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Figure 4 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 4. Linear variation in hind wing size and medial postdiscal bands for Philaethria wernickei and Philaethria pygmalion (left column), and in relation to latitude when samples from the two species are combined (right column). A, D, hind wing length. B, E, hind wing length/postdiscal band ratio (AB/DE). C, F, inner and medial postdiscal band ratio (EF/DF). See Fig. 2A for details on wing position of corresponding measurements. Numbers above boxes indicate the number of specimens measured in each class.

Figure 1 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 1. Geographical distributions of Philaethria wernickei and Philaethria pygmalion, and corresponding variation in male genitalia ultrastructure and ventral hind wing colour. A, shaded areas show distribution ranges proposed by Constantino & Salazar (2010) for P. wernickei (green) and P. pygmalion (red); green circles and red triangles represent collection localities of the material analysed in this study. B, variation in valva's cucullus, external view. C, variation in the colour pattern of hind wing surface, ventral view.

Figure 3 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 3. Male genitalia of Philaethria wernickei and Philaethria pygmalion. A, P. wernickei, lateral view. B, P. pygmalion, lateral view. C, schematic representation of generalized genitalia for both, in lateral view. D, F, H, J, scanning electron micrographs of P. wernickei; E, G, I, K, scanning electron micrographs of P. pygmalion. D, E, ampulla external view. F, G, ampulla internal view. H, I, ampulla ornamentation in detail. J, K, fultura inferior distal end. Scale bars = 150, 30, and 100 μm, for D–G, H–I, and J–K, respectively.

Figure 8 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 8. STRUCTURE-based clustering of Philaethria wernickei individuals from low (0–10°S) to high (20–25°S) latitudes (north and south populations, respectively) based on amplified fragment length polymorphism loci. Each individual is represented by a vertical line divided into segments of different colour that represent genetic clusters (K) from 1–4.

Figure 7 in Species boundaries in Philaethria butterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms

Figure 7. Multilocus consensus Bayesian tree based on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (Co-I), triose-phosphate isomerase (Tpi), wingless (Wg), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) sequences from specimens of Philaethria wernickei (Atlantic Rain Forest, purple circles) and individuals previously described as Philaethria pygmalion (Amazon Forest, black triangles) depicted by the green shading (grey in print version). Philaethria pygmalion and Philaethria dido were used to root the tree. Posterior probabilities are shown above branches and bootstrap node support based on maximum likelihood analysis is indicated below branches. Asterisks indicate node support lower than 70%.

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Figure 1 in Geometric morphometrics of mandibular shape in the dwarf fat-tailed jerboa: relevancy for trinomial taxonomy

Figure 1. Distribution of geographic locations of dwarf fat-tailed jerboa (Pygeretmus pumilio). The grey area outlines the range of the species and the symbols correspond to subspecies (modified from: Shenbrot et al. 1995). For a key to the subspecies, see UPGMA tree (inset C) which was constructed from a matrix of Procrustes distances. Two subspecies groups differ in the glans penis, which has more spines in the pumilio subspecies group (A) than in the potanini subspecies group (B). These two groups are separated on the map by a bold line, while the dotted line separates geographical clusters (western and eastern) obtained in k-means clustering of Procrustes coordinates. Pie diagrams show the proportion of individuals in each of the 22 populations classified into the western (black) and eastern (white) cluster. Numbers refer to populations (for identities, see Supporting Information, Table S2). The proportion of individuals classified into the western (black) and eastern cluster (white) per 5o longitudinal belt is shown in inset D.

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Figure 2 in Geometric morphometrics of mandibular shape in the dwarf fat-tailed jerboa: relevancy for trinomial taxonomy

Figure 2. Projection of dwarf fat-tailed jerboas (Pygeretmus pumilio) on the first two discriminant functions (DF) derived from discriminant function analysis on Procrustes coordinates, with subspecies as an calssification variable. Proportion of variance explained by each DF is in parenthesis. Polygons enclose extreme specimens within each subspecies. Symbols for subspecies are the same as in Figure 1. Large symbols show the position of group centroids. Wire-frame graphs show shape changes along the two DF axes for the unit of 10 in the negative and positive direction (black) compared to the mean shape (grey).

Figure 13 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 13. Multivariate variation in the eight interlandmark distances measured between ventroglandularia V1, V2 and V3 in posterior view (distance set 3). A, scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2), distances with highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. B, overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the nine character states discovered in the set of distances from the ventroglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as listed in Figure 11.

Figure 12 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 12. Multivariate variation in the 15 interlandmark distances measured between postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2, D3 and D4 (distance set 2). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); distances with the highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. (B) overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the 13 character states discovered in the collection of distances from the postocularia and dorsoglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as listed in Fig. 11.

Figure 11 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 11. Multivariate variation in the 13 interlandmark distances sampled from the dorsal view of the idiosoma (distance set 1). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); distances with highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. (B) overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the 12 character states discovered in the distances from the idiosoma. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open green rhombuses, Dadayella aztecus; open red squares, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus catoi; solid black circles, Megaluracarus colitus; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus costeroae; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus maya; solid red rhombuses, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; lilac endashes, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 14 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 14. Single most-parsimonious tree selected in our phylogenetic analysis of the combined morphometric data with TNT (score 95.8119). The character matrix included continuous values of three distance sets and five landmark configurations. Only one shape character, the cauda outline (data set 2), is optimized in this tree. Landmark configurations of cauda shape at terminal nodes are as observed in each species. The numbers on each configuration indicate shapes that are significantly different, as evaluated by the canonical variate analysis and MANOVA for landmark data set 2, as illustrated and labelled in Fig. 7B. In all hypothetical landmark configurations of the cauda shape at internal nodes, deformation vectors at each point indicate displacements relative to the ancestral shape as optimized with TNT.

Figure 8 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 8. Shape variation of the postocularia and dorsoglandularia D2 and D3 in dorsal view (data set 3). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); shape changes relative to the mean shape are shown for both roots. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the nine character states discovered in the postocularia and dorsoglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open red squares, Dadayella aztecus; open green rhombuses Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus catoi; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus colitus; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus costeroae; solid red rhombuses, Megaluracarus maya; solid black circles, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; lilac en-dashes, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 4 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 4. Sets of landmark (LM) and semi-landmark (SLM) configurations designed to register the shape of the dorsal (A–D) and posterior (E) views. (A) collection of 23 points for the anterior idiosoma outline, with three LMs and 20 SLMs (data set 1). (B) chain of 17 points for the cauda outline, with three LMs and 14 SLMs (data set 2). (C) string of ten points for the postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2 and D3 (data set 3). (D) configuration of four points for the dorsoglandularia D4 (data set 4). (E) Arrangement of ten points for the ventroglandularia V1, V2, and V3 (data set 5).

Figure 7 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 7. Shape variation of the cauda outline in dorsal view (data set 2). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2), deformation grids of shape changes relative to the mean shape are shown for both axes. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. All species were significantly different from each other, and therefore 13 character states were discovered in the cauda outline. Branches in the UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as described in Fig. 6.

Figure 6 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 6. Shape variation of the anterior idiosoma outline in dorsal view (data set 1). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); the deformation grid shows shape changes explained by the first discriminant axis. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the ten character states discovered in the anterior idiosoma outline. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order, as defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open red squares, Dadayella aztecus; open green rhombuses, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; red solid rhombuses, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; black solid circles, Megaluracarus catoi; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus colitus; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus costeroae; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus maya; lilac en-dashes, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 5 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 5. Interlandmark distances (1–36) collected in dorsal (A, B) and posterior (C) views: (A) measurements 1–13 assembled for the idiosoma (distance set 1; (B) distances 14–28 measured between postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2, D3, and D4 (distance set 2); (C) measurements 29–36 between ventroglandularia V1, V2, and V3 (distance set 3). Lines indicate the interlandmark distances sampled and numbers identify each distance, as listed in Table 3. Numbers with asterisks label distances for which the mean was calculated with the measurements of left and right idiosoma sides.

Figure 1 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 1. Species of Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) included in the morphometric analyses, in dorsal view: (A) Arrenurus anae; (B) Arrenurus colitus; (C) Arrenurus neoexpansus; (D) Arrenurus zitavus; (E) Arrenurus maya; (F) Arrenurus catoi; (G) Arrenurus tabascoensis; (H) Arrenurus anitahoffmannae; (I) Arrenurus urbanus; (J) Arrenurus olmeca; (K) Arrenurus costeroae. The pairs of postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2, D3, and D4 in (F) are indicated with arrows pointing at gland openings and setae insertions. Scale bars: 100 µm.

Figure 9 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 9. Shape variation of dorsoglandularia D4 in dorsal view (data set 4). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2). (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweightedpair grouping method using averages) groups the three character states discovered in the dorsoglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as listed in Fig. 8.

Figure 10 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 10. Shape variation of ventroglandularia V1, V2 and V3 (data set 5). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); shape changes relative to the mean shape are shown for both roots. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the nine character states discovered in the distribution patterns of ventroglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: solid green triangles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; solid red rhombuses, Dadayella aztecus; lilac en-dashes, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; open blue circles, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus catoi; open red squares, Megaluracarus colitus; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus costeroae; open green rhombuses, Megaluracarus maya; solid black circles, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus olmeca; green hyphens, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus urbanus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 3 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 3. Two Arrenurus (Dadayella) species included for comparison with the 11 species of Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) in the morphometric analyses: (A, B) Dadayella adrianae in dorsal and posterior view, respectively; (C, D) Dadayella aztecus in dorsal and posterior view, respectively. The arrows in (C) and (D) are as described in Figs 1F and 2F, respectively. Scale bars: 100 µm.