scale bars equal 3 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Discovery of a new cavernicolous trechine genus and species from a deep pit in Anlong, southwestern Guizhou Province (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae)
FIGURE 2. Habitus of Ckacus youcha n. gen., n. sp.
Text-fig. 3. A cut-out of the Barová Cave layout, focused on palaeontological excavations. Single test pits are marked and distinguished by letters. Ch – Passage to the Shaft I test pit, J – Shaft I test pit, K – Chimney Dome test pit, L – Fox Passage test pit, M – Bear Passage test pit, P – Under the Ladder test pit. in The Mammalian Fauna Of Barová Cave (Moravian Karst, The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 3. A cut-out of the Barová Cave layout, focused on palaeontological excavations. Single test pits are marked and distinguished by letters. Ch – Passage to the Shaft I test pit, J – Shaft I test pit, K – Chimney Dome test pit, L – Fox Passage test pit, M – Bear Passage test pit, P – Under the Ladder test pit.
Figures 8-13 from: Peris Felipo F, Munk T, Jimenez R (2013) New western Palaearctic Dinotrema species with mesoscutal pit and only medially sculptured propodeum (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). ZooKeys 260: 61-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.260.4084
Figures 8-13 - Dinotrema alysiae sp. n. (female). 8 Mesonotum 9 Propodeum 10 Hind leg 11 First metasomal tergite 12 Metasoma and ovipositor 13 Fore and hind wings.
Figures 21-26 from: Peris Felipo F, Munk T, Jimenez R (2013) New western Palaearctic Dinotrema species with mesoscutal pit and only medially sculptured propodeum (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae). ZooKeys 260: 61-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.260.4084
Figures 21-26 - Dinotrema paramicum sp. n. (female). 21 Mesonotum 22 Propodeum 23 Hind leg 24 First metasomal tergite 25 Metasoma and ovipositor 26 Fore and hind wings.
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