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676 results for “Manis”
Figures 4- 5 from: Ustjuzhanin P, Kovtunovich V, Maicher V, Sáfián S, Delabye S, Streltzov A, Tropek R (2020) Even hotter hotspot: description of seven new species of many-plumed moths (Lepidoptera, Alucitidae) from Mount Cameroon. ZooKeys 935: 103-119. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.49843
Figures 4- 5 Alucita jana Ustjuzhanin & Kovtunovich, sp. nov. 4 adult male, Holotype, NEJCU 5 male genitalia, Holotype, preparation slide no. 201902. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figures 11- 12 from: Ustjuzhanin P, Kovtunovich V, Maicher V, Sáfián S, Delabye S, Streltzov A, Tropek R (2020) Even hotter hotspot: description of seven new species of many-plumed moths (Lepidoptera, Alucitidae) from Mount Cameroon. ZooKeys 935: 103-119. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.49843
Figures 11- 12 Alucita zuza Ustjuzhanin & Kovtunovich, sp. nov. 11 adult male, Holotype, NEJCU 12 male genitalia, Holotype, preparation slide no. 201905. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Measurements of abandoned cisterns and potential roof catchments in the southern Mani Peninsula, Greece
<p>Field measurements of 275 domestic cisterns and 111 houses in the southern region of the Mani Peninsula, Greece. The cisterns date to the Late Byzantine to Early Modern periods (up until the 19th century) and fall into two structural categories: an earlier 'slab-topped' form and a later 'barrel-vaulted' form. The houses date to the Late Byzantine to Ottoman periods (up until the 16th century) and are characterized by a 'megalithic' architecture. Together the data may be used to calculate potential water storage capacity in domestic contexts. A paper interpreting these data, 'Seascapes and fresh water management in rural Greece: the case of the Mani peninsula, 1261–1821 CE,' will be published in <em>Levant</em> at: <a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2020.1789316">http://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2020.1789316</a>. The article post-print is available at: <a href="http://works.bepress.com/rebecca-seifried/12/">http://works.bepress.com/rebecca-seifried/12/</a>.</p> <p>Dr. Seifried collected the data as part of a PhD dissertation completed in 2016 through the Department of Anthropology at the University of Illinois at Chicago, entitled 'Community Organization and Imperial Expansion in a Rural Landscape: The Mani Peninsula, Greece (AD 1000-1821)' (<a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10027/21274">https://hdl.handle.net/10027/21274</a>). Fieldwork was conducted in 2014 and 2016 under the auspices of the 5th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities in Sparta and in collaboration with the Diros Project, an archaeological survey and excavation co-directed by Dr. Giorgos Papathanassopoulos and Dr. Anastasia Papathanasiou through the Ephorate of Palaeoanthropology & Speleology of Southern Greece. </p> <p>This research was funded by the National Science Foundation [BCS-1346694], the DigitalGlobe Foundation, the National Cadastre and Mapping Agency, SA (Ktimatologio), ArchaeoLandscapes Europe, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. </p>
Figure 4 from: Proćków J, Faltyn-Parzymska A, Jarzembowski P, Proćków M, Jakubska-Busse A (2020) How many type specimens can be stored in old lesser-known herbaria with turbulent histories? – A Juncus case study reveals their importance in taxonomy and biodiversity research. PhytoKeys 153: 85-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.153.50735
Figure 4 Country repsentation of Juncus specimens in WRSL. Y-axis: number of herbarium labels analysed. The African collection deserves particular attention (98 sheets (4.5%)), including sets from South Africa (64 sheets). The Asian collection (96 sheets) is dominated by plants from India (59). The percentage of plants from North America is as high as 10%.
Figure 2 from: Proćków J, Faltyn-Parzymska A, Jarzembowski P, Proćków M, Jakubska-Busse A (2020) How many type specimens can be stored in old lesser-known herbaria with turbulent histories? – A Juncus case study reveals their importance in taxonomy and biodiversity research. PhytoKeys 153: 85-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.153.50735
Figure 2 Origin of Juncus historically- and nomenclaturally-important specimens at WRSL according to country. Y-axis: number of herbarium sheets. Specimens most frequently originated from South Africa (42.3%). Juncus type specimens were collected by many distinguished botanists. Amongst these, the four individuals gathered 37.2% of Juncus specimens: C.F. Ecklon & C.L.P. Zeyher, C. Krauss and J.F. Drège.
Figure 1 from: Proćków J, Faltyn-Parzymska A, Jarzembowski P, Proćków M, Jakubska-Busse A (2020) How many type specimens can be stored in old lesser-known herbaria with turbulent histories? – A Juncus case study reveals their importance in taxonomy and biodiversity research. PhytoKeys 153: 85-110. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.153.50735
Figure 1 Percentage of different categories of Juncus specimens. Types, original material and specimens collected from the original type localities, by the author of the name ("topotypes") at WRSL.
