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Fig. 14 in Post-extinction brachiopod faunas from the Late Permian Wuchiapingian coal series of South China

Fig. 14. Cardinal process of Chengxianoproductus cf. changxingensis Liao and Meng, 1986 (based on specimen NMV P309640).

Fig. 12 in Post-extinction brachiopod faunas from the Late Permian Wuchiapingian coal series of South China

Fig. 12. Interiors of Niutoushania chongqingensis Chen sp. nov. (based on specimen NMV P309641); ventral valve (A) and dorsal valve (B).

Fig. 2 in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 2. Middle Ordovician sedimentary facies on the Yangtze Platform, South China palaeoplate (modified from Zhang et al. 2002), with three fossil localities discussed in the text: 1, Shihtzupu Formation at Shizigou Valley near the Weixin County town, Yunnan Province; 2, Type area of Shihtzupu Formation at Donggongsi, Zunyi, Guizhou Province; 3, Dashaba Formation at Shuanghe, Changning, Sichuan Province.

Fig. 15. A–C in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 15. A–C. Tritoechia sp. A. NIGP139165, dorsal internal mould (A1) and latex cast (A2) with enlarged view of cardinalia (A3). B. NIGP139166, dorsal internal mould. C. NIGP139167, ventral internal (C1) and latex cast (C2). D. Peritritoechia imbricatia? Xu, Rong, and Liu, 1974; NIGP139168, ventral internal mould (D1) with local enlargement (D2) showing muscle field and pedicle epithelium. E. Porambonites transversus Xu, Rong, and Liu, 1974; NIGP139169, ventral and dorsal views (E1, E2) of internal mould, ventral external mould (E3) and enlarged view of beaded costellae (E4).

Fig. 2. A in A new giant discinoid brachiopod from the Lower Devonian of Algeria

Fig. 2. A. Gigadiscina cf. collis (Clarke, 1913) from Upper Devonian of Falkland Islands, near Port Howard. External mould of ventral valve, BNMH B 60298. B. Gigadiscina sp. from Middle–Upper Devonian of Libya, Tripoli area (borehole BP, well C1−8). Ventral valve BMHN BD 3385b, external mould (B1), ventral valve BMNH BD 3385a, detail of ornament (B2), detail of microornament (B3), and detail of pitted radial bands alternating with smooth bands (B4).

Fig. 13. A–I in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 13. A–I. Leptestiina veturna sp. nov. A. NIGP139145, paratype, ventral internal mould. B. NIGP139146, paratype, ventral internal mould. C. NIGP139147, holotype, ventral internal mould (C1) and latex cast (C2). D. NIGP139148, paratype, ventral internal mould. E. NIGP139149, paratype, ventral internal mould (E1) and latex cast (E2). F. NIGP139150, paratype, dorsal internal mould. G. NIGP139151, paratype, three dorsal external moulds, with dorsal external mould of Leptellinidae gen. et sp. nov. (to be erected by Zhan and Jin in press) (second from right). H. NIGP139152, paratype, dorsal external mould (H1) and latex cast (H2); note also ventral interarea. I. NIGP139153, paratype, broken dorsal internal mould. J. Strophomenid gen. et sp. indeterminate; NIGP139154, dorsal internal mould (J1) and latex cast (J2), together with a dorsal internal mould of Leptellina spatiosa sp. nov. (top).

Fig. 5 in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 5. Cluster analysis of 10 brachiopod faunas from uppermost Arenigian to middle Caradocian, using the algorithm of paired group and Raup−Crick similarity (PAST, Hammer et al. 2004). Abbreviations: ZY, Shihtzupu Formation, Zunyi (type locality), northern Guizhou Province; WX, Shihtzupu Formation, Weixin, northeastern Yunnan Province; CN, Dashaba Formation, Changning, southeastern Sichuan Province; YC, Miaopo Formation, Yichang, western Hubei Province; NQ, Siliangssu Formation, Ningqiang, southern Shaanxi Province; CK, Houping Formation, Chengkou, northern Chongqing; BM, Naungkangyi Group and its equivalents (Caradocian), Shan States, Burma; KZ, Uzunbulak Formation (Darriwilian), Chu−Ili Mountains, southern Kazakhstan; NF, Unnamed Ordovician tuffs (Darriwilian), Virgin Arm, Newfoundland; AP, Lenoir Formation (Darriwilian), eastern United States.

Fig. 15 in Post-extinction brachiopod faunas from the Late Permian Wuchiapingian coal series of South China

Fig. 15. Ventral interior of Permophricodothyris grandis (Huang, 1933) showing well−developed muscle scars (based on specimen NMV P309621).

Fig. 9 in Post-extinction brachiopod faunas from the Late Permian Wuchiapingian coal series of South China

Fig. 9. Selected serial sections of the ventral umbo of Meekella beipeiensis Chen sp. nov. (based on specimen NMV P309627) showing closely situated, parallel dental plates. The numbers are distance from the ventral beak; the orientation of the sections is with ventral surfaces upward.

