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5,145 results for “CO₂”
High heterogeneity in genomic differentiation between phenotypically divergent songbirds: A test of mitonuclear co-introgression
<p>Comparisons of genomic variation among closely related species often show more differentiation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and sex chromosomes than in autosomes, a pattern expected due to the differing effective population sizes and evolutionary dynamics of these genomic components. Yet, introgression can cause species pairs to deviate dramatically from general differentiation trends. The yellowhammer (<em>Emberiza</em> <em>citrinella</em>) and pine bunting (<em>E</em>. <em>leucocephalos</em>) are hybridizing avian sister species that differ greatly in appearance and moderately in nuclear DNA, but that show no mtDNA differentiation. This discordance is best explained by adaptive mtDNA introgression—a process that can select for co-introgression at nuclear genes with mitochondrial functions (mitonuclear genes). To better understand these discordant differentiation patterns and characterize nuclear differentiation in this system, we investigated genome-wide differentiation between allopatric yellowhammers and pine buntings and compared it to what was seen previously in mtDNA. We found significant nuclear differentiation that was highly heterogeneous across the genome, with a particularly wide differentiation peak on the sex chromosome Z. We further investigated mitonuclear gene co-introgression between yellowhammers and pine buntings and found support for this process in the direction of pine buntings into yellowhammers. Genomic signals indicative of co-introgression were common in mitonuclear genes coding for subunits of the mitoribosome and electron transport chain complexes. Such introgression of mitochondrial DNA and mitonuclear genes provides a possible explanation for the patterns of high genomic heterogeneity in genomic differentiation seen among some species groups.</p>
Fig. 1 in Pollen eaters and pollen morphology: co-evolution through the Permian and Mesozoic
Fig. 1. Eucommiidites group pollen (Cryptosaccites pabularis Krassilov et Tekleva) in the gut compression of Ceroxyela dolichocera Rasnitsyn (Xyelidae, Hymenoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Baissa, Transbaikalia: (A) insect impression; (B) stereomicroscope view of the fore-gut with pollen grains; (C) pollen grains amassed at the hind end of the abdomen, (D) same, enlarged. Scale bars: 2 mm (A), 1 mm (B, C), 30 µm (D).
Fig. 2 in Pollen eaters and pollen morphology: co-evolution through the Permian and Mesozoic
Fig. 2. Pollen loads of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic insects: (A) Protohaploxypinus-type taeniate pollen from Sellardsiopsis conspicua G. Zalessky, Lower Permian Tchekarda locality; (B) Protohaploxypinus- type taeniate pollen from Parapsocidium uralicum G. Zalessky (Psocida), same locality; (C) Vittatina-type taeniate pollen from Sojanidelia floralis Rasnitsyn (Grylloblattida), same locality; (D) Lunatisporites-type taeniate pollen from Idelopsocus diradiatus Rasnitsyn, same locality; (E) Eucommiidites-group pollen (Cryptosaccites pabularis Krassilov et Tekleva) from Ceroxyela dolichocera Rasnitsyn (Xyelidae, Hymenoptera), Lower Cretaceous Baissa locality, Transbaikalia; (F) Classopollis-type rimulate pollen from Aboilus cf. dilutus Gorochov (Orthoptera, katydids), Upper Jurassic of Karatau, Kazakhstan. Scale bars: 30 µm (A), 10 µm (B–F).