Investigating Multi and Many-Objective Metaheuristics to Support Software Integration Testing
<p>In spite of the fact that Search-Based Software Testing (SBST) is a very appealing field today, there are few studies that deal with software integration testing and, even so, most of these works are not truly related to the generation of test cases to this testing level. In this paper, we present a method, InMeHy, which aims at investigating the use of metaheuristics to derive integration test cases based on C++ source code. A graph is created based on the code which represents the integration of several classes of the application. Multi and Many-Objective metaheuristics (Evolutionary Algorithms) were considered to generate integration test cases and were assessed via three quality indicators. Results show that the traditional Indicator-Based Evolutionary Algorithm (IBEA) turned out to be the best out of four algorithms evaluated, including newer Many-Objective strategies such as Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-III (NSGA-III).</p>
The many population genetic and demographic routes to islands of genomic divergence
<ol> <li>The way that organisms diverge into reproductively isolated species is a major question in biology. The recent accumulation of genomic data provides promising opportunities to understand the genomic landscape of divergence, which describes the distribution of differences across genomes. Genomic areas of unusually high differentiation have been called genomic islands of divergence. Their formation has been attributed to a variety of mechanisms, but a prominent hypothesis is that they result from divergent selection over a small portion of the genome, with surrounding areas homogenised by gene flow. Such islands have often been interpreted as being associated with divergence with gene flow. However other mechanisms related to genomic structure and population history can also contribute to the formation of genomic islands of divergence.</li> <li>We currently lack a quantitative framework to examine the dynamics of genomic landscapes under the complex and nuanced conditions that are found in natural systems. Here, we develop an individual-based simulation to explore the dynamics of diverging genomes under various scenarios of gene flow, selection and genotype-phenotype maps.</li> <li>Our modelling results are consistent with empirical observations demonstrating the formation of genomic islands under genetic isolation. Importantly, we have quantified the range of conditions that produce genomic islands. We demonstrate that the initial level of genetic diversity, drift, time since divergence, linkage disequilibrium, strength of selection and gene flow are all important factors that can influence the formation of genomic islands. Because the accumulation of genomic differentiation over time tends to erode the signal of genomic islands, genomic islands are more likely to be observed in recently divergent taxa, although not all recently diverged taxa will necessarily exhibit islands of genomic divergence. Gene flow primarily slows the swamping of islands of divergence with time.</li> <li>By using this framework, further studies may explore the relative influence of particular suites of events that contribute to the emergence of genomic islands under sympatric, parapatric and allopatric conditions. This approach represents a novel tool to explore quantitative expectations of the speciation process, and should prove useful in elucidating past and projecting future genomic evolution of any taxa.</li> </ol>
Data from: How many cubs can a mum nurse? Maternal age and size influence litter size in polar bears
Life history theory predicts that females' age and size affect the level of maternal investment in current reproduction, balanced against future reproductive effort, maintenance and survival. Using long-term (30 years) individual data on 193 female polar bears (Ursus maritimus), we assessed age- and size-specific variation on litter size. Litter size varied with maternal age, younger females had higher chances of losing a cub during their first months of life. Results suggest an improvement of reproductive abilities early in life due to experience with subsequent reproductive senescence. Litter size increased with maternal size, indicating that size may reflect individual quality. We also found an optimum in the probability of having twins, suggesting stabilizing selection on female body size. Heterogeneity was observed among the largest females, suggesting that large size comes at a cost.
Data from: How many dinosaur species were there? Fossil bias and true richness estimated using a Poisson sampling model
The fossil record is a rich source of information about biological diversity in the past. However, the fossil record is not only incomplete but has also inherent biases due to geological, physical, chemical and biological factors. Our knowledge of past life is also biased because of differences in academic and amateur interests and sampling efforts. As a result, not all individuals or species that lived in the past are equally likely to be discovered at any point in time or space. To reconstruct temporal dynamics of diversity using the fossil record, biased sampling must be explicitly taken into account. Here, we introduce an approach that uses the variation in the number of times each species is observed in the fossil record to estimate both sampling bias and true richness. We term our technique TRiPS (True Richness estimated using a Poisson Sampling model) and explore its robustness to violation of its assumptions via simulations. We then venture to estimate sampling bias and absolute species richness of dinosaurs in the geological stages of the Mesozoic. Using TRiPS, we estimate that 1936 (1543–2468) species of dinosaurs roamed the Earth during the Mesozoic. We also present improved estimates of species richness trajectories of the three major dinosaur clades: the sauropodomorphs, ornithischians and theropods, casting doubt on the Jurassic–Cretaceous extinction event and demonstrating that all dinosaur groups are subject to considerable sampling bias throughout the Mesozoic.
