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T a b l e 4 in Changes In The Trophic Structure Of The Vertebrate Predator Community In The Cold Season In Belarussian Paazerje (Northern Belarus) With Emphasis On Depopulation Of The Wild Boar, Sus Scrofa (Artiodactyla, Suida)

T a b l e 4. Dietary overlaps (the Morisita's index) between vertebrate predators in the cold season in coniferous-small-leaved forests of Belarussian Paazerje, Northern Belarus, upper right corner — before a depopulation of the Wild Boar (1982–2011), bottom left corner — aft er a large-scale depopulation of the Wild Boar (2013–2019)

Fig. 2 in Changes In The Trophic Structure Of The Vertebrate Predator Community In The Cold Season In Belarussian Paazerje (Northern Belarus) With Emphasis On Depopulation Of The Wild Boar, Sus Scrofa (Artiodactyla, Suida)

Fig. 2. Th e Golden and White-tailed Eagles feed regularly on carrion and physical interference takes place quite often.

Fig. 1 in Changes In The Trophic Structure Of The Vertebrate Predator Community In The Cold Season In Belarussian Paazerje (Northern Belarus) With Emphasis On Depopulation Of The Wild Boar, Sus Scrofa (Artiodactyla, Suida)

Fig. 1. Dietary similarity of 17 vertebrate predators in the cold season in Belarussian Paazerje, 1972–2012.

Fig. 4 in Changes In The Trophic Structure Of The Vertebrate Predator Community In The Cold Season In Belarussian Paazerje (Northern Belarus) With Emphasis On Depopulation Of The Wild Boar, Sus Scrofa (Artiodactyla, Suida)

Fig. 4. Dietary similarity of 10 vertebrate predators in the cold season in Belarussian Paazerje, 2013–2019.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2014View details →

Fig. 3 in Spatial Patterns Of Bird Communities Of The Lower Dnieper Sands During The Breeding Season: Differentiation Factors

Fig. 3. The abundance (the mean number of individuals per sample) of campophilous and dendrophilous birds in groups of samples A (Clusters I–IV) and B (Clusters V–VI). N o t e. The central line represents median, the lower and upper limits of the rectangle — the first and third quartile respectively, "whiskers" — ± 1.5 of interquartile range; circles — outliers.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in Spatial Patterns Of Bird Communities Of The Lower Dnieper Sands During The Breeding Season: Differentiation Factors

Fig. 1. The scheme of the study area. Аrenas of Low-Dnieper Sands: A — Kakhovska; B — Kozachelaherska; C — Oleshkivska; D — Chalbaska; E — Zburivska; F — Ivanivska; G — Kinburn Peninsula. N o t e. The first and the last sample of each census route are marked by numbers; the numbering of samples is the same as in table 1.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in The Seasonal Population Dynamics Of The Cyclopoid Copepods (Cyclopoida, Cyclopidae) In Ponds Of Kyiv Region (Ukraine)

Fig. 1. Seasonal population dynamics of the cyclopids in the pond near the village Khotov: 1 — abundance of cyclopids; 2 — water temperature of pond near the village Khotov during the period of the study.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in Aquatic Heteroptera Of Great Rivers Of The Ukrainian Steppe Zone And Seasonal Changes Of Abundance And Biomass

Fig. 1. Seasonal changes of abundance (A, ind./m2) and biomass (B, mg/m2) of water bugs in the Dniester and associated water bodies.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2014View details →

Fig. 4 in Spatial Patterns Of Bird Communities Of The Lower Dnieper Sands During The Breeding Season: Differentiation Factors

Fig. 4. The area ratio of different types of habitats on standard test plots in the groups of samples.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in Avian Communities Of A Mixed Mopane-Acacia Savanna In The Cuvelai Drainage System, North-Central Namibia, During The Dry And Wet Season

Fig. 1. Seasonal changes in percentage contribution of main feeding guilds in avian assemblage in mixed Mopane-Acacia savanna (F — frugivores, G — granivores, I — insectivores, O — other guilds).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in Seasonal Changes In Species Diversity And Dominance Structure In Communities Of Oribatid Mites (Sarcoptiformes, Oribatei) In Megalopolis Green Areas

Fig. 1. Cluster analysis of oribatid species diversity in studied plots at April–September 2011 (plot indexes are given in Material and methods).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2014View details →

Fig. 2 in Seasonal Changes In Species Diversity And Dominance Structure In Communities Of Oribatid Mites (Sarcoptiformes, Oribatei) In Megalopolis Green Areas

Fig. 2. Seasonal fluctuations of numbers of registered species, mean aerial daytime temperature and relative humidity (iv — April, v — May, vi — June, vii — July, viii — August, ix — September).