Climate co-benefits of tiger conservation
<p>This repository contains the dataset and code used in the publication 'Climate Co-benefits of Tiger Conservation' published in Nature Ecology and Evolution (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-02069-x). Our study provides the first detailed appraisal of an enhanced tiger conservation policy in India and its benefits to forest protection. We demonstrate how biodiversity conservation initiatives could translate to ecosystem services, specifically additional carbon storage, and present empirical evidence at a broad geographical scale to align biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation goals. Our results suggest that there exist additional opportunities for funding the protection and restoration of species habitats through carbon offsets and valuation of ecosystem services.</p>
The Co-Researchers Journey in CoAct for Mental Health
<p>This graphic document is a testimony of the Co-Researchers’ contribution to CoAct for Mental Health over a long and still unfinished journey, from 2020 to 2022. Co-Researchers, people with mental health problems and their families, have been the main actors of this research, as in-the-field competent experts. The research involved launching a chatbot in Telegram where anyone can listen to their lived experiences and react to them. Co-Researchers have been involved in the interpretation of the data collected and drew conclusions to make political recommendations and support specific demands.CoAct for Mental Health is part of CoAct (Co-designing Citizen Social Science for Collective Action), a project funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. CoAct understands Citizen Social Science as participatory research co-designed and directly driven by citizen groups sharing a social concern. We expect to upscale this project at a more global level and to replicate it to other social pressing issues.</p>
Sensitized photon avalanche nanothermometry in Pr3+ and Yb3+ co-doped NaYF4 colloidal nanoparticles
<p>ABSTRACT</p> <p>Photon avalanche (PA) is a highly nonlinear luminescence phenomenon that occurs in lanthanide doped materials. PA exhibits a very steep power law relationship between luminescence intensity and the optical pump power. Due to the mechanism of PA emission, even weak perturbations to the energy looping and energy distribution within excited levels of lanthanide emitters are expected to significantly modify luminescent properties. Therefore, in this work, we experimentally study the impact of temperature (from – 175 to 175 °C, with 25 °C steps) on the sensitized PA emission in NaYF<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles co-doped with 15% of Yb<sup>3+</sup> and 0.5% of Pr<sup>3+</sup> ions under 852 nm pumping wavelength. Significant variations of the PA nonlinearity (<em>S</em> =&thinsp;4.5–9), PA gain (from 50 up to 175), and PA threshold (from 100 up to 700 kW/cm<sup>2</sup>) were observed under temperature rise from – 175 to 175 °C, respectively. The relative temperature sensitivities based on luminescence intensity changes were larger than 1.5% °C<sup>–1</sup> in the whole temperature range, reaching the maximal value of 7.5% °C<sup>–1</sup> at 0 °C. Moreover, a new thermometric parameter was proposed, namely, the PA pump power threshold, which exhibited over 0.5% °C<sup>–1</sup> relative sensitivities in the same wide temperature range. Owing to PA properties, the temperature sensitivity range and the corresponding relative sensitivities may be intentionally tuned by selecting the appropriate pump intensity in respect to the power dependence relationship. These studies not only provide a better understanding of fundamental processes and susceptibility of the sensitized photon avalanche emission to temperature variation, but also show the possibility of using PA materials as sensitive (nano)thermometers.</p>
Data for: Female foraging strategy co-evolve with sexual harassment intensity in the Trinidadian guppy
<p>Sexual harassment is a widespread evolutionary outcome of sexual conflict over mating rates. Male harassment can impose costs on females, and females often change their behaviors to avoid unwanted attention. In Trinidadian guppies (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>), females experience two potential sources of male harassment: coercive sneak mating behavior (more harmful, and common in high-predation populations) and courtship displays (less harmful, and common in low-predation populations). Here, we tested whether female foraging strategy co-evolves with decreasing levels of male harassment as guppies colonize low-predation environments. We set up outdoor stream mesocosms with ecologically naïve males and females from either a high- or a low-predation population in a 2x2 design and tested whether populations diverge in female response to male harassment. We found that low-predation males used more courtship and fewer sneak tactics than their natural high-predation ancestors. Male sneak behavior reduced female foraging efficiency, and this effect was stronger for high-predation females. We then tested whether a similar pattern evolved in a population where high-predation guppies were artificially introduced to a low-predation habitat 12 years ago. Unexpectedly, the introduced males had evolved decreased courtship and increased sneak tactics. Here, increased male courtship, but not increased sneak behavior, reduced female foraging efficiency, and this effect existed only in the introduced, low-predation population. Altogether, our results suggest that both male mating behaviors harass females to differing degrees; females evolve foraging behavior in response to divergence in male mating strategies, but populations may differ in strategies of enduring or ignoring unwanted attention. </p>