Fig. 10. A in Post-extinction brachiopod faunas from the Late Permian Wuchiapingian coal series of South China

Fig. 10. A. Meekella kueichowensis (Huang, 1933), dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), and lateral (A3) views of NMV P309622. B. Chengxianoproductus cf. changxingensis Liao and Meng, 1986, ventral (B1), posterior (B2), lateral (B3), and dorsal (B4) views of NMV P309640 (B); B5, enlargement of fine, densely arranged spine bases of B1. C, D. Spinomarginifera alpha Huang, 1932, lateral (C1), posterior (C2), ventral (C3), and dorsal (D) views of a complete specimen NMV P309643 and a dorsal external mold NMV P309644. E–H. Transennatia gratiosa (Waagen, 1884), ventral (E1, G, H1), anteroventral (E2, H2), posterior (E3, H3), lateral (E4, H4), and internal (F) views of a ventral internal mold NMV P309639 (E), and latex replica NMV P309638 (F) of the ventral internal mold (E –E), a ventral internal mold NMV P309636 (G) and a dorsal external mold NMV P309637 (H –H). A, E, F, G, from the 4th member of the Lungtan For1 4 1 4 mation of Daijiagou; B, from the 1st member of the Lungtan Formation of Daijiagou; C, D, H, from the 5th member of the Lungtan Formation of Daijiagou.

Fig. 6 in Post-extinction brachiopod faunas from the Late Permian Wuchiapingian coal series of South China

Fig. 6. Global stratigraphic distributions of the Lungtan brachiopod faunas. Permian chronostratigraphic framework follows International Union of Geological Sciences (2002). Conodont zones are after Mei et al. (1994) and Jin et al. (1998). The G/L mass extinction horizon corresponds to the biostratigraphic G/L boundary. The extinction interval is defined by the late Capitanian conodonts Jinogondolella granti Zone and the earliest Wuchiapingian Clarkina postbitteri Zone. Brachiopod genera include 1, Spinomarginifera; 2, Edriosteges; 3, Meekella; 4, Transennatia; 5, Perigeyerella; 6, Permophricodothyris; 7, Paraspiriferina; 8, Magniderbyia; 9, Niutoushania; 10, Chengxianoproductus; 11, Peltichia. Brachiopod species include 12, Edriosteges poyangensis; 13, Transennatia gratiosa; 14, Permophricodothyris grandis; 15, Magniderbyia sp. indet.; 16, Meekella pusilloplicata; 17, Me. kueichowensis; 18, Me. beipeiensis; 19, Spinomarginifera lopingensis; 20, Niutoushania chongqingensis; 21, Chengxianoproductus cf. changxingensis; 22, Paraspiriferina sp.; 23, Perigeyerella costellata; 24, Peltichia zigzag; 25, Spinomarginifera alpha.

Fig. 8 in Post-extinction brachiopod faunas from the Late Permian Wuchiapingian coal series of South China

Fig. 8. Reconstruction of ventral interior of Perigeyella costellata Wang, 1955 (based on specimen NMV P309620).

Fig. 5 in Post-extinction brachiopod faunas from the Late Permian Wuchiapingian coal series of South China

Fig. 5. Abundance of the Edriosteges poyangensis–Spinomarginifera lopingensis Association. A total of 51 specimens were collected from a shell bed at the basal Lungtan Formation.

Fig. 3 in Post-extinction brachiopod faunas from the Late Permian Wuchiapingian coal series of South China

Fig. 3. Correlations of the described faunas with previously published brachiopod assemblages from South China. The dashed lines indicate that the zonal boundaries are not well defined.

Fig. 2 in Post-extinction brachiopod faunas from the Late Permian Wuchiapingian coal series of South China

Fig. 2. Composite stratigraphy of the Lungtan Formation at the Daijiagou and Chuanmu sections, showing lithology, microfacies and fossil horizons. A. Daijiagou section. B. Chuanmu section. Lithology: 1, coarse sandstone; 2, alternating mudstone and sandstone; 3, siltstone; 4, fine sandstone; 5, clay; 6, coal seam; 7, cherty limestone; 8, bioclastic limestone; 9, limestone. Microfacies: 1, low−angle cross bedding; 2, wavy bedding; 3, bimodal cross bedding; 4, brackish water ironstone concretions; 5, black shale; 6, coal seam; 7, sandy mudstone; 8, siltstone; 9, quartz sandstone; 10, alternating siliceous shale and cherty limestone; 11, sparite; 12, grainstone−packstone; 13, roots (coal seats); 14, weathered clay; 15, cherty limestone.

Fig. 16 in Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopod faunas and turnover on the South China shelf

Fig. 16. Transverse sections of Emanuella aff. takwanensis (Kayser, 1883); all specimens are from sample PY5, Panxi section, probably Middle Frasnian. A–D. Sections at various distances from the ventral apex of specimens PUM05042~PUM05045; acetate peel numbers: 05J, 05G, 05I, and 05H respectively. E. Transverse serial sections of specimen PUM05046, acetate peel number: 05F; numbers refer to approximate distance in mm from the ventral apex.

