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FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 3. Leporinus reinhardti (Lütken, 1875) MCP 17146, 82.72 mm SL – A and B: Premaxilla and teeth, left side, frontal view. C: Premaxilla tooth, frontal view, incisal region. D: Contact zone of tooth-premaxilla bone, frontal view. E: Premaxilla tooth, left side, SEM image showing the crystal apatite arrangement, labiolingual direction.

FIGURE 6 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 6. Caenotropus labyrinthicus (Kner, 1858) MCP 22515, 59.35 mm SL - A: Premaxilla and teeth, frontal view. MCP 22515, 54.22 mm SL - B: Premaxilla and teeth, left side, internal view, median region. C: Tooth, premaxilla, left side, internal view, apical region. D: Premaxilla tooth, left side, SEM image showing the crystal apatite arrangement, labiolingual direction. E: Caenotropus schizodon Scharcansky & Lucena, 2007 MCP 30101, 81.84 mm SL, bilobate teeth, premaxilla, left side.

FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 2. Apareiodon ibitiensis (Campos, 1944) MCP 14430, 98.26 mm SL - A. Premaxilla, cross section (10x). Arrow points to the bony bridge dividing the replacement teeth groups. B. Replacement teeth (20x). Arrow points to the apical region of replacement teeth. C: Replacement teeth detail (40x). D: Attachment region of functional teeth (20x). E. Premaxilla, cross section, rows of replacement teeth, each set is divided by a boney bridge (5x). Small arrow points to the bony bridge; larger arrow points to the replacement teeth. AM=ameloblasts; DF=functional teeth; DN=dentine; DS=replacement teeth; ES= enamel; LP=periodontal ligament; OD=odontoblasts; PA=dental papilla; PO=pulp; PMX=premaxilla; TC=connective tissue; TE=epithelial tissue; TO=bone tissue.

FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 1. Apareiodon ibitiensis (Campos, 1944), MCP 14430, 98.26 mm SL - A: premaxilla and teeth, left side, frontal view. MCP: 14430, CP: 95.69 mm SL - B: premaxilla tooth, left side, frontal view, apical region detail. C: premaxilla tooth, left side, frontal view, median region detail. D: tooth-premaxilla bone attachment, left side, frontal view. E: premaxilla tooth, left side, SEM image showing the crystal apatite arrangement, labiolingual direction.

FIGURE 17 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 17. Phylogenetic hypothesis among Characiform taxa based on nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences modified from Calcagnotto et al. (2005). Numbers refer to the apomorphic characters discussed in the text.

FIGURE 13 in Phylogenetic assessment of ultrastructural and histological characters of teeth in the Anostomoidea, Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 13. Rhaphiodon vulpinus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829). MCP 10521, 185.45 mm SL - A: Premaxilla and teeth, left side, frontal view. B: Tooth, premaxilla, left side, frontal view, apical region detail. C: Tooth, premaxilla, left side, frontal view, median region detail. D: Teeth premaxilla, left side, frontal view, teeth-premaxilla bone attachment detail. E: Premaxilla tooth, left side, SEM image showing the crystal apatite arrangement, median region, labiolingual direction.

FIG. 4 in A new species of Sagitta (Chaetognatha) from a Laccadive lagoon (Indian Ocean) having fan-shaped anterior teeth: phylogenetical implications

FIG. 4. SEM photographs of Sagitta nairi n. sp. (a±d) and Krohnitta subtilis (e): (a) head armature in ventral view; (b) detail of anterior teeth in ventral view; (c) teeth in lateral view; (d) hooks in dorsal view; (e) right set of teeth in ventral view. at, anterior teeth; m, mouth; pt, posterior teeth; vp, ventral plate. In (a, d) arrows indicate the point of change of the hooks, curve. Scale bars 5 10 mm.

FIG. 1 in A new species of Sagitta (Chaetognatha) from a Laccadive lagoon (Indian Ocean) having fan-shaped anterior teeth: phylogenetical implications

FIG. 1. Sampling location of Sagitta nairi n. sp.: (a) location of Agatti Atoll in the Laccadive Archipelago north of 8ssN; (b) con®guration of the atoll, with depths in metres (modi®ed from Madhupratap et al., 1991).

