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FIGURE 7 in A novel symbiotic relationship between ascidians and a new tunic-boring polychaete (Annelida: Spionidae: Polydora)

FIGURE 7. Results of plate assay (A) and zymographic analysis (B) for cellulase activity of Polydora tunicola sp. nov. Haloes (A: destained areas) and destained bands (B: arrowheads) indicate the cellulose decomposition (exhibition of cellulase activity). PC = positive control (crystalline style of a brackish water clam Corbicula japonica), NC = negative control.

FIGURE 6 in A novel symbiotic relationship between ascidians and a new tunic-boring polychaete (Annelida: Spionidae: Polydora)

FIGURE 6. Maximum likelihood tree inferred from concatenated sequences of nuclear 18S and 28S and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences of Polydora species obtained in this study and from DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank database (Table 1). The gene sequences obtained in this study are highlighted in boldface. SH-aLRT/approximate Bayes support/ultrafast bootstrap support values of ≥80%/≥0.95/≥95%, respectively, are given beside the respective nodes. Nodes with red circles indicate triple high support values of SH-aLRT ≥ 80, approximate Bayes support ≥ 0.95, and ultrafast bootstrap support ≥ 95. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. Sequences of Dipolydora species are used for outgroup rooting. The symbols at the left of the species names indicate the lifestyle based on the available information (Table 1).

FIGURE 5 in A novel symbiotic relationship between ascidians and a new tunic-boring polychaete (Annelida: Spionidae: Polydora)

FIGURE 5. Micro-CT images of the host ascidian. A: three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed image of three U-shaped burrows of Polydora tunicola sp. nov. B: two-dimensional reconstructed images of three U-shaped burrows of Polydora tunicola sp. nov. extracted from tomographic data. Arrowheads of figures A and B indicate the apertures of the burrows. C–E: Cross-sectional image of the host. Arrowheads indicate the boreholes of Polydora tunicola sp. nov. in the ascidian tunic. Scale bars = 10 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A novel symbiotic relationship between ascidians and a new tunic-boring polychaete (Annelida: Spionidae: Polydora)

FIGURE 4. Polydora tunicola sp. nov. A: palps and mud tubes of Polydora tunicola sp. nov. protruding from their burrows in the tunics of the sessile ascidian Polycarpa cf. cryptocarpa kroboja. B: closeup of palps and mud tubes of Polydora tunicola sp. nov. C, D: tubes of Polydora tunicola sp. nov. concentrated on near siphons of the ascidians. E: juvenile of Polydora tunicola sp. nov. (arrowhead) constructing a mucous tube on the siphons of the ascidians but not yet bore into the tunic. F: cross-section of a host ascidian showing many pairs of boreholes filled with mud tubes (arrowheads) of Polydora tunicola sp. nov. in the host tunic. Photo by O. Hoshino (A–E) and H. Abe (F).

FIGURE 1 in A novel symbiotic relationship between ascidians and a new tunic-boring polychaete (Annelida: Spionidae: Polydora)

FIGURE 1. Maps showing sampling locations of Polydora tunicola sp. nov. A: Japan. B: Izu-Oshima Island and its vicinity.

FIGURE 2 in A novel symbiotic relationship between ascidians and a new tunic-boring polychaete (Annelida: Spionidae: Polydora)

FIGURE 2. Polydora tunicola sp. nov. Light micrographs showing the morphology of preserved specimens (holotype: NSMTPol H-855). A: entire body. B: anterior end, dorsal view. C: anterior end, lateral view. D: posterior end, lateral view. E: posterior end, dorsal view. F: posterior end, ventral view. Scale bars: (A) = 5 mm; (B–C) = 1 mm; (D–F) = 500 μm.

Figure 20 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 20. Anobothrus amourouxi ESFM-POL/2017-10: (a) anterior part, dorsal view; (b) anterior end, dorsal view; (c) lateral view of body; (d) notochaetae with serrate tip on TU8; (e) abdominal uncini on AU1; (f) thoracic uncini on TU1. Scale bars: a = 1.7 mm; b = 1.1 mm; c = 2.2 mm; d = 36 µm; e = 22 µm; f = 23 µm. Abbreviation. TU: thoracic unciniger. The arrow in (a) indicates a white band on dorsum of uniciniger 3.

Figure 18 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 18. Barantolla cryptogenica sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2017-211): (a) anterior end with everted nuchal organ, lateral view; (b) nuchal organ; (c) notopodial hooks, thorax; (d) neuropodial hook, abdomen. Scale bar: a = 190 µm; b = 30 µm; c = 16 µm; d = 25 µm.

Figure 17 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 17. Barantolla cryptogenica sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2017-211): (a–d) neuropodial hooks, abdomen. Scale bar: a = 4 µm; b = 2 µm; c = 9 µm; d = 4 µm.

Figure 16 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 16. Barantolla cryptogenica sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2017-211): (a) anterior end, lateral view; (b) anterior end with everted proboscis, lateral view; (c) prostomium with everted nuchal organs, dorsal view; (d) nuchal organ, dorso-lateral view; (e) lateral organ, thorax. Scale bar: a = 0.20 mm; b = 100 µm; c = 70 µm; d = 18 µm; e = 8 µm.