Meta-analysis on Stakeholder Engagement in the Co-Production of Knowledge for Environmental Decision-making
<p>This dataset corresponds to a meta-analysis to examine the peer-reviewed scholarship on stakeholder engagement in co-production processes in environmental decision-making.</p> <p>The dataset was developed by searching keywords, abstracts, and titles in Scopus on three key themes: co-production, transdisciplinary, and community-based participatory research. A total of 709 publications were reviewed, from which 144 met the selection criterion. The 144 articles constitute this dataset. They pertain to articles published between January 2005 and June 2020.</p> <p>The data includes information on the following topics:</p> <ol> <li>Number of unique case studies reported</li> <li>The projects’ time span</li> <li>When stakeholder engagement activities occur during the project cycle</li> <li>Are stakeholders (non-university researchers) an author</li> <li>Geographic region of project</li> <li>Environmental issues addressed</li> <li>Geographic scale of project </li> <li>Types of stakeholders engaged </li> <li>How stakeholders were engaged</li> <li>What output resulted from stakeholder engagement</li> <li>Approach to stakeholder engagement</li> <li>Factors that enabled stakeholder engagement</li> <li>Barriers or challenges to engagement</li> <li>Societal impacts associated with stakeholder engagement</li> <li>Direct evidence of societal impacts of stakeholder engagement</li> </ol> <p>The methods and analysis are presented in "Stakeholder Engagement in the Co-Production of Knowledge for Environmental Decision-making," which was submitted for publication in 2022 to the Journal <em>World Development</em>. A draft of the manuscript can be provided upon request to authors.</p>
Social plasticity enhances signal-preference co-divergence
<p>Data associated to the manuscript titled:</p> <p>Social plasticity enhances signal-preference co-divergence</p> <p>by</p> <p>Camille Desjonquères, Bretta Speck, Sara Seidita, Lauren A. Cirino, Ignacio Escalante, Clinton Sergi, Jak Maliszewski, Gerlinde Hoebel, Nathan W. Bailey, Rafael L. Rodríguez</p>
Co-activation probability between neurons in the largest brain connectome of the fruit fly
<p>This is a data set containing the co-activation probability between neurons in the largest brain connectome of the fruit fly released by the FlyEM project. The co-activation probability is measured based on neural dynamics computation, where a standard leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) model is applied on the connectome to generate neural dynamics. Please read the paper "Yang Tian, Pei Sun; <strong>Percolation may explain efficiency, robustness, and economy of the brain</strong>. <em><em>Network Neuroscience</em></em> 2022; 6 (3): 765–790. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00246">https://doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00246</a>" for more details.</p> <p><strong>This is the newest version of the data set.</strong></p> <p>The following is a list of variable information:</p> <p>(1) SomaLocation is a 23008*3 matrix that contains the three-dimensional coordinates of neurons;</p> <p>(2) LambdaVector is the vector of a vector of synaptic excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance (see "Percolation may explain efficiency, robustness, and economy of the brain" for detailed explanations).</p> <p>(3) DirectedCoactivationPattern is a cell of co-activation probability matrices generated under each E/I balance condition, which is used in "Percolation may explain efficiency, robustness, and economy of the brain" for computational experiments. The (i,j)-th element in the matrix is the probability for neuron i to activate neuron j under the corresponding E/I balance condition. Note that the (i,j)-th element can be differnt from the (j,i)-th element. </p> <p>(4) SymmetricCoactivationPattern is a cell of symmetric co-activation probability matrices generated under each E/I balance condition. This is a new data that has not been used in "Percolation may explain efficiency, robustness, and economy of the brain" yet. The (i,j)-th element in the matrix is the probability for neurons i and j to be co-activated under the corresponding E/I balance condition. If we define D as the directed co-activation probability matrix and denote S as the symmetric co-activation probability matrix, then we have S(i,j)=S(j,i)=0.5*(D(i,j)+D(j,i)). </p> <p>The earlist version of this data can be seen in https://zenodo.org/record/5497516, which may lack detailed explanations.</p> <p>The second version of this data can be seen in https://zenodo.org/record/7869532, where a small mistake is found while calculating the SymmetricCoactivationPattern. This mistake is resolved in the newest version.</p>
Questionnaire: Co-occurrence of behavioural risk factors for non-communicable diseases among 40-year and above aged community members in three regions of Myanmar