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Seasonal analysis comparison of three air-cooling systems in terms of thermal comfort, air quality and energy consumption for school buildings in Mediterranean climates

Efficient air-cooling systems for hot climatic conditions, such as Southern Europe, are required in the context of nearly Zero Energy Buildings, nZEB. Innovative air-cooling systems such as regenerative indirect evaporative coolers, RIEC and desiccant regenerative indirect evaporative coolers, DRIEC, can be considered an interesting alternative to direct expansion air-cooling systems, DX. The main aim of the present work was to evaluate the seasonal performance of three air-cooling systems in terms of air quality, thermal comfort and energy consumption in a standard classroom. Several annual energy simulations were carried out to evaluate these indexes for four different climate zones in the Mediterranean area. The simulations were carried out with empirically validated models. The results showed that DRIEC and DX improved by 29.8% and 14.6% over RIEC regarding thermal comfort, for the warmest climatic conditions, Lampedusa and Seville. However, DX showed an energy consumption three and four times higher than DRIEC for these climatic conditions, respectively. RIEC provided the highest percentage of hours with favorable indoor air quality for all climate zones, between 46.3% and 67.5%. Therefore, the air-cooling systems DRIEC and RIEC have a significant potential to reduce energy consumption, achieving the user’s thermal comfort and improving indoor air quality.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

A historic global ground-based monthly seasonal aerosol climatology based in AERONET data: a database 1993-2013