FIG. 3 in A new species of Sagitta (Chaetognatha) from a Laccadive lagoon (Indian Ocean) having fan-shaped anterior teeth: phylogenetical implications

FIG. 3. Light photographs of Sagitta nairi n. sp.: (a) anterior part of the body; (b, c) two aspects of head and anterior part of trunk; (d, e) diOEerent aspects of the seminal vesicles; (f) eyes. at, anterior teeth; c, collarette; id, intestinal diverticula; pf, posterior ®ns; tf, tail ®n. In (d, e) the limits of the posterior and tail ®ns are indicated by arrows.

FIG. 2 in A new species of Sagitta (Chaetognatha) from a Laccadive lagoon (Indian Ocean) having fan-shaped anterior teeth: phylogenetical implications

FIG. 2. Schematic representation of Sagitta nairi n. sp. in dorsal view. af, anterior ®ns; c, collarette; id, intestinal diverticula; o, ovaries; pf, posterior ®ns; sv, seminal vesicles; tf, tail ®n; vg, ventral ganglion.

Figure 1 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones

Figure 1. Right petrosal of MNRJ 6734-V (Type VI) in ventral (A), dorsal (B), and lateral (C) views. Abbreviations: al, anterior lamina; av, aqueductus vestibuli; cc, crus commune; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fss, foramen for the sigmoid sinus; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ica, internal carotid artery; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lapc, lateral aperture of the prootic canal; lhv, lateral head vein; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); me, mastoid exposure; mp, mastoid tympanic process; pcv, prootic canal vein; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psv?, probable prootic sinus vein; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; sff, secondary facial foramen; sica, sulcus for the internal carotid artery; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; smn, stylomastoid notch; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; spsv?, sulcus for a probable vein connected to the prootic sinus; ss, sigmoid sinus; sss, sulcus for the sigmoid sinus; th, tympanohyal; tt, tuberculum tympani; ttf, tensor tympani fossa; ts, transverse sinus; tyc, tympanic crest; vf, vascular foramen; uf, unknown foramen; us, unknown sulcus; V3?, probable medial border of the foramen ovale for the V3 nerve.

Figure 7 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones

Figure 7. Timing of the earliest evolution of metatherians according to the hypotheses highlighted in the most parsimonious trees (Fig. 4). Data sources: minimal age of Sinodelphys (Swisher et al., 1999), age for the North American metatherians (Clemens, 1966), dating of the Mongolian taxon Deltatheridium (Dashzeveg et al., 2005), dating of the South American metatherians (de Muizon, 1994; Flynn & Swisher, 1995; Marshall et al., 1997); molecular estimate of divergence of marsupial ordinal clades (Nilsson et al., 2004; Beck, 2008; Meredith et al., 2008). Thick and grey strokes represent fossil species. Geological stages: Ab, Albian; Bm, Barremian; C, Coniacian; Ca, Campanian; Ce, Cenomanian; Eo, Eocene; H, Hauterivian; Ma, Maastrichtian; Pa, Palaeocene; S, Santonian; T, Turonian; V, Valanginian.

Figure 6 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones

Figure 6. Comparisons of the morphometric and phylogenetic assessments as regards the possible assignment of petrosal types to dental-based taxa from Itaboraí. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 5 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones

Figure 5. Molar area vs. promontorium area for extant and fossil metatherians with associated petrosal and teeth remains. A, M2 area vs. promontorium area; B, m2 area vs. promontorium area; C, M3 area vs. promontorium area; D, m3 area vs. promontorium area. Open square, Didelphis marsupialis, closed square; Didelphis aurita; grey square, Didelphis albiventris; open circle, Marmosa murina; closed circle, Philander opossum; grey circle, Metachirus nudicaudatus; cross, Caluromys philander; closed lozenge; Caenolestes fuliginosus; grey lozenge, Phacogale tapoatafa; open triangle, Pucadelphys andinus; closed triangle, Andinodelphys cochabambensis; grey triangle, Mayulestes ferox; line, Deltatheridium pretrituberculare. M2–3, second and third upper molars; m2–3, second and third lower molars.