<p>This questionnaire was applied as data collection tool for the dataset of "Co-occurrence of behavioural risk factors for non-communicable diseases among 40-year and above aged community members in three regions of Myanmar".</p>
Data From: Near-infrared co-illumination of fluorescent proteins reduces photobleaching and phototoxicity
<p>Data From: Near-infrared co-illumination of fluorescent proteins reduces photobleaching and phototoxicity</p>
Reproduction package for the paper "Massive pre-main-sequence stars in M17: Firtst and second overtone CO bandhead emission and the thermal infrared"
<p>This is a basic reproduction package for the paper "Massive pre-main-sequence stars in M17: First and second overtone CO bandhead emission and the thermal infrared" by J. Poorta et al. 2023. It aims to provide the most important data products and software to check and reproduce the main results of the paper.</p>
China's fossil fuel CO2 emissions estimated using surface observations of co-emitted NO2
<p>We employed an EnKF-based Regional Multi-Air Pollutant Assimilation System (RAPAS) to assimilate <em>in-situ</em> NO<sub>2</sub> observations, allowing us to combine observation-constrained NO<em><sub>x</sub></em> emissions co-emitted with FFCO<sub>2</sub> and grid-specific CO<sub>2</sub>-to-NO<em><sub>x</sub></em> emission ratios for inferring daily <strong>FFCO<sub>2</sub> emissions</strong> over China.</p> <p><strong>cnemc_obs.nc </strong>includes assimilated and verified observations.</p> <p><strong>emission.tar.gz</strong> includes inferred daily posterior NO<em><sub>x</sub></em> and FFCO<sub>2</sub> emissions for the year 2016.</p>
Data from: An environmental habitat gradient and within-habitat segregation enable co-existence of ecologically similar bird species
<p>Niche theory predicts that ecologically similar species can co-exist through multidimensional niche partitioning. However, due to the challenges of accounting for both abiotic and biotic processes in ecological niche modelling, the underlying mechanisms that facilitate co-existence of competing species are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated potential mechanisms underlying the co-existence of ecologically similar bird species in a biodiversity-rich transboundary montane forest in east-central Africa by computing niche overlap indices along an environmental elevation gradient, diet, forest strata, activity patterns, and within-habitat segregation across horizontal space. We found strong support for abiotic environmental habitat niche partitioning, with 55% of species pairs having separate elevation niches. For the remaining species pairs that exhibited similar elevation niches, we found that within-habitat segregation across horizontal space and to a lesser extent vertical forest strata provided the most likely mechanisms of species co-existence. Co-existence of ecologically similar species within a highly diverse montane forest was determined primarily by abiotic factors (e.g., environmental elevation gradient) that characterize the Grinnellian niche and secondarily by biotic factors (e.g., vertical and horizontal segregation within habitats) that describe the Eltonian niche. Thus, partitioning across multiple levels of spatial organization is a key mechanism of co-existence in diverse communities.</p>
Co-parasitism in the face of predation: Effects of natural enemies on a neotropical mockingbird
<p>Co-parasitism is ubiquitous and has important consequences for the ecology and evolution of wild host populations. Studies of parasite co-infections remain limited in scope, with few experimental tests of the fitness consequences of multiple parasites, especially in natural populations.</p> <p>We measured the separate and combined effects of <em>Philornis seguyi </em>nest flies and shiny cowbirds (<em>Molothrus bonariensi</em>s) on the fitness of a shared host, the chalk-browed mockingbird (<em>Mimus saturninus</em>) in Argentina.</p> <p>Using a two-factor experimental approach, we manipulated the presence of nest flies and cowbirds in mockingbird nests and assessed their effects on mockingbird hemoglobin levels, begging and provisioning rates, body size, and fledging success. We also monitored rates of nest predation in relation to parasitism by flies and cowbirds.</p> <p>Nest flies reduced the hemoglobin concentration, body size, and fledging success of mockingbirds, likely because mockingbirds did not compensate for parasitism by begging more or feeding their nestlings more. Cowbirds also reduced the fledging success of mockingbirds, even though they had no detectable effect on hemoglobin or body size. Nests with cowbirds, which beg more than mockingbirds, attracted more nest predators. There was no significant interaction between the effects of flies and cowbirds on any component of mockingbird fitness. The combined effects of nest flies and cowbirds were strictly additive.</p> <p>In summary, we show that nest flies and cowbirds both reduce host fitness, but do not have interactive effects in co-parasitized nests. Our results further suggest that predators exacerbate the effects of nest flies and cowbirds on their hosts. Our study shows that the fitness consequences of co-parasitism are complex, especially in the context of community-level interactions.</p>
Co-Creation Methods Inventory: Sourced from Academic and Grey Literature