<table class="ds-includeSet-table detailtable table table-striped table-hover"> <tbody> <tr class="ds-table-row odd "> <td class="metadata-key label-cell" title="dc.description.abstract"> </td> <td class="metadata-field word-break">We present an aerosol classification based upon AERONET level 2.0 almucantar retrieval products from the period 1993 to 2012. In the initial phase of this research we opto-physically identified five major types of Bulk Columnar Aerosol (BCA) - based solely upon intensive optical properties of spectral Single Scattering Albedo (SSA), spectral Indices of Refraction (real – RRI and imaginary - IRI), and two Angstrom Exponents (extinction – EAE and absorption - AAE). These BCA we classified as Maritime Aerosol, Dust Aerosol, Urban Industrial Aerosol, Biomass Burning Aerosol, and Mixed Aerosol. The classification of a particular observation as one of these aerosol types is determined by its five-dimensional Mahalanobis distance (MD) to the centroid of each reference cluster (itself a 5-D hyperellipsoid). To retain a greater number of AERONET sites in the study (200+), we kept the variable space to 5-D. To generate reference clusters, we only retained data points that lie within 2 MD from the data centroid. Our typology is based on AERONET retrieved quantities, which do not include low optical depth values (AOD=440nm < 0.4 as per AERONET criteria for almucantar scan inversion). The classifications obtained will be useful in interpreting aerosol retrievals from satellite borne instruments and as input for regional climate models. The result is a dataset describing the types of aerosol particles that are distinct from one another in optical properties, and a geographic distribution of those aerosol types. We used the typology scheme upon the qualifying AERONET data archive, and produced seasonal aerosol climatologies by aerosol type for each of the AERONET sites included in the study, regional aerosol climatology maps, and a time-integrated global aerosol climatology map based entirely upon ground-based photometric data. An internally hyperlinked compendium of the individual AERONET site aerosol climatologies was produced to contain the results of the first phase of this work [available at https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1352231016304265-mmc1.pdf]. Each of these five aerosol types can be further discriminated into specific sub-types by this same scheme. For example, optical discrimination into specific sub-types of Biomass Burning aerosol may provide insight into sources exhibiting spectrally distinct smoke properties. We then use the mathematical strategies to sort the global AERONET data retrievals into the aerosol type classified against the reference standards. We believe these strategies regarding aerosol differentiation using polarization data will be useful for analysis of the newer AERONET version 3 data retrievals, and data collected from the deployment of newer CIMEL sun-photometers (with enhanced polarization measurement capabilities) to the network. The resulting AERONET-based aerosol typology is useful for applications in aerosol optics, including forward modeling or radiative transfer for remote sensing algorithms, or evaluating radiative forcing calculations in atmospheric models.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Necessary Reference Material: [1] Giordano, M. E., On Interactions of Matter and Energy: Light and Particles in a Terrestrial Atmosphere Progress on Opto-Physical Recognition and Classification of Aerosols: A PhD dissertation, University of Nevada, copyright M.E. Giordano, 294 pages, December 2019. URI: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/11714/6686" title="http://hdl.handle.net/11714/6686">http://hdl.handle.net/11714/6686</a> <a href="https://scholarworks.unr.edu/handle/11714/6686?show=full" title="https://scholarworks.unr.edu/handle/11714/6686?show=full">https://scholarworks.unr.edu/handle/11714/6686?show=full</a> [2] Giordano, M.E., Ward, C.S., and Hamill, P.: A Compendium of Aerosol Types Based on Mahalanobis Distances and AERONET data. [An internally hyperlinked compendium of seasonal aerosol and local aerosol compositions] Atmospheric Environment, 140, 213-233,2016. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.002" title="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.002</a> <a href="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1352231016304265-mmc1.pdf" title="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1352231016304265-mmc1.pdf">https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1352231016304265-mmc1.pdf</a> [3] Hamill, P. J., Giordano, M. E., Ward, C.S., Giles, D., Holben, B.: An AERONET - based aerosol classification using the Mahalanobis distance, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 140, September, pgs 213 -233, 2016. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.002">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.002</a>and also at <a href="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1352231016304265-mmc1.pdf">https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1352231016304265-mmc1.pdf</a> [4] Hamill, Patrick, Piedra, Patricio G., Giordano, Marco, E., 2020: Simulated Polarization as a Signature of Aerosol Type. Atmospheric Environment, Volume 224, 117348 article ATMENVD- 19-01763, 2020. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117348" title="Persistent link using digital object identifier">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117348</a>

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Data and code for: Impacts of changing snowfall on seasonal complementarity of hydroelectric and solar power

Data and code to reproduce analyses in manuscript entitled: Influence of changing snowfall on seasonal complementarity of hydroelectric and solar power. Submitted to Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability. The contents include the following scripts and files, listed below. Scripts are listed in the order needed to reproduce the analysis, though intermediate data products have been saved so it is not necessary to reproduce the initial analytical steps. <ul> <li>R/ <ul> <li>eia923_860.R: extracts solar and hydropower production data; requires local download of EIA data.</li> <li>gridMET_swep.R: downloads and summarises gridmet data; does not require prior local download.</li> <li>fdr.R: function to calculate the p-value associated with a given false discovery rate as described in the associated manuscript.</li> <li>combine_data.R combines solar, hydropower, and SWE/P data</li> <li>analysis.Rmd: primary script in which analyses are conducted</li> </ul> </li> <li>data/ <ul> <li>annual_swep.csv: output from gridMET_swep.R with annual SWE/P for each watershed in the study</li> <li>monthly_hydro.csv: output from eia923_860.R</li> <li>monthly_solar.csv: output from eia923_860.R</li> <li>combined_variables.csv: combines variables above in one CSV</li> <li>watersheds_wbd_ss: shapefiles for watersheds that drain to each dam used in the study, derived as described in the manuscript.</li> </ul> </li> </ul>

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Data supporting: Success of post-fire plant recovery strategies varies with shifting fire seasonality