Data from: Baltic pipefish females need twice as many males as they get
Sex role reversal in 2 pipefish species, Syngnathus typhle and Nerophis ophidion, is potentially explained by females reproducing twice as fast as males. Moreover, in oceanic populations from the Swedish west coast, females compete for males with males preferring to mate with larger females. However, in a brackish Baltic population of S. typhle, males do not prefer larger mates, whereas choosiness remains in the local N. ophidion population. We explore whether this absence of male choice in brackish S. typhle can be explained by males and females having more similar potential reproductive rates here, whereas the sex difference may remain in the local N. ophidion population. Contrary to our expectations, in both species, females out-reproduced males by a factor of more than 2, just as in the oceanic populations. We measured this experimentally as the number of males a female potentially could fill with eggs within the time span of 1 male pregnancy, in relation to males available in nature. Thus, we conclude that sexual selection on females is as strong in brackish as in oceanic populations of both species but that targets of selection via male choice are shifted to traits other than body size in S. typhle. Hence, costs and benefits of choice are probably more important than potential reproductive rates to understand mate choice. We suggest that it may be misleading to use targets of sexual selection, such as choice for large body size, as an indicator of the strength of sexual selection.
Data from: How many more? Sample size determination in studies of morphological integration and evolvability
The variational properties of living organisms are an important component of current evolutionary theory. As a consequence, researchers working on the field of multivariate evolution have increasingly used integration and evolvability statistics as a way of capturing the potentially complex patterns of trait association and their effects over evolutionary trajectories. Little attention has been paid, however, to the cascading effects that inaccurate estimates of trait covariance have on these widely used evolutionary statistics. Here, we analyze the relationship between sampling effort and inaccuracy in evolvability and integration statistics calculated from 10-trait matrices with varying patterns of covariation and magnitudes of integration. We then extrapolate our initial approach to different numbers of traits and different magnitudes of integration and estimate general equations relating the inaccuracy of the statistics of interest to sampling effort. We validate our equations using a dataset of cranial traits, and use them to make sample size recommendations. Our results suggest that highly inaccurate estimates of evolvability and integration statistics resulting from small sample sizes are likely common in the literature, given the sampling effort necessary to properly estimate them. We also show that patterns of covariation have no effect on the sampling properties of these statistics, but overall magnitudes of integration interact with sample size and lead to varying degrees of bias, imprecision, and inaccuracy. Finally, we provide R functions that can be used to calculate recommended sample sizes or to simply estimate the level of inaccuracy that should be expected in these statistics, given a sampling design.
Data from: Many-to-many mapping of phenotype to performance: an extension of the F-matrix for studying functional complexity
Performance capacity influences ecology, behavior and fitness, and is determined by the underlying phenotype. The phenotype-performance relationship can influence the evolutionary trajectory of an organism. Several types of phenotype-performance relationships have been described, including one-to-one relationships between a single phenotypic trait and performance measure, trade-offs and facilitations between a phenotypic trait and multiple performance measures, and redundancies between multiple phenotypic traits and a single performance measure. The F-matrix is an intraspecific matrix of measures of statistical association between phenotype and performance that is used to quantify these relationships. We extend the F-matrix in two ways. First, we use the F-matrix to describe how the different phenotype-performance relationships occur simultaneously and interact in functional systems, a phenomenon we call many-to-many mapping. Second, we develop methods to compare F-matrices among species and compare phenotype-performance relationships at microevolutionary and macroevolutionary levels. We demonstrate the expanded F-matrix approach with a dataset of eight phrynosomatine lizard species, including six phenotypic traits and two measures of locomotor performance. Our results suggest that all types of relationships occur in this system and that phenotypic traits involved in trade-offs are more functionally constrained and tend evolve slower interspecifically than those involved in facilitations or one-to-one relationships.
FIGURE 18 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 18. Holotype of Crenadactylus ocellatus naso (WAM R56206) (scale bar = 10 mm).
FIGURE 16 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 16. Holotype of Crenadactylus ocellatus rostralis (WAM R32154) (scale bar = 10 mm).
FIGURE 14 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 14. Holotype of Crenadactylus pilbarensis sp. nov. (scale bar = 10 mm).
FIGURE 12 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 12. Holotype of Crenadactylus tuberculatus sp. nov. (scale bar = 10 mm).
FIGURE 10 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 10. Holotype of Crenadactylus occidentalis sp. nov. (scale bar = 10 mm).
FIGURE 8 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 8. Holotype of Ebenavia horni (NMV D7533) (scale bar = 10 mm).
FIGURE 6 in Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
FIGURE 6. Syntype of Diplodactylus bilineatus (BMNH 1947.3.6.69) (scale bar = 10 mm).
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