Figure 15 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 15. Barantolla cryptogenica sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2017-211): (a) anterior end, lateral view; (b) limbate chaetae, thorax; (c) notopodial hooks, thorax; (d) neuropodial hooks, thorax; (e) notopodial hooks, abdomen; (f) neuropodial hooks, abdomen. Scale bar: a = 0.35 mm; b = 26 µm; cf = 55 µm.

Figure 13 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 13. Paraonis lobulata sp. nov. paratype and non-type specimens: (a) antero-dorsal view of body (ESFM-POL/2018-124); (b) cheek organ (ESFM-POL/2018-124); (c) dorso-lateral view of prostomium and peristomium (ESFM-POL/2018-124); (d) Lateral view of prostomium and peristomium (ESFM-POL/ 2019-14); (e) dorso-lateral view of prostomium (ESFM-POL/2017-157); (f) dorsal view of prostomium (ESFM-POL/2017-157). Scale bar: a = 154 µm; b = 9 µm; c = 62 µm; d = 46 µm; e = 34 µm; f = 81 µm. Abbreviations. bran: branchia; cb: ciliary band; co: cheek organ; dcb: dorsal ciliary band; lso: lateral sense organ; nacb: nuchal organ associated ciliary band; no: nuchal organ; np: notopodial papilla; ntpcl: notopodial postchaetal lobe; per: peristomium; sf: skin fold.

Figure 11 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 11. Paraonis lobulata sp. nov. holotype (ESFM-POL/2019-11): (a) general view of body, dorsal view; (b) antero-dorsal view of body; (c) modified neurochaetae on chaetigers 49 and 50. Scale bar: a = 193 µm; b = 180 µm; c = 51 µm.

Figure 9 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 9. Leitoscoloplos mediterranea sp. nov. paratype (ESFM–POL/2018–156): (a) anterior end, dorso–lateral view; (b) anterior end, dorsal view; (c) anterior end, ventral view; (d) posterior end, pygidium, terminal view. Scale bar: a = 50 µm; b = 61 µm; c = 75 µm; d = 93 µm. Abbreviations. aC: anal cirrus; an: anus; mo: mouth; mOL: mouth lobes; nuO: nuchal organ; per: peristomium; pr: prostomium.

Figure 6 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 6. Oxydromus digitifera sp. nov. non-type material (ESFM-POL/2019-65): (a) anterior end, dorsal view; (b) anterior end, lateral view; (c) anterior end, dorso-lateral view; (d) tip of a middle parapodium with a characteristic digitiform projection. Scale bar: a, b = 0.6 mm; c = 0.3 mm; d = 25 µm.

Figure 3 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 3. Oxydromus digitifera sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2018-158): (a) anterior parapodium (chaetiger 2), anterior face; (b) middle parapodium (chaetiger 10), anterior face; (c) posterior parapodium (chaetiger 20), posterior face; (d) neuropodial falciger (chaetiger 10); (e) notopodial furcate chaeta. Scale bar: a–c = 200 µm; d = 26 µm; e = 20 µm.

Figure 4 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 4. Oxydromus digitifera sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2018-158): (a) whole body (posterior part missing), dorsal view; (b) whole body, lateral view; (c) anterior end, dorsal view; (d) anterior end, lateral view; (e) prostomium, dorsal view. Scale bar: a, b = 0.5 mm; c = 0.7 mm; d = 0.6 mm; e = 0.2 mm.

Figure 2 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 2. Oxydromus digitifera sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2018-158): (a) anterior end, dorsal view; (b) anterior end, lateral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Figure 5 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 5. Oxydromus digitifera sp. nov. paratype (ESFM-POL/2018-158): (a) anterior part of proboscis, dorsal view; (b) middle parapodia, dorsal view; (c) middle parapodium, posterior face; (d) tip of falciger, middle parapodium; (e) falciger, middle parapodium; (f) notopodial furcate chaeta, middle parapodium. Scale bar: a = 170 µm; b = 60 µm; c = 55 µm; d = 4 µm; e, f = 21 µm.

Figure 14 in The diversity of polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in a longterm pollution monitoring study from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Eastern Mediterranean), with the descriptions of four species new to science and two species new to the Mediterranean fauna

Figure 14. Paraonis lobulata sp. nov. paratype and non-type specimens: (a) dorsal view of notopodia, branchial region (ESFM-POL/2018-124); (b) posterior end with pygidium, dorsal side (ESFM-POL/2017- 157); (c) lateral sense organ, branchial region (ESFM-POL/2017-157); (d) lateral sense organ, postbranchial region (ESFM-POL/2017-157); (e) lateral sense organ, posterior region (ESFM-POL/2019-14); (f) notopodium, posterior region (ESFM-POL/2019-14); (g) parapodium with modifed neurochaetae, posterior region. Scale bar: a = 44 µm; b = 82 µm; c = 11 µm; d = 6 µm; e = 0.2 µm; f = 20 µm. Abbreviations. ac: anal cirri; lso: lateral sense organ; mneu: modified neurochaeta; np: notopodial papilla; ntpcl: notopodial postchaetal lobe.