Wildfires are increasing in size and severity and fire seasons are lengthening, largely driven by climate and land use change. Many plant species from fire prone ecosystems are adapted to specific fire regimes corresponding to historical conditions and shifts beyond these bounds may have severe impacts on vegetation recovery and long-term species persistence. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of field-based studies across different vegetation types and climate regions to investigate how post-fire plant recruitment, reproduction and survival are affected by fires that occur outside of the historical fire season. We find that fires outside of the historical fire season may lead to decreased post-fire recruitment for many species, particularly obligate seeding species. Conversely, we find a general increase of post-fire survival in resprouting species. Our results highlight the trade-offs that exist when considering the effects of changes in the seasonal timing of fire, an already present aspect of climate-related global fire regime change.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data and code from: Invasive grass indirectly alters seasonal patterns in seed predation

Invasive species threaten ecosystems globally, but their impacts can be cryptic when they occur indirectly. Invader phenology can also differ from that of native species, potentially causing seasonality in invader impacts. Yet, it is unclear if invader phenology can drive seasonal patterns in indirect effects. We used a field experiment to test if an invasive grass (Imperata cylindrica) caused seasonal indirect effects by altering rodent foraging and seed predation patterns through time. Using seeds from native longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), we found seed predation was 25% greater, on average, in invaded than control plots, but this effect varied by season. Seed predation was 24% - 157% greater in invaded plots during spring and fall months, but invasion had no effect on seed predation in other months. One of the largest effects occurred in October when longleaf pine seeds are dispersed, suggesting potential effects on tree regeneration. Thus, seasonal patterns in indirect effects from invaders may cause underappreciated impacts on ecological communities.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Effects of season length and uniparental care efficiency on the evolution of parental care

Parental care patterns differ enormously among and even within species. In Chinese penduline tits (Remiz pendulinus), for example, biparental care, female-only care, male-only care, and biparental desertion all occur in the same population; moreover, the distribution of care patterns differs systematically between populations. By means of an individual-based model, we show that such diversity can readily evolve. We report five main findings. First, under a broad range of parameters, different care patterns (e.g. male care and biparental care) coexist at equilibrium. Second, for many parameters, alternative evolutionary outcomes are possible; this can explain differences in care patterns across populations. Third, rapid evolutionary transitions can occur between alternative equilibria; this can explain the often-reported evolutionary lability of parental care patterns. Fourth, season length has a strong but non-monotonic effect on the evolved care patterns. Fifth, when uniparental care efficiency is low, biparental care tends to evolve; however, in many scenarios uniparental care is still common at equilibrium. Our study sheds new light on Triver's hypothesis that the sex with the highest pre-zygotic investment is predestined to invest a lot post-zygotically as well. We also discuss the implications of climate change, which simultaneously affects season length and efficiency of parental care.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Data from: Seasonality, body size and maturation time in the neotropical grasshopper Sphenarium histrio across an altitudinal gradient

In insects, male mating success and female fecundity usually increase with body size. However, natural selection favors faster maturation, reducing the risk of pre-reproductive death when the reproductive season is short in habitats located at high altitudes or far from the equator. Also, if males that mature earlier than females under these conditions increase their mating opportunities, protandry may evolve in their populations. Nonetheless, since body size is strongly correlated with maturation time in insects, a faster sexual maturation is reached at the expense of having a small body size. We analyzed the differences in the adult body size of males and females of the grasshopper Sphenarium histrio in three sites across an altitudinal gradient in southern Mexico. We also evaluated the possibility of protandry in these sampling sites using a common garden experiment. Male and female grasshoppers collected from low altitude sites in the field and reared in the laboratory were larger than those from a high altitude, suggesting genetic differentiation. Grasshoppers from a high altitude hatched earlier, had a shorter development time, presented fewer instars, and were smaller than grasshoppers from the other sampling sites. Moreover, development time in the three sampling sites was shorter in males than in females, suggesting protandry. Interestingly, the males from the three sites showed similar growth rates, but the females from low and high altitudes, respectively, had the fastest and slowest growth rates. In general, the adaptive value of the evolution of protandry has been focused on males. However, it may be that the growth rates of females in these sites could modify the degree of protandry as a response to their risk of pre-reproductive death and the potential benefits associated with multiple matings. The xlsx file contains the data for all the statistical analyses.