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Case study 13: Why is lentil (Lens culinaris) cultivation a success story in south-west Germany? Case study 14: Why is soybean (Glycine max) cultivation a success story in south-west Germany?

Case Study 13 Though lentils (Lens culinaris) are a traditional crop in many temperate European countries, the crop disappeared from European cropping systems in the mid-20th century. Lentils are still an important food in traditional and modern cuisine, and they currently gain importance based on the demand for vegetarian and vegan food. The revival of lentil growing and lentil consumption in parts of Germany for the last 10 years is an unprecedented story of success. We want to use this experience to push the re-introduction and expansion of lentil in modern farming all over Europe, particularly in those countries from where the crop has disappeared in the last decades. We seek to multiply the lentil acreage, to increase and stabilize yields, and to network European lentil growers. Due to agronomic reasons, growers cannot easily extent their lentil acreage, although there are many obvious benefits for the stability of agro-ecosystems such as the mixed cropping of lentils, diversification of crop rotations and N-fixation. If we want to keep lentil growing running and expanding, we have to understand these settings if growing should be promoted. On-farm research and data compilation from existing field trials will help to develop new and ecological sound techniques for lentil growing in modern farming systems. In a broad on-farm survey data will be collected for the first time to describe the impact of lentil growing on the agro-ecosystem and to determine and describe factors for successful lentil growing. This will improve the cropping system and the willingness of farmers to adopt lentil growing and thus increase the lentil acreage. Main challenges of lentil growing will be identifie in order to ease the adoption of lentil growing. The results will be a basis for decision-makers in European policy and society to develop tools for improving and maintaining ecological value of farmland, and for generally maintaining and improving agriculture in Europe, particularly in economically in underdeveloped regions. Lentil is exceptional in comparison to other pulses concerning their use: they are exclusively used for human consumption, their amount of anti-nutritive compounds is lowest among all pulses grown in Europe, grains can be consumed without complex processing, and consumers will directly benefit from the results of the project. Particularly the increasing trend of vegetarian or vegan diet can be satisfied easily and best with lentils. The overall outcome of the study would be(i)identification of agronomic key factors for successful lentil growing; (ii)stabilising and improving lentil growing based on(iii)to export the idea of lentil growing and improved cropping systems to other regions and countries in Europe based on (i)and(ii). Case Study 14 Several attempts have been made in the past to introduce soybean in temperate regions of Europe, which, however, did not lead to a long-lasting establishment of soybean cropping systems in agricultural practice. Now it seems there is a break-through in some regions of Germany, Eastern France, Austria and Switzerland, maybe due to climate change, the breeding and availability of adapted varieties (0,00,000-varieties), the demand for GMO free food and feed, and the demand for vegetarian/vegan food. The aim of the case study is to permanently integrate soybean in farming systems in temperate climates, to increase the stability and sustainability of soybean cropping systems, and thus to increase the soybean acreage in temperate climates in Europe. Currently, we assume that particularly organic farmers benefit from local soybean growing because of pest and disease risks field beans (Vicia faba) and peas (Pisum sativum) on the one hand, and the requirement of legumes for N-fixation in organic rotations on the other hand. In addition, local soy bean growing solves many problems related to the nutrition of monogastric animals in organic farming systems. For further expansion of soybean cropping in (temperate) Europe countries, the driving factors for soybean growing on practical farms (organic and conventional) have to be revealed in more detail. This approach should include experience from, and use contacts to, other European countries such as Austria. As rotational diseases and pests limit the percentage of soybean on farmland, new methods have to be developed to improve and stabilize the agro-ecosystems while growing soybean. On-farm surveys will reveal the status quo of agro-ecological impacts and agronomic success of soybean growing, with focus on major selected factors to improve the agro-ecological value and to increase yields and yield stability. Soybean could be well introduced in regions where maize-monocropping is dominant, such as the southern Rhine valley in Germany, and thus to increase crop diversity in compliance with the overall aims of European policy and public. The outcome of the soybean case study can finally be well combined with the lentil case study from the same stories of success but probably due to different reasons. Other crops which may be introduced in future into European agriculture will benefit from this knowledge and can be introduced more easily. The overall outcome of the study would be(i)identification of agronomic key factors for successful soybean growing in a temperate climate;(ii)stabilisation and improvement of soybean growing basing on (iii)to export the idea of soybean growing and improved cropping systems to other regions.

Figure 24 from: Roháček J (2021) The Herniosina story continues in the Mediterranean: H. calabra sp. nov. from Calabria and H. erymantha Roháček, new female from the Peloponnese (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae). ZooKeys 1061: 165-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.72235

Figure 24 Herniosina erymantha Roháček, 2016, female laterally, with a mite on thoracic pleuron (Greece: Peloponnese). Body length ~ 2.2 mm.

Figures 21-22 from: Roháček J (2021) The Herniosina story continues in the Mediterranean: H. calabra sp. nov. from Calabria and H. erymantha Roháček, new female from the Peloponnese (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae). ZooKeys 1061: 165-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.72235

Figures 21-22 Habitat of Herniosina calabra sp. nov. 21 General view of the habitat in Serre Calabresi at Mongiana, alder trees and herbaceous undergrowth surrounding a small creek (25.v.2018) 22Juncus tuft, a microhabitat of the species.

Figures 15-20 from: Roháček J (2021) The Herniosina story continues in the Mediterranean: H. calabra sp. nov. from Calabria and H. erymantha Roháček, new female from the Peloponnese (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae). ZooKeys 1061: 165-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.72235

Figures 15-20 Herniosina calabra sp. nov., female paratypes. 15 Mid tibia, dorsally 16 ditto, anteriorly 17 postabdomen, dorsally 18 ditto, ventrally 19 ditto, laterally 20 spermathecae. Abbreviations: ce – cercus, S – sternum, T – tergum. Scale bars: 0.3 mm (15, 16); 0.1 mm (17–20).

Figure 23 from: Roháček J (2021) The Herniosina story continues in the Mediterranean: H. calabra sp. nov. from Calabria and H. erymantha Roháček, new female from the Peloponnese (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae). ZooKeys 1061: 165-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.72235

Figure 23 Herniosina erymantha Roháček, 2016, male laterally (Greece: Peloponnese). Body length ~ 2.4 mm.

Figures 3-7 from: Roháček J (2021) The Herniosina story continues in the Mediterranean: H. calabra sp. nov. from Calabria and H. erymantha Roháček, new female from the Peloponnese (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae). ZooKeys 1061: 165-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.72235

Figures 3-7 Herniosina calabra sp. nov. (male paratype). 3 Abdomen, laterally 4 mid tibia, dorsally 5 mid femur and tibia, anteriorly 6 preabdominal sterna, ventrally 7 S5, ventrally. Abbreviations: ce – cercus, ep – epandrium, gs – gonostylus, S – sternum, T – tergum. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (3, 6); 0.3 mm (4, 5); 0.1 mm (7).

Figures 33-41 from: Roháček J (2021) The Herniosina story continues in the Mediterranean: H. calabra sp. nov. from Calabria and H. erymantha Roháček, new female from the Peloponnese (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae). ZooKeys 1061: 165-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.72235

Figures 33-41 Herniosina species, comparison of male characters. 33H. bequaerti, S5, ventrally, 34 same species, process of S5, laterally 35H. calabra sp. nov., S5, ventrally 36 same species, process of S5, laterally 37H. erymantha, S5, ventrally 38 same species, process of S5, laterally 39H. bequaerti, gonostylus, laterally 40H. calabra sp. nov., gonostylus, laterally 41H. erymantha, gonostylus, laterally. All scale bars 0.1 m.

Figures 42-44 from: Roháček J (2021) The Herniosina story continues in the Mediterranean: H. calabra sp. nov. from Calabria and H. erymantha Roháček, new female from the Peloponnese (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae). ZooKeys 1061: 165-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.72235

Figures 42-44 Herniosina bequaerti (Villeneuve, 1917), female (Czech Republic: Bohemia). 42 Apex of postabdomen, laterally 43 ditto, dorsally 44 spermathecae. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (42, 43); 0.05 mm (44).

Figures 8-13 from: Roháček J (2021) The Herniosina story continues in the Mediterranean: H. calabra sp. nov. from Calabria and H. erymantha Roháček, new female from the Peloponnese (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae). ZooKeys 1061: 165-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.72235

Figures 8-13 Herniosina calabra sp. nov. (male paratype). 8 Genitalia, laterally 9 external genitalia, caudally 10 gonostylus, laterally 11 aedeagus, dorsally 12 ditto, laterally 13 aedeagal complex, laterally. All scale bars 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: ce – cercus, dp – distiphallus, ea – ejacapodeme, ep – epandrium, gs – gonostylus, hy – hypandrium, ma – medandrium, pg – postgonite, pha – phallapodeme, pp – phallophore.

Figures 25-30 from: Roháček J (2021) The Herniosina story continues in the Mediterranean: H. calabra sp. nov. from Calabria and H. erymantha Roháček, new female from the Peloponnese (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae). ZooKeys 1061: 165-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.72235

Figures 25-30 Herniosina erymantha Roháček, 2016, female (Greece: Peloponnese). 25 Mid tibia, anteriorly 26 Ditto, dorsally 27 postabdomen, dorsally 28 ditto, ventrally, 29 ditto, laterally, 30 spermathecae. Scale bars: 0.3 mm (25, 26); 0.1 mm (27–30).

Figures 31-32 from: Roháček J (2021) The Herniosina story continues in the Mediterranean: H. calabra sp. nov. from Calabria and H. erymantha Roháček, new female from the Peloponnese (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae). ZooKeys 1061: 165-190. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1061.72235

Figures 31-32 Habitat of Herniosina erymantha Roháček, 2016. 31 valley of montane brook surrounded by Platanus trees near Nedousa village in Taygetos Mts (Greece: Peloponnese) (5.x.2017) 32Platanus growth near brook near Artemisia village in Taygetos Mts with the Czech dipterists J. Starý (on left) and M. Vála (on right) in foreground (9.x.2017).

Figure 4 from: Sarkinen T, Gonzáles P, Knapp S (2013) Distribution models and species discovery: the story of a new Solanum species from the Peruvian Andes. PhytoKeys 31: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.31.6312

Figure 4 - Photos of Solanum pseudoamericanum. A Habit B Ridged stem C Flowers with small anthers c. 1.5 mm long, strongly exserted styles and with capitate stigmas D Developing fruits which turn purple-black when fully ripe with calyx appressed to the fruit. (A Särkinen et al. 4640; B Knapp et al. 10357; C, D Knapp et al. 10300) Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 1 from: Sarkinen T, Gonzáles P, Knapp S (2013) Distribution models and species discovery: the story of a new Solanum species from the Peruvian Andes. PhytoKeys 31: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.31.6312

Figure 1 - Potential habitat distribution map of Solanum pseudoamericanum. The potential habitat areas reflect the cumulative output of the MAXENT model produced using 11 climatic variables with the original four collection localities from 2012 from southern Peru shown as grey squares on the map (see Methods for details). Areas identified as highly suitable (above 40% cumulative probability) in central and northern Peru were visited in 2013 during the second field season, and 17 new collection localities were found as a result (black squares). Five additional collections were identified amongst herbarium loans (purple triangles).

Figure 3 from: Sarkinen T, Gonzáles P, Knapp S (2013) Distribution models and species discovery: the story of a new Solanum species from the Peruvian Andes. PhytoKeys 31: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.31.6312

Figure 3 - Illustration of Solanum pseudoamericanum. A Habit B Adaxial leaf surface C Abaxial leaf surface D Bud E Half flower F Fruit (A–F Knapp 10351). Illustration by Rosemary Wise.

Figure 2 from: Sarkinen T, Gonzáles P, Knapp S (2013) Distribution models and species discovery: the story of a new Solanum species from the Peruvian Andes. PhytoKeys 31: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.31.6312

Figure 2 - Distribution map of Solanum pseudoamericanum. The potential habitat areas reflect the logistic output of the MAXENT model produced using 11 climatic variables with all current known occurrence records (N=26; Model 2).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Turing Data Story Santander Bikes

Dataset used in the Turing Data Story on the London Santander Cycle scheme.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

2011 Japan Earthquake Survivor's Perspective Story

Title: The Great East Japan Earthquake story told from the perspective of one family Narrative: The reconstruction plan was decided immediately after the disaster; there is a disparity between what people wanted then and what they want now.