Figure 3 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones

Figure 3. Right petrosal of MNRJ 6735-V (Type VIII) in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views, with a reconstruction of the inner ear (A2). Abbreviations: aa, anterior ampulla; al, anterior lamina; asc, anterior semicircular canal; av, aqueductus vestibuli; cc, crus commune; cocd, cochlear duct; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; la, lateral ampulla; lapc, lateral aperture of the prootic canal; lhv, lateral head vein; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); pa, posterior ampulla; pcv, prootic canal vein; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; sff, secondary facial foramen; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; smn, stylomastoid notch; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; tt, tuberculum tympani.

Figure 2 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones

Figure 2. Right petrosal of MNRJ 6737-V (Type VII) in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views. Abbreviations: aa, anterior ampulla; ac, aqueductus cochleae; al, anterior lamina; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ica, internal carotid artery; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; la, lateral ampulla; lapc, lateral aperture of the prootic canal; lhv, lateral head vein; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); me, mastoid exposure; mp, mastoid tympanic process; pcv, prootic canal vein; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; sff, secondary facial foramen; sica, sulcus for the internal carotid artery; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; smn, stylomastoid notch; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; th, tympanohyal; vf, vascular foramen; V3?, probable medial border of the foramen ovale for the V3 nerve.

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Text-fig. 8. Wear stages and height (h) of cheek teeth of Sayimys giganteus from Keseköy. Height in mm of the entoconid (arrow) in lower cheek teeth and paracone (arrow) in upper cheek teeth. Shown are the high value and a low value for each wear stage. Note that h of the different wear stages may show large overlaps, in particular in those of worn teeth. This is due to the often-irregular occlusal surfaces of older individuals. in An Exceptional Large Sample Of The Early Miocene Ctenodactyline Rodent Sayimys Giganteus, Specific Variation And Taxonomic Implications

Text-fig. 8. Wear stages and height (h) of cheek teeth of Sayimys giganteus from Keseköy. Height in mm of the entoconid (arrow) in lower cheek teeth and paracone (arrow) in upper cheek teeth. Shown are the high value and a low value for each wear stage. Note that h of the different wear stages may show large overlaps, in particular in those of worn teeth. This is due to the often-irregular occlusal surfaces of older individuals.

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Text-fig. 11. Cheek teeth of Sayimys giganteus from Keseköy. Anterior sides are indicated by arrows. Top row: labial sides of M3, M2, M1 and DP4, images horizontally-mirrored. Second row: occlusal surfaces of M3, M2, M1 and DP4 of the same specimens. Third row: lingual sides of m3, m2, m1 and dp4, images horizontally-mirrored. Lower row: occlusal surfaces of m3, m2, m1 and dp4 of the same specimens. in An Exceptional Large Sample Of The Early Miocene Ctenodactyline Rodent Sayimys Giganteus, Specific Variation And Taxonomic Implications

Text-fig. 11. Cheek teeth of Sayimys giganteus from Keseköy. Anterior sides are indicated by arrows. Top row: labial sides of M3, M2, M1 and DP4, images horizontally-mirrored. Second row: occlusal surfaces of M3, M2, M1 and DP4 of the same specimens. Third row: lingual sides of m3, m2, m1 and dp4, images horizontally-mirrored. Lower row: occlusal surfaces of m3, m2, m1 and dp4 of the same specimens.

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Text-fig. 10. Upper cheek teeth of Sayimys giganteus from Keseköy and Yapıntı (= YAP numbers) shown as right specimens. Left side specimens are shown in mirror image, these have underlined specimen numbers. in An Exceptional Large Sample Of The Early Miocene Ctenodactyline Rodent Sayimys Giganteus, Specific Variation And Taxonomic Implications

Text-fig. 10. Upper cheek teeth of Sayimys giganteus from Keseköy and Yapıntı (= YAP numbers) shown as right specimens. Left side specimens are shown in mirror image, these have underlined specimen numbers.