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Fig. 5 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants

Fig. 5. UV chromatograms (280 nm) of non-oxidized (grey) and oxidized (black) samples of selected species, illustrating enzymatic oxidative activities of various types of compounds. Dihydroxysubstituted compounds, such as quercetin glycosides and caffeic acid derivatives, are oxidized more efficiently than their monohydroxysubstituted counterparts, i.e. kaempferol glycosides and coumaric acid derivatives.

opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

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Fig. 2 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants

Fig. 2. Plant families arranged according to APG IV, and their phenolic compound classes and total phenolic levels. The dash () and one, two or three asterisks denote different average quantity levels depending on the compound class as follows: FC and ET: <1, 1–30, 31–60 and>60 mg/g; GA: <1, 1–10, 11–20 and>20 mg/ g; PC and PD: <1, 1–15, 16–30 and>30 mg/g; KA, QU and QA: <1, 1–5, 6–10 and>10 mg/g. For the oxidative activity column, dashes and asterisk represent the following: () No activity. The phenolic content of the samples is low overall (total phenolics concentration 10 mg/g or less) with no major peaks present, or the compounds are not affected by the oxidative conditions, the peak area variation remaining within ±10%. (*) Weak activity. The area of most major peaks have reduced by ca. 10–30%. (**) Moderate activity. The areas of most major peaks have reduced by ca. 30–60%. (***) High activity. The areas of most major peaks have reduced by>60%. Abbreviations: FC: Folin-Ciocalteu assay (i.e. total phenolics), HT: hydrolysable tannins, GA: gallic acid derivatives, ET: ellagitannins, PA: proanthocyanidins, PC: procyanidins, PD: prodelphinidins, FL: flavonols, KA: kaempferols, QU: quercetins, QA: quinic acid derivatives, Enz: enzymatic oxidative activity, pH10: alkaline oxidative activity at pH 10. a Myricetin has been left out because of its low quantity in the sample set. It was detected in 20 families, with a maximum concentration of 7 mg/g.

opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

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Fig. 4 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants

Fig. 4. UV chromatograms (280 nm) of non-oxidized (grey) and oxidized (black) samples of selected species, illustrating alkaline oxidative activities of various types of compounds. Monohydroxysubstituted compounds, such as kaempferol glycosides, are inactive. The same applies for compounds containing a catechol moiety, e.g. catechin, quercetin glycosides and procyanidins. However, if the catechol moiety is at the end of an alkane chain, as is the case with e.g. rosmarinic acid, rubranoside A, and oregonin, the alkaline oxidative activity is greatly increased. Myricetin glycosides, prodelphinidins, gallic acid derivatives and ellagitannins – all containing a pyrogallol moiety – are highly active and oxidize completely.

opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

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Fig. 3 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants

Fig. 3. Phenolic compound structures quantified using MRM methods of Engstr¨om et al. (2015, 2014), and how the measurements are related to each other.

opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

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Fig. 1 in Distribution of enzymatic and alkaline oxidative activities of phenolic compounds in plants

Fig. 1. The content of phenolic compounds, recorded at 280 nm, in nonoxidized (grey) and enzymatically oxidized (black) Trifolium pratense flowers. The peak area of clovamide has decreased by 91%, likely due to oxidation, whereas flavonols only have lost ca. 11% of their peak areas. A moderate, 26% decrease in total phenolics suggests that the sample retains most of its phenolic compounds, supporting these observations.

opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

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Fig. 2 in Distribution and evolution of the serine/aspartate racemase family in plants

Fig. 2. Chromosomal gene arrangement around SerR homologous genes (a) and phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide sequence of SerR homologous genes (b) from Solanales species. (a) The arrows indicate the direction of transcription. The genome sequences were obtained from GenBank and the accession numbers are as follows: CP025656, Ipomoea trifida; NW_015850497, Nicotiana tabacum; CM008450, Capsicum baccatum; NC_015445, Solanum lycopersicum; NC_028644, Solanum pennellii; NW_006239070, Solanum tuberosum; FYAA01000154, Solanum verrucosum; NC_039913, Coffea arabica. Each SerR homologous gene was predicted as AspR or SerR based on the amino acid sequence of the triple serine loop region. AHL5, AT-hook motif nuclear-localized protein 5; FTIP1, FT-interacting protein 1; NOB1, RNA-binding protein NOB1; LOR, LURP-one-related. (b) The nucleotide sequence of SerR homologous genes was obtained from genome sequences. The ML tree was constructed using the MEGA 7 (Kumar et al., 2016) and the ML bootstrap values are shown at the branching point. The symbols (A) to (D) before sequence name correspond to the gene arrangement shown in (a).

opennotspecifiedJan 2020View details →

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Fig. 1 in Distribution and evolution of the serine/aspartate racemase family in plants

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequences and comparison of intron positions of plant SerR homologs.The ML tree was constructed using MEGA 7 (Kumar et al., 2016). The ML bootstrap values are shown at the branching point. Individual sequences of SerR homologs are labelled by their scientific name and GenBank accession number. The amino acid sequence at position 150 to 152 (the amino acid residue numbers are based upon the Schizosaccharomyces pombe SerR), enzyme function and intron positions are shown to the right of each sequence name. The positions of introns are based on the amino acid sequence of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe SerR and intron phases are indicated by ''.0'', ''.1'' or ''.2''. The conserved introns among genes are shown by vertical lines.

opennotspecifiedJan 2020View details →

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Fig. 3 in Distribution and evolution of the serine/aspartate racemase family in plants

Fig. 3. Gene expression level of Solanum lycopersicum SerR, AspRs (AspR1 and AspR2) genes using the TomExpress and TFGD. Gene expression level of Solanum lycopersicum SerR (Solyc ID: Solyc08g008010) and AspRs (Solyc ID: Solyc08g008000) was analyzed by the TomExpress (Zouine et al., 2017) and the tomato functional genomic database (TFGD; Fei et al., 2011). Data in their entirety are shown in Supplemental Tables S3 and S4 while pertinent data are shown in this figure. The gene expression level using TomExpress and TFGD showed by RPKM (Reads Per Kilobase per Million mapped reads) and Normalized mean counts per base, respectively. DPA, days post anthesis; DAP, days after planting.

opennotspecifiedJan 2020View details →

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