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Fig. 5 in Reproductive biology of Cetengraulis edentulus (Cuvier, 1829), the major fishery resource in Guanabara Bay, Brazil

Fig. 5. Relation between gonadosomatic index with fullness index (A) and with total length (B) of Cetengraulis edentulus in Guanabara Bay. Lines represent the generalized additive models selected by the Akaike information criterion.

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Fig. 8 in Reproductive biology of Cetengraulis edentulus (Cuvier, 1829), the major fishery resource in Guanabara Bay, Brazil

Fig. 8. Mean values (± standard error) of the hepatosomatic index among months and seasons (black square = females; white circle = males) of Cetengraulis edentulus in Guanabara Bay.

FIGURE 15. Louteridium mexicanum. A in Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Reproductive Biology, and Conservation

FIGURE 15. Louteridium mexicanum. A. Shoot with inflorescence in flower. B. Leaf. C. Flower with pedicel and enlargements showing glands on external surface of corolla and eglandular trichomes on pedicel. D. Posterior calyx lobe. E. Lateral calyx lobe (adaxial surface with enlargement showing glandular punctations and cystoliths). F. Corolla dissected to show insertion of stamens. G. Anther. H. Distal portion of style and stigma. I. Capsule. J. Seed. A-H from Breedlove & Daniel 70879cv, I from Breedlove 24177, J from Hernández G. 1054. Drawn by Erin Hunter (inverted from scratchboard).

FIGURE 13. Louteridium donnell-smithii. Plate 7 from Botanical Gazette, vol. 14 in Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Reproductive Biology, and Conservation

FIGURE 13. Louteridium donnell-smithii. Plate 7 from Botanical Gazette, vol. 14 (1889), drawn by C.E. Faxon. From the legend on page 29 of Donnell-Smith's article, "Undescribed plants from Guatemala. V:" "Fig. 1. Cyme and leaf. Fig. 2. Flower with calyx removed and corolla laid open. Fig. 3. Vertical section of ovary. Fig. 4. Ovule. Fig. 5. Capsule divided transversely. Fig. 6. Dehiscent capsule. Fig. 7. One valve showing placenta and retinacula. Fig. 8. Seed divided transversely. Fig. 9 Embryo. Fig. 10. Diagram of flower."

FIGURE 8 in Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Reproductive Biology, and Conservation

FIGURE 8. Map of Mexico (showing states) and northern Central America with distributions of species of Louteridium endemic to Mexico: L. brevicalyx, L. dendropilosum, L. koelzii, L. parayi, L. rzedowskianum, and L. tamaulipense. Symbols may pertain to multiple collections.

FIGURE 1 in Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Reproductive Biology, and Conservation

FIGURE 1. Most likely phylogenetic hypothesis for relationships among species of Louteridium, generated from ddRADseq loci analyzed under maximum likelihood (and implemented in RAxML). Our analyses yield strong support for a monophyletic Louteridium as well as support for three primary sections: Louteridium, Parcostamium, and Tetrandrium. Hash mark between outgroups and Louteridium indicate branch was shortened to reduced overall figure width for reproducibility. Asterisks [*] indicate 100% ML bootstrap support.

FIGURE 11 in Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Reproductive Biology, and Conservation

FIGURE 11. Map of southern Mexico (showing states) and northern Central America with distribution of Louteridium mexicanum. Circles may pertain to multiple collections.

FIGURE 10 in Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Reproductive Biology, and Conservation

FIGURE 10. Map of southern Mexico (showing states) and northern Central America with distributions of Louteridium chartaceum, L. donnell-smithii, and L. purpusii. Symbols may pertain to multiple collections.

FIGURE 6 in Louteridium (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Ruellieae: Trichantherinae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Reproductive Biology, and Conservation

FIGURE 6. Pollen exine sculpturing of Louteridium spp. A. L. brevicalyx (Daniel & Steinmann 11913). B. L. costaricense (van der Werff 7019). C. L. donnell-smithii (Daniel & Véliz 11337). D. L. mexicanum (Breedlove & Thorne 30786). E. L. purpusii (Breedlove & Smith 31613). F. L. tamaulipense (Hutchinson s.n.). All scales = 10 μm.

