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Figure 10. Pairwise 12S in Molecular-genetic-based contribution to the taxonomy of the Acanthocyclops robustus group

Figure 10. Pairwise 12S rRNA sequence divergence within the americanus–robustus–vernalis complex. Genetic distance (Kimura 2-parameter) is compared between and within the four clades depicted in the tree of Figure 9. Note: Columns indicate mean values and bars indicate range (min.–max.).

Figure 6 in Molecular-genetic-based contribution to the taxonomy of the Acanthocyclops robustus group

Figure 6. Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh) female neotype (A–C) and male allotype (4) from the terra typica, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. (A) Female Leg 5; (B) female antennal basipod frontal side; (C) female antennal basipod caudal side; (D) male Leg 4. Note: Scale bar 50 µm.

Figure 8 in Molecular-genetic-based contribution to the taxonomy of the Acanthocyclops robustus group

Figure 8. Pairwise COI sequence divergence within the americanus–robustus–vernalis complex. Genetic distance (Kimura 2-parameter) is compared between and within the three clades depicted in the tree of Figure 7. Note: Columns indicate mean values and bars indicate range (min.–max.).

Figure 7 in Molecular-genetic-based contribution to the taxonomy of the Acanthocyclops robustus group

Figure 7. Phylogenetic relationships based on maximum-likelihood analysis of mitochondrial COI sequences. Numbers beside nodes indicate bootstrap support values>70%. Individuals are identified by locality and the haplotype name is added if there more than one haplotype in the same locality. Notes: Haplotype names a1-a10 correpond to COIa1-COIa10 and vernalis 1–5 to COIv1-COIv5 from Table 1 and Figure 9; a map showing the geographical position of sampled areas and the number of localities in each area is shown in the top left part of the figure.

Figure 4 in Molecular-genetic-based contribution to the taxonomy of the Acanthocyclops robustus group

Figure 4. Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh) female neotype from the terra typica, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. (A) Antennule; (B) antenna; (C) mandible; (D) maxillule; (E) maxilla; (F) maxilliped. Note: Scale bar = 50 µm.

Figure 5 in Molecular-genetic-based contribution to the taxonomy of the Acanthocyclops robustus group

Figure 5. Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh) female neotype from the terra typica, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. (A–D) Swimming legs 1–4, in order. Note: Scale bar = 50 µm.

Figure 3 in Molecular-genetic-based contribution to the taxonomy of the Acanthocyclops robustus group

Figure 3. Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh) from the terra typica, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. (A–B) Female neotype; (C) male allotype. Notes: Scale bar = 200 µm; neotype and allotype are from same samples used for molecular genetics, registered in Table 1, as are those in Figures 4–6).

Figure 2 in Molecular-genetic-based contribution to the taxonomy of the Acanthocyclops robustus group

Figure 2. Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars) female (A–F) and male (G–H) from the type locality, Lake Maridalsvann Oslo, Norway. (A) Leg 5 and genital segment in ventral view; (B) furca; (C) antennal basipod frontal side (D) antennal basipod caudal side; (E) Leg 4; (G) Leg4 distal segment of endopod; (H) Leg 4 endopod and exopod. Notes: All from the same samples used for molecular genetics, registered in Table 1.

Figure 1 in Molecular-genetic-based contribution to the taxonomy of the Acanthocyclops robustus group

Figure 1. Acanthocyclops vernalis (Fisher) female (A–D) and male (E) from the type locality, Peterhof, St Petersburg, Russia. (A) Abdomen ventral view; (B) antennal basipod frontal side; (C) antennal basipod caudal side; (D) Leg 4 with coxa and intercoxal sclerite; (E) furca, and Legs 5 and 6. Notes: D and E are from the same samples used for molecular genetics, registered in Table 1.

Figure 9 in Molecular-genetic-based contribution to the taxonomy of the Acanthocyclops robustus group

Figure 9. Phylogenetic relationships based on maximum-likelihood analysis of mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences. Numbers beside nodes indicate bootstrap support values>70%. Individuals for which nucleotide sequences are determined in this work are shown in bold; they are identified by locality and the corresponding COI haplotype name registered in Table 1 and shown abbreviated in Figure 7. The set of added existing 12S sequences for comparative purposes are identified by country, locality (when coincident with our sequences), GenBank accession number and assigned taxonomcal nomenclature; they are all taken from Bláha et al. (2010).