Fig. 13 in Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopod faunas and turnover on the South China shelf

Fig. 13. Transverse serial sections of Cyrtospirifer cf. sichuanensis Chen, 1978; Qiziqiao section, Middle Frasnian. Numbers refer to distance in mm from the ventral apex. A. Specimen PUM05035, numbers 1–3 on the lateral profile indicate the first three sections at ~1.0, ~2.0, 3.1 mm; acetate peel number: 05C, sample QZQ1. B. Specimen PUM05036, acetate peel number: 05E, sample QZQ1.

Fig. 12. A in Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopod faunas and turnover on the South China shelf

Fig. 12. A. Sinal plication pattern of Cyrtospirifer cf. sichuanensis Chen, 1978, specimen illustrated on Fig. 11F. B. Sinal plication pattern of Cyrtospirifer? sp., specimen illustrated on Fig. 11C.

Fig. 10 in Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopod faunas and turnover on the South China shelf

Fig. 10. The spinatrypinae brachiopods from the Early and Middle Frasnian of the Caiziyan and Qiziqiao sections. A, B. Spinatrypina douvillei (Mansuy, 1912). A. PUM05018, sample GC21–24, Caiziyan section, Early Frasnian, dorsal view of an exfoliated specimen on slab. B. PUM05019, sample GC21–24, Caiziyan section, Early Frasnian, dorsal view of another exfoliated specimen on slab. C–G. Spinatrypa subkwangsiensis (Tien, 1938) Group B. C. PUM05020, sample QZQ1–3, Qiziqiao section, Middle Frasnian, dorsal view of an exfoliated specimen on slab. D. PUM05021, sample QZQ4, Qiziqiao section, probably Late Frasnian, dorsal (D1), lateral (D2), ventral (D3), posterior (D4), and anterior (D5) views of an adult(?), note spiny bases and broken spines. E. PUM05022, sample QZQ4, Qiziqiao section, probably Late Frasnian, posterior (E1), anterior (E2), ventral (E3), dorsal (E4), and lateral (E5) views of another adult (?) with a well preserved foramen bounded by a pair of conjunct deltidial plates at the bottom. F. PUM05023, sample QZQ4, Qiziqiao section, probably Late Frasnian, dorsal (F1), ventral (F2), lateral (F3), posterior (F4), anterior (F5), and enlarged area (F6) views of a juvenile with a well preserved foramen bounded by a pair of conjunct deltidial plates at the bottom. G. PUM05024, sample QZQ4, Qiziqiao section, probably Late Frasnian, anterior (G1), posterior (G2), dorsal (G3), ventral (G4), and lateral (G5) views of another juvenile. H–I. Spinatrypina lungkouchungensis (Tien, 1938). H. PUM05025, sample QZQ4, Qiziqiao section, probably Late Frasnian, ventral view, specimen is on slab. I. PUM05026, sample QZQ3, Qiziqiao section, Middle Frasnian, dorsal (I1), lateral (I2), ventral (I3), and anterior (I4) views of a juvenile.

Fig. 11 in Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopod faunas and turnover on the South China shelf

Fig. 11. Plicate spiriferid brachiopods from the Frasnian of the Qiziqiao and Qifengzhen sections. A. Theodossia? sp. PUM05027, sample QZQ4, Qiziqiao section, probably early Late Frasnian (cardinal extremities somewhat broken), ventral (A1), area (A2), and lateral (A3) views of a ventral valve. B–D. Cyrtospirifer? sp. B. PUM05028, sample QZQ3, Qiziqiao section, Middle Frasnian, dorsal (B1), posterior (B2), ventral (B3), lateral (B4), and anterior (B5) views of a juvenile. C. PUM05029, sample QZQ1, Qiziqiao section, Middle Frasnian, posterior (C1), lateral (C2), anterior (C3), dorsal (C4), and ventral (C5) views, note the thick shell material. D. PUM05030, sample QZQ1–3, Qiziqiao section, Middle Frasnian, ventral interior (D1), lateral (D2), and ventral exterior (D3) views, note thickened ventral posterior. E, F. Cyrtospirifer cf. sichuanensis Chen in Xu et al. (1978). E. PUM05031, dorsal view of a heavily exfoliated specimen of sample GQ6 of the Qifengzhen section in the vicinity of Guilin, about 17 m above the base of the "Gubi Formation" (Zhong et al. 1992). F. PUM05032, sample QZQ1, Qiziqiao section, Middle Frasnian, ventral view of an entirely exfoliated specimen. G. Cyrtospirifer cf. extensa Ching et Liu in Wang et al. 1982; PUM05033, sample QZQ1, Qiziqiao section, Middle Frasnian (cardinal extremities somewhat broken), anterior (G1), dorsal (G2), ventral (G3), lateral (G4), and posterior (G5) views. H. Pyramidaspirifer cf. helenae (Fenton, 1918); PUM05034, sample QZQ4, Qiziqiao section, probably early Late Frasnian, dorsal (H1), ventral (H2), lateral (H3), area (H4), and anterior (H5) views of a slightly distorted shell.