Fig. 19 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 19 Ultrastructural details of opposing embryonic and embryo sac tissues in Plumatella casmiana (TEM). a Embryo showing extensions towards the embryo sac and vice versa (arrows). b Massive cytoplasmic extensions of the embryo sac mesoderm including large vesicles, partly opening to the lumen of the embryo sac (asterisk). c Filiform extensions between the cells of the embryo sac and the embryo. d Cells of the

Fig. 20 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 20 Ultrastructure of the contact area between the embryo sac and the embryo (a, c, d) and the embryo sac facing the maternal coelom (b, e) in Plumatella casmiana (TEM). a Mesodermal cell of the embryo sac (left) with a large nucleus and surrounding endoplasmatic reticulum. Vesicles release their contents (arrows) to the lumen of the embryo sac. A presumed endocytotic vesicle (wide arrow) is present in the cytoplasmic extension of the cell of the embryo. A large expelled(?) autophagosome is located in the lumen between the embryo sac and the embryonic cells, the latter with several cytoplasmic processes in contact with the former. Embryonic cells are interconnected by adherens junctions (arrowheads).

Fig. 10 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 10 Semithin sections of the embryo sac of Plumatella casmiana. The border between the ectodermal and mesodermal layer of the embryo sac wall are shown by a dashed line in b–d. a Attachment site of the embryo sac to the body wall showing continuity of its layers with those of the body wall. b Embryo sac with prominent outer mesodermal and thin inner ectodermal layer of (separated by dashed line). Contact cells of blastula-staged embryo are in connection with the ectoderm and mesoderm of the embryo sac (arrowheads). c Longitudinal section showing a cavity lined by the distal maternal ectodermal cells. Contact cells are indicated by arrowhead. d Section of a blastula and its central cavity. Contact cells are apparent in the upper part of the embryo (arrowheads). The epi- thelial lining of the embryo in this region is thicker and indicates mesoderm formation. Abbreviations: b polypide bud, e embryo, ed epidermis (ectodermal origin), esm mesoderm of embryo sac, mec maternal ectoderm cells, ov ovary

Fig. 4 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 4 Gonads and early embyo sac of Plumatella casmiana (semithin sections a, c, d), and whole-mount of Plumatella sp. (b). a Ovary with several oocytes. b Testes at the funiculus. Spermatids contain mostly the nucleus (insert). c Early cleavage stage with an embryo consisting of several blastomeres located at the free end of the embryo sac. The maternal ectodermal lining of the embryo covers the entire embryo (dashed line). d Oblique section of a blastula stage with commencing mesoderm formation (arrowheads indicate first mesodermal cells delaminating from the ectoderm). The maternal ectodermal lining persists (dashed line). Abbreviations: bwm body wall musculature, e embryo, ebs embryo sac, ed epidermis (ectodermal origin), ese embryo sac ectoderm, esm embryo sac mesoderm, fu funiculus; mec maternal ectoderm cells, nu nucleus, nuc nucleolus, ooc oocytes, ov ovary, ovc follicle cell, p peritoneum (mesodermal origin), sp sperm, yd yolk droplets

Fig. 1 Plumatella casmiana. a and b in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 1 Plumatella casmiana. a and b Overview of colonies showing the branching growth pattern. c Detail of a piece of a colony showing extended lophophores

Figure 8 from: Veeravechsukij N, Krailas D, Namchote S, Wiggering B, Neiber MT, Glaubrecht M (2018) Molecular phylogeography and reproductive biology of the freshwater snail Tarebia granifera in Thailand and Timor (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): morphological disparity versus genetic diversity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 461-493. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.28981

Figure 8 Frequency of ontogenetic stages in the subhemocoelic brood pouches of female Tarebiagranifera (Lamarck, 1816) (morph B) depending on occurrence in Thailand. Blue dots: mitochondrial clade A; pink dots: mitochondrial clade B. Size classes are assigned different colours in the pie charts (see legend) and rivers are coloured according to drainage systems; numbers at the pie charts refer to the total number of dissected specimens and the number of gravid females (in parentheses). The small letters refer to the stations Chiang Mai (a), Ko Samui (b) and Phuket (c) for which meteorological data representing the different climatic regions of Thailand were analysed (see Fig. 12).