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FIGURE 3 in Species of the genus Eurydema (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Far East Asia: An integrated approach using morphological, molecular, and data crossing analyses for taxonomy

FIGURE 3. Interspecific copulation (E. pulchra♀ X E. gebleri♂) and comparison between the eggs from an interspecific copulation and normal eggs. A, copulating scene; B, normal eggs from intraspecific copulation (dominulus–group); C, shrunken eggs a minute after being laid; D, the same shrunken eggs changed color an hour after being laid.

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FIGURE 2 in Species of the genus Eurydema (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Far East Asia: An integrated approach using morphological, molecular, and data crossing analyses for taxonomy

FIGURE 2. The Neighbor–Joining tree based on the DNA barcode region using the Kimura 2–parameter method. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) is shown next to the branches. Capital letters representing each group (dotted box) are explained in the text.

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FIGURE 5 in Species of the genus Eurydema (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Far East Asia: An integrated approach using morphological, molecular, and data crossing analyses for taxonomy

FIGURE 5. Interspecific copulation and life cycle of the dominulus–group. A, copulating scene (upper species is E. dominulus (male) and the lower one is E. pulchra (female) as determined by the traditional key); B, eggs; C, 1st instars; D, 2nd instars; E, 3rd and 4th instars; F, final instars.

Figure 21. A–D in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 21. A–D, Tegenaria femoralis; E–I, Tegenaria tyrrhenica; J-M, Tegenaria ferruginea; N-R, Tegenaria parietina. Left male palp in ventral (A, E, L, N) and retrolateral views (B, F, M, O); epigyne in ventral (C, G, J, P) and vulva in dorsal (D, H, K, Q), lateral (R), and anterior views (I). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 11. A, B, G, H in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 11. A, B, G, H, Eratigena feminea; C–F, I–P, Eratigena bucculenta s.l. Left male palp in ventral (A, C, E) and retrolateral views (B, D, F); epigyne in ventral (G, I, K, N) and posterior views (O); vulva in ventral (J, L) and dorsal views (H, M, P). Scale bars = 0.5 mm (scale for I is missing).

Figure 23. A–D in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 23. A–D, Tegenaria tridentina; E-H, Tegenaria mirifica; I, J, Tegenaria levantina; K-W, Tegenaria pagana, including the type specimens of Tegenaria cerrutii (R, S), Tegenaria marinae (T, U), and Tegenaria baronii (V, W). Left male palp in ventral (A, E, K) and retrolateral views (B, F, L); epigyne in ventral (C, G, I, P, R, T, V) and vulva in dorsal view (D, H, J, Q, S, U, W); chelicerae in ventral view (O); face of female in frontal (N) and sternum in ventral view (M). Scale bars = 0.5 mm (T–W without scale).

Figure 8. A, B in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 8. A, B, Eratigena atrica; C-F, Eratigena agrestis; G-I, Eratigena fuesslini; J, K, P, Q, Eratigena feminea; L–O, R, S, Eratigena bucculenta s.l. Left male palp in ventral (A, C, G, J, L, N) and retrolateral views (B, D, H, I, K, M, O); epigyne in ventral view (E, P, R); vulva in dorsal view (F, Q, S).

Figure 10. A–G in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 10. A–G, Eratigena atrica; H–K, Eratigena fuesslini; L-O, Eratigena montigena. Female intraspecific morphological variation (A–F); the extremes correspond to the following taxa recognized by some authors: Eratigena atrica (A, D), Eratigena saeva (B, E), and Eratigena duellica (C, F). Epigyne in ventral view [A–C with 'pseudo teeth' (white arrows), J, M]; vulva, dorsal view (D–F, K, N); left male palp in ventral (H, L) and retrolateral views (I, O); male tibia in dorsal view (G) with short dorsal spike (white arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 19. A–I in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 19. A–I, Tegenaria silvestris, variation in males and females (B, C, F–I); J, K, Tegenaria vankeerorum sp. nov.; L, M, Tegenaria pindosiensis sp. nov.; N, O, Tegenaria croatica sp. nov. Left male palp in ventral (A, K) and retrolateral views (B, C, J), with detailed drawing of variation of the terminal end of conductor (TEC); epigyne in ventral (D, L) and vulva in dorsal (E, F, H, M, O), ventral (N), and lateral views (G, I). Abbreviations: CD, copulatory duct; CO, copulatory opening; FD, fertilization duct; MA, median apophