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Figure 2. The 50 in The limits of mtDNA analysis for determining the provenance of invasive species: a midwife toad example
Figure 2. The 50% majority-rule consensus tree from the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 74 ND4 mtDNA haplotypes of
FIGURE 1. A–B. Veltheimia capensis. A in Genetic diversity and species limits in Veltheimia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae): insights from noncoding cpDNA sequence data
FIGURE 1. A–B. Veltheimia capensis. A. Flowering plant in situ. B. Plant in fruit, also showing the papery tunic at the exposed part of the bulb. C–F. Veltheimia bracteata. C. Yellow form in cultivation. D. Common colour form. E. Striated leaved form from Baviaanskloof. F. Whole plant showing the globose bulb and fleshy scales. Photographs: A, B: L. Mucina; C: J. Sampson; D: T. Dold; E: G. Schafer; F: N. Barker.
FIGURE 2 in Genetic diversity and species limits in Veltheimia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae): insights from noncoding cpDNA sequence data
FIGURE 2. Specimen distribution of species of Veltheimia. Red dots = known localities of V. bracteata, blue triangles = known locations of V. capensis (based on data from the BODATSA database of the National Herbarium, South Africa, http://posa.sanbi.org/). The inserted frame shows the Bayesian Inference phylogeny of the combined chloroplast non-coding data set (numbers shown below the branches indicate Posterior Probability values, the number above the red branch is the parsimony Bootstrap Support value). The branch with the thick red line indicates the "bracteata clade". Numbers preceding sample names link to specimens listed in Table 1, and are also (where the locality is known) indicated on the map. The Median Joining Network (MJN) is shown overlaid on the distribution to indicate the location of the samples (and haplotypes) used in the MJN analysis. The numbers in parentheses next to the lines linking the haplotypes indicate the number of mutational differences between the haplotypes, and the solid black circle indicate an un-sampled or hypothesised missing haplotype.
Species and plot characteristics for River restoration effects on dispersal and the development of riparian seed bank: Do poor seed banks limit restoration of boreal riparian zones?
<p>Vegetation composition in boreal streams in the standing vegetation and the seed bank, </p>
Data from: Top–down limits on prey populations may be more severe in larger prey species, despite having fewer predators
Variation in the vulnerability of herbivore prey to predation is linked to body size, yet whether this relationship is size‐nested or size‐partitioned remains debated. If size‐partitioned, predators would be focused on prey within their preferred prey size range. If size‐nested, smaller prey species should become increasingly more vulnerable because increasingly more predators are capable of catching them. Yet, whether either of these strategies manifests in top‐down prey population limitation would depend both on the number of potential predator species as well as the total mortality imposed. Here we use a rare ecosystem scale "natural experiment" comparing prey population dynamics between a period of intense predator persecution and hence low predator densities and a period of active predator protection and population recovery. We use three decades of data on herbivore abundance and distribution to test the role of predation as a mechanism of population limitation among prey species that vary widely in body size. Notably, we test this within one of the few remaining systems where a near‐full suite of megaherbivores occur in high density and are thus able to include a thirtyfold range in herbivore body size gradient. We test whether top‐down limitation on prey species of particular body size leads to compositional shifts in the mammalian herbivore community. Our results support both size‐nested and size‐partitioning predation but suggest that the relative top‐down limiting impact on prey populations may be more severe for intermediate sized species, despite having fewer predators than small species. In addition we show that the gradual recovery of predator populations shifted the herbivore community assemblage towards large‐bodied species and has led to a community that is strongly dominated by large herbivore biomass.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Goneplax Leach, 1814 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Goneplacidae) from the south Atlantic and the western limits of the Indo-West Pacific region, long confused with G. rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1758)
FIGURE 4. Eye and anterolateral border of the carapace. A, Goneplax clevai n. sp., paratype male, 24 x 38 mm, Angola, A.S. 63, 6°31'S–11°45'E, 170 m, Capart det. G. angulata (MNHN-B19584); B, G. rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1758), male, 20 x 34 mm, Bay of Biscay, "Charcot" 1969, stn 10, 100 m (MNHN-B30227).
FIGURE 3. Goneplax clevai n in A new species of Goneplax Leach, 1814 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Goneplacidae) from the south Atlantic and the western limits of the Indo-West Pacific region, long confused with G. rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1758)
FIGURE 3. Goneplax clevai n. sp., male, 21.3 x 35.3 mm, Algoa Bay, South Africa (ZRC 2004.0700); A, carapace; B, abdomen; C, right G1, ventral view and details of apex; D, right G2, ventral view and details. Scale bars: 5 mm.
FIGURE 2. Goneplax clevai n in A new species of Goneplax Leach, 1814 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Goneplacidae) from the south Atlantic and the western limits of the Indo-West Pacific region, long confused with G. rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1758)
FIGURE 2. Goneplax clevai n. sp. A, male, 23 x 38.5 mm (dry) Angola (MNHN-B30224); B, male, 21.3 x 35.3 mm, Algoa Bay, South Africa (ZRC 2004.0700).
FIGURE 1. Goneplax clevai n in A new species of Goneplax Leach, 1814 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Goneplacidae) from the south Atlantic and the western limits of the Indo-West Pacific region, long confused with G. rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1758)
FIGURE 1. Goneplax clevai n. sp., holotype male, 24 x 40 mm, Capart det. Goneplax angulata, South Atlantic, Angola, A.S.29, 6°18'S–11°34'E, 140–150 m (IRSNB 13599).
FIGURE 3 in Species limits in Antbirds (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae): an evaluation of Plumbeous Antvireo (Dysithamnus plumbeus) based on vocalizations
FIGURE 3. Calls of Dysithamnus leucostictus and D. plumbeus. (A) Examples of common calls of D. leucostictus tucuyensis. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela (P. Schwartz ML 61928). (B) Variant of D. l. tucuyensis common call, same recording. (C–E) Representative examples of common calls of D. l. leucostictus. (C) Downslurred call (most prevalent). Volcán Sumaco, Napo, Ecuador (B. Whitney ML 50887). (D) Rounded call. Volcán Sumaco, Napo, Ecuador (B. Whitney ML 50883). (E) Upslurred call, same recording. (F) D. l. leucostictus Flat call. Volcán Sumaco, Napo, Ecuador (B. Whitney ML 51122). (G) D. l. tucuyensis Downslurred call. Colonia Tovar, Aragua, Venezuela (ISL-BMW.017:27). (H) D. l. leucostictus Short downslurred call. Volcán Sumaco, Napo, Ecuador (B. Whitney ML 51122). (I) D. l. tucuyensis Short downslurred call. Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela (B. Whitney ISL-BMW.018:07). (J) D. l. tucuyensis Complex call to be verified (see text). Montalban, Carabobo Venezuela (P. Boesman ISL-MISC.G.044). (K–M) Representative examples of calls of D. plumbeus. (K) Simple calls. Parque Estadual Florestal do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brazil (M. Maldonado-Coelho ISL-MISC.G.0038). (L) Harsh chirr, same recording. (M) Short trills. Parque Estadual Florestal do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brazil (M. Maldonado-Coelho ISL-MISC.G.0039). Nomenclature follows recommendations of this paper.
FIGURE 2 in Species limits in Antbirds (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae): an evaluation of Plumbeous Antvireo (Dysithamnus plumbeus) based on vocalizations
FIGURE 2. Male loudsongs of Dysithamnus leucostictus and D. plumbeus. (A) D. leucostictus tucuyensis Rancho Grande, Aragua, Venezuela (P. Schwartz ML 61928). (B) D. l. leucostictus Volcán Sumaco, Napo, Ecuador (B. Whitney ML 50883). (C) D. plumbeus Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, Espírito Santo, Brazil (B. Whitney ISL-BMW.201:46). Nomenclature follows recommendations of this paper.
FIGURE 1 in Species limits in Antbirds (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae): an evaluation of Plumbeous Antvireo (Dysithamnus plumbeus) based on vocalizations
FIGURE 1. Geographic ranges. Locations documented by specimens, vocal recordings, or published sight records are assigned to geographic sectors (Isler 1997) and are identified by solid black circles. 1 = Dysithamnus leucostictus tucuyensis. 2 = D. l. leucostictus. 3 = D. plumbeus. Nomenclature follows recommendations of this paper.
FIGURE 5 in At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles
FIGURE 5. Molecular variation in threadsnakes (Leptotyphlops) from three islands in the Lesser Antilles. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree from sequences of four mitochondrial genes, totaling 3,470 aligned base pairs. The tree was rooted with a species from the Greater Antilles, L. leptepileptis (not shown). Asterisks indicate significant nodes (>95%) in both maximum likelihood and minimum evolution analyses.
FIGURE 6 in At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles
FIGURE 6. Relationship of egg shape, clutch size, and body shape in snakes. (A) A log-log plot of egg shape (length/ width) and clutch size (number of eggs) among 193 species of snakes (Appendix 1). The equation for the regression line is: log egg shape = -0.602 (log clutch size) + 0.877. Symbols are means of each species; star indicates L. carlae; other data from the literature. (B) A similar plot for variation within four species; symbols are individuals of each species (closed circles, Coluber constrictor Linnaeus; open circles, Pantherophis obsoletus; triangles, Diadophis punctatus Linnaeus; "x's", Lampropeltis triangulum Lacépède); data are from Appendix 2. (C) A similar plot for variation among clutches of the same female snake; symbols are means of eggs within a clutch (closed circles, Lampropeltis mexicana Garman; open circles, Naja melanoleuca Hallowell; triangles, Elaphe climacophora Boie; squares, Lampropeltis triangulum); lines connect clutches of same snake; data are from Appendix 3. Representations of eggs of different shapes are shown at right for comparison. (D) Relationship of body shape and egg shape in snakes. Shown are the shapes of four snakes of different lengths ranging from 10 cm SVL (top) to 100 cm (bottom). The shapes are derived from the mean of the slopes (0.90) and intercepts (-1.39) determined across all snakes for the log-log regression of SVL and body width (W) at midbody (Table 2), resulting in these average body shapes: 31 (SVL/W) for 10 cm SVL, 34 for 22 cm SVL, 36 for 46 cm SVL and 39 for 100 cm SVL. Average egg shapes are shown for each clutch size indicated, from the relationship in (A) above. The position of the clutch, starting at approximately 10% of SVL anterior to the vent, is based on the results of Shine (1988). A 'v' indicates the position of the vent.
FIGURE 3 in At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles
FIGURE 3. Variation in scalation of threadsnakes (Leptotyphlops) from three islands in the Lesser Antilles. (A) Head scalation (top and side of head) in representatives from each island (USNM 564809, 564810, 564819). Scale bar = 1 mm. Numbered head scales are rostral, RO (1); prefrontal, PF (2); frontal, FR (3); interparietal, IP (4); interoccipital, IO (5), postnasal, PN (6); preocular, PO (7); parietal-I, PA1 (8); parietal-II, PA2 (9); and ocular, OC (10). (B) Plot of parietal-1 scale width versus length. (C) Plot of parietal-2 scale width versus length.
FIGURE 2 in At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles
FIGURE 2. Distribution and pattern variation in threadsnakes (Leptotyphlops) from three islands in the Lesser Antilles. (A) Distribution and generalized color pattern differences (head, midbody, and tail). The location of samples used in sequence analyses is indicated. (B) Head pattern in three individuals from each island, illustrating variation (MNHN 2006.0516, USNM 564808, 564809; USNM 564810, 564815, 564816; BM1969.792, USNM 564819, 564818). Dashed line in Barbados indicates geologic region of sub-reef outcrop.
FIGURE 1 in At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles
FIGURE 1. Two species of threadsnakes (Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles. (A) Leptotyphlops carlae (101 mm TL), adult female paratype (USNM 564818). (B) Leptotyphlops breuili (108 mm TL), adult male paratype (USNM 564811).
FIGURE 7 in At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles
FIGURE 7. Evolution of extreme body size in island species. Vertical columns separated by dashed lines indicate ecological niches defined by body size. Individual symbols represent species whereas different types of symbols (triangles, circles, and squares) represent different taxonomic groups (e.g., genera, phyla, etc.). (A) A single colonizing species leads to an adaptive radiation (multiple species) on the island, some of which are extreme in size after filling of vacant niches. (B) A similar scenario, but in this case the colonizing species evolves an extreme body size by natural selection alone, without adaptive radiation.
Figure 7 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 7. The hierarchical factor analysis of the monthly mean temperature values (°C), the maximum of the monthly mean temperature values (°C), the minimum of the monthly minimum temperature values (°C), the maximum of the monthly minimum temperature values (°C), the minimum of the monthly precipitation values (mm) and the maximum of the monthly precipitation values (mm) limits of the eight studied Phlebotomus species.
Figure 2 in Reflection of the Neogene-Quaternary phylogeography in the recent distribution limiting climatic factors of eight Mediterranean Phlebotomus species (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Figure 2. Jaccard indices of countrywide sand fly diversities according to the Italy focus, based on the eight involved Phlebotomus species.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.