Figure 4 from: Veeravechsukij N, Krailas D, Namchote S, Wiggering B, Neiber MT, Glaubrecht M (2018) Molecular phylogeography and reproductive biology of the freshwater snail Tarebia granifera in Thailand and Timor (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): morphological disparity versus genetic diversity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 461-493. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.28981

Figure 4 Bayesiam 50% majority-rule consensus tree showing two major mitochondrial clades in Tarebiagranifera (Lamarck, 1816). Numbers at the nodes correspond to posterior probabilities (left), maximum likelihood (middle) and maximum parsimony (right) bootstrap values. At the tips of the tree voucher numbers (see material list in the main part of the text), country codes (THA: Thailand; TIM: Timor Leste; IDN: Indonesia) and the river where specimens were collected are indicated. The inset map shows the distribution of mitochondrial clades in Thailand (clade A: blue dots; clade B: magenta dots) and major river systems. The letters a–c in the map refer to localities, for which climatic data were available (see also Fig. 12). The inset with box plots shows the altitudinal distribution of mitochondrial caldes A and B, respectively.

Figure 6 from: Veeravechsukij N, Krailas D, Namchote S, Wiggering B, Neiber MT, Glaubrecht M (2018) Molecular phylogeography and reproductive biology of the freshwater snail Tarebia granifera in Thailand and Timor (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): morphological disparity versus genetic diversity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 461-493. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.28981

Figure 6 Results of biometric (a–d) and geometric morphometrics study (e), for four different morphs (A,B,C,Timor) of Tarebiagranifera (Lamarck, 1816). Boxplots of (a) shell height, (b) shell width, (c) height of the last three whorls and (d) index of height of last three whorls agaianst shell width. Significant differences between groups are indicated by bars above the boxplots (e) Relative variance in shell shape along PC1 and PC2. Colour corresponding planes indicate the spread of each morph in the data set.

Figure 2 from: Veeravechsukij N, Krailas D, Namchote S, Wiggering B, Neiber MT, Glaubrecht M (2018) Molecular phylogeography and reproductive biology of the freshwater snail Tarebia granifera in Thailand and Timor (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): morphological disparity versus genetic diversity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 461-493. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.28981

Figure 2 Shells of Tarebiagranifera (Lamarck, 1816) from Timor and Thailand. a. Syntypes (MHNG 1093/72/1-4) from Timor. b–g. Morph A, i.e. specimens from Thailand corresponding to T.granifera (SUT 0514044, SUT 0516123, SUT 0515088, SUT 0515068, SUT 0515059, SUT 0516144). h–m. Morph B, i.e. specimens from Thailand corresponding to named T.lineata (Gray, 1828) (SUT 0515081, SUT 0514046, SUT 0516129, SUT 0515092, SUT 0515095, SUT 0516143). n–s. Morph C from Thailand (SUT 0515079, SUT 0516126, SUT 0515055, SUT 0515091, SUT 0516147, SUT0516142). t–y. Shells of T.granifera from Timor Leste (ZMH 119364, ZMH 119359, ZMH 119357, ZMH 119353, ZMH 119363, ZMH 119361). For locality data, see the material list in the main part of the text. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figure 12 from: Veeravechsukij N, Krailas D, Namchote S, Wiggering B, Neiber MT, Glaubrecht M (2018) Molecular phylogeography and reproductive biology of the freshwater snail Tarebia granifera in Thailand and Timor (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): morphological disparity versus genetic diversity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 461-493. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.28981

Figure 12 Proportions of gravid vs. non-gravid specimens of Tarebiagranifera (Lamarck, 1816) collected in different months within a given year, plotted on climate charts for localities that are representative for different climatic regimes in Thailand. (a) Chiang Mai for inland locations; (b) Ko Samui for the Gulf of Thailand; (c) Phuket for the Andaman Sea (see also Fig. 8). For colour coding, see the inset legend.

Figure 10 from: Veeravechsukij N, Krailas D, Namchote S, Wiggering B, Neiber MT, Glaubrecht M (2018) Molecular phylogeography and reproductive biology of the freshwater snail Tarebia granifera in Thailand and Timor (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae): morphological disparity versus genetic diversity. Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 461-493. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.28981

Figure 10 Composition of contents of the subhemocoelic brood pouches of female Tarebiagranifera (Lamarck, 1816) (a, c) and proportions of gravid animals, i.e. those with filled brood pouch, versus non-gravid specimens (b, d) from Thailand and Timor Leste. a. Composition of contents of the brood pouches for morph A, B and C from Thailand (THA) and specimens from Timor Leste (see Figs 1, 8 and 9). b. Proportion of gravid vs. non-gravid specimens for morph A, B and C from Thailand and specimens from Timor Leste. c. Composition of contents of the brood pouches for mitochondrial clades A and B, respectively (see also Figs 4, 8, 9). d. Proportion of gravid vs. non-gravid specimens for mitochondrial clades A and B, respectively. For colour coding, see the inset legends.