<p><strong>Introducing the Co-Creation Methods Inventory.</strong> Discover an open-access dataset containing a vast collection of co-creation methods. This resource is the culmination of meticulous research and ongoing analysis, drawing from diverse co-creation projects and references. Within this dataset, you will find <strong>765 </strong>co-creation methods sourced from the Health CASCADE Co-Creation Database and grey literature sources. Each method is accompanied by a description and a reference.</p> <p>This initial dataset is meticulously curated to support and enhance your co-creation processes. Whether you are engaged in co-creation, co-design, co-production, or participatory research, these methods offer valuable insights and approaches. This dataset is a precursor to the forthcoming academic articles by Agnello DM et al., scheduled for publication in 2024.</p> <p>For any inquiries or further information about the dataset, please feel free to reach out to Danielle Marie Agnello at <a href="mailto:danielle.agnello@gcu.ac.uk">danielle.agnello@gcu.ac.uk</a>. Additionally, join the conversation and stay updated on her work by following her on Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/DannyAgnello_GH">https://twitter.com/DannyAgnello_GH</a>. <br><br>To delve deeper into the <em>Health CASCADE Co-Creation Database</em>, follow this link: <a href="https://doi.org/10.2196/45059">https://doi.org/10.2196/45059</a>. For additional support in utilizing these co-creation methods, explore our <em>Draft Evidence-based Co-Creation Guideline: PRODUCES+ </em>at<em> </em><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7343029">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7343029</a><em>.</em> Finally, if you're interested in understanding more about how these methods align with co-creation characteristics, please take a look at this pre-print manuscript about the Co-Creation Rainbow framework: <a href="../records/10391410">https://zenodo.org/records/10391410</a>. </p> <p>Unlock the potential of co-creation methods and embark on a collaborative research journey with confidence, creativity and innovation!</p>
Landscape heterogeneity provides co-benefits to predator and prey
<p>Predator populations are imperiled globally, due in part to changing habitat and trophic interactions. Theoretical and laboratory studies suggest that heterogeneous landscapes containing prey refuges acting as source habitats can benefit both predator and prey populations, although the importance of heterogeneity in natural systems is uncertain. Here, we tested the hypothesis that landscape heterogeneity mediates predator-prey interactions between the California spotted owl (<em>Strix occidentalis occidentalis</em>) – a mature forest species – and one of its principal prey, the dusky-footed woodrat (<em>Neotoma</em> <em>fuscipes</em>) – a younger forest species – to the benefit of both. We did so by combining estimates of woodrat density and survival from live-trapping and VHF tracking with direct observations of prey deliveries to dependent young by owls in both heterogeneous and homogeneous home ranges. Woodrat abundance was approximately 2.5x higher in owl home ranges (1,412 hectares) featuring greater heterogeneity in vegetation types (1,805.0 ± 50.2 SE) compared to those dominated by mature forest (727.3 ± 51.9 SE), in large part because of high densities in young forests appearing to act as sources promoting woodrat densities in nearby mature forests. Woodrat mortality rates were low across vegetation types and did not differ between heterogeneous and homogeneous home ranges, yet all observed predation by owls occurred within mature forests, suggesting young forests may act as woodrat refuges. Owls exhibited a type 1 functional response, consuming approximately 2.5x more woodrats in heterogeneous (31.1/month ± 5.2 SE) versus homogeneous (12.7/month ± 3.7 SE) home ranges. While consumption of smaller-bodied alternative prey partially compensated for lower woodrat consumption in homogeneous home ranges, owls nevertheless consumed 30% more biomass in heterogeneous home ranges – approximately equivalent to the energetic needs of producing one additional offspring. Thus, a mosaic of vegetation types including young forest patches increased woodrat abundance and availability that, in turn, provided energetic and potentially reproductive benefits to mature forest-associated spotted owls. More broadly, our findings provide strong empirical evidence that heterogeneous landscapes containing prey refuges can benefit both predator and prey populations. As anthropogenic activities continue to homogenize landscapes globally, promoting heterogeneous systems with prey refuges may benefit imperiled predators.</p>
Fig. 9 in Sex-ratio and body size plasticity in two cold-adapted ground beetles co-occurring in a periglacial area of the European Alps (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 9 – Polynomial regression graph between elytra width of Nebria castanea females and the springtail abundance.
Fig. 7 in Sex-ratio and body size plasticity in two cold-adapted ground beetles co-occurring in a periglacial area of the European Alps (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 7 – Boxplots of elytra width of Nebria castanea females as a function of landform. p-value of N. castanea morphometric analysis with Kruskal-Wallis test, that evaluate the presence of significant differences in body size between landforms with ice (active rock glacier) and without ice (fossil rock glacier and scree slope). Asterisk highlights significant values.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.