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opennotspecifiedMay 2009View details →

Figure 2 in Egg production of two sympatric species of Hyalella Smith, 1874 (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Dogielinotidae) in aquaculture ponds in southern Brazil

Figure 2. Relative frequency (%) of the different embryonic and postembryonic developmental stages during the year in Hyalella pleoacuta (A) and H. castroi (B).

opennotspecifiedMay 2009View details →

Figure 1 in Egg production of two sympatric species of Hyalella Smith, 1874 (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Dogielinotidae) in aquaculture ponds in southern Brazil

Figure 1. Monthly mean fecundity and mean size of ovigerous females. Only females carrying eggs (stage I, II and III) were considered in the analysis. Hyalella pleoacuta (A) and H. castroi (B).

Figure 5 in Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae)

Figure 5. Oral discs of the tadpoles of Pseudopaludicola and Physalaemus. (A) Pseudopaludicola saltica, (B) Pseudopaludicola mystacalis, (C) Pseudopaludicola ternetzi, (D) Most common pattern of Pseudopaludicola aff. canga, (E) Physalaemus cuvieri and (F) Physalaemus centralis. Specimens from Uberlândia, MG, Brasil. Diagrams and scale shown in Figure 4.

Figure 2 in Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae)

Figure 2. An egg clutch of Pseudopaludicola saltica. Individual eggs (arrows) can be seen as the spheres covered with sand grains. Scale about 15 mm.

Figure 1 in Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae)

Figure 1. Egg-releasing behaviour of two Pseudopaludicola species. Upper panel, an amplectant pair of Pseudopaludicola saltica. The female has her front and hind limbs extended and the male has his feet close to their cloacae; note also that the oviposited eggs are within a circle around the couple (arrows); the egg jelly layers were not yet hydrated. This couple was laying eggs in water about 5 mm deep. Lower panel, an amplectant pair of Pseudopaludicola mystacalis. The couple is completely underwater, the female has her hind legs a little bit extended and the male has his feet in close contact with their cloacae.

Figure 4 in Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae)

Figure 4. Diagram of the oral apparatuses of the studied Pseudopaludicola and Physalaemus tadpoles. (A) Pattern found in Pseudopaludicola saltica, Pseudopaludicola mystacalis, Pseudopaludicola ternetzi and a few Pseudopaludicola aff. canga. (B) Most common pattern found in most Pseudopaludicola aff. canga. (C) Pattern found in both Physalaemus cuvieri and Physalaemus centralis. Specimens from Uberlândia, MG, Brasil. Corresponding pictures in Figure 5.

Figure 3 in Habitat, egg-laying behaviour, eggs and tadpoles of four sympatric species of Pseudopaludicola (Anura, Leiuperidae)

Figure 3. Left side view of the tadpole of the Pseudopaludicola species studied. (A) Pseudopaludicola saltica, (B) Pseudopaludicola mystacalis, (C) Pseudopaludicola aff. canga, (D) Pseudopaludicola ternetzi. Specimens from Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. Scales 11.5, 9.0, 10.0 and 10.0 mm for A, B, C and D, respectively.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Climate differently influences genomic patterns of two sympatric marine fish species

1- Climate influences population genetic variation of marine species. Capturing those impacts remains challenging for marine fishes dispersing over a large geographic scale spanning steep environmental gradients. This requires an extensive spatial sampling of individuals or populations, representative of seascape heterogeneity, combined with a set of highly informative molecular markers able to reveal climatic-associated genomic variations. 2- We explored how space, dispersal and environment shape the genomic patterns of two marine fish species. We hypothesized that population structure and climate-associated genomic signatures of selection will be stronger in the less mobile species, as restricted gene flow tends to facilitate the fixation of locally adapted alleles. 3- To investigate our hypothesis, we genotyped two species that share a common environment but have contrasting dispersal abilities, the white seabream (Diplodus sargus) and striped red mullet (Mullus surmuletus). We collected 823 samples across the Mediterranean Sea, which ranks among the oceanic basins the most affected by climate change and human pressures. We used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to detect 8 206 Single Nucleotides Polymorphisms (SNPs) for seabream and 2 794 for mullet. For each species, we identified highly differentiated genomic regions and disentangled the relative contribution of space, dispersal and environmental (climate, productivity) variables on genetic structure to test the prevalence of gene flow and local adaptation. 4- We observed contrasted patterns of gene flow and adaptive genetic variation between the two species. The seabream showed a separate Alboran sea population but further panmictia across the Mediterranean Sea, while the mullet revealed additional differentiation. The within-Mediterranean differentiation of mullet was significantly correlated to summer – and winter temperatures as well as productivity. Functional annotation of climate-associated outlier SNPs then identified candidate genes involved in heat tolerance that could be examined to further predict species' responses to climate change. 5- Our results illustrate the key steps of a comparative seascape genomics study that aims to unravel the evolutionary processes at play in marine species, in order to better anticipate their response to climate change. Defining population adaptation capacities and climatic niches can then serve to include complementary evolutionary processes in species conservation planning.

FIGURE 14 in Comparative development of five sympatric coastal Fundulid species from the northern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 14. Dorsal fin origin in reference to anal fin origin for Fundulus similis (A) and Fundulus jenkinsi (B).

FIGURE 12 in Comparative development of five sympatric coastal Fundulid species from the northern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 12. Dorsal fin origin in reference to anal fin origin for Adinia xenica (A) and Fundulus grandis (B).

FIGURE 13. The 3–5 in Comparative development of five sympatric coastal Fundulid species from the northern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 13. The 3–5 rows of large, stellate melanophores on the mid-dorsal area of Fundulus similis (A) and the line of smaller melanophores on the mid-dorsal are of Fundulus jenkinsi (B).

FIGURE 11 in Comparative development of five sympatric coastal Fundulid species from the northern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 11. Mid-lateral external pigment of Adinia xenica (A) and Fundulus grandis (B) denoted by arrows.

FIGURE 15 in Comparative development of five sympatric coastal Fundulid species from the northern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 15. Melanophores forming an X or sideways hour glass between the anterior half of eyes of Fundulus jenkinsi as denoted by oval.

FIGURE 8 in Comparative development of five sympatric coastal Fundulid species from the northern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 8. Various stages (TL) of Fundulus similis development. Arrows indicate mid-lateral pigment, 3–5 rows of large large, stellate melanophores extending from head to dorsal fin origin; and largest size where internal pigment around spine is visible. Size class one (0–6.99 mm TL), size class two (7–9.99 mm), size class three (10–11.99 mm), and size class four (12–15 mm).

FIGURE 9 in Comparative development of five sympatric coastal Fundulid species from the northern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 9. The five branchiostegal rays of Fundulus grandis (A) and the six branchiostegal rays of Fundulus similis (B).

FIGURE 10 in Comparative development of five sympatric coastal Fundulid species from the northern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 10. Internal hypaxial pigment in all other Fundulus (A) compared to internal hypaxial pigment of Fundulus pulvereus (B).

FIGURE 7 in Comparative development of five sympatric coastal Fundulid species from the northern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 7. Various stages (TL) of Fundulus pulvereus development. Arrows note interior hypaxial muscle pigment. Size class one (0–6.99 mm TL), size class two (7–9.99 mm), size class three (10–11.99 mm), and size class four (12–15 mm).

FIGURE 4 in Comparative development of five sympatric coastal Fundulid species from the northern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 4. Various stages (TL) of Adinia xenica development. Arrows note mid-lateral pigment and largest size where internal pigment around spine is visible. Size class one (0–6.99 mm TL), size class two (7–9.99 mm), size class three (10–11.99 mm), and size class four (12–15 mm).

FIGURE 6 in Comparative development of five sympatric coastal Fundulid species from the northern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 6. Various stages (TL) of Fundulus jenkinsi development. Arrows indicate concentration of pigment along dorsal midline extending from head to caudal peduncle; pigment forming sideways X or hourglass, and largest size where internal pigment around spine is visible. Size class one (0–6.99 mm TL), size class two (7–9.99 mm), size class three (10–11.99 mm), and size class four (12–15 mm).

FIGURE 2 in Comparative development of five sympatric coastal Fundulid species from the northern Gulf of Mexico

FIGURE 2. Plot of body depth (mm, A) and caudal peduncle width (mm, B) (χ ± 1 SE) adjusted for a low, mean, and high value of total length (TL, mm) by species. Data points within the TLlow, TLmean, or TLhigh values are significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) if letter labels are not the same, and not significantly different (p> 0.05) if the letter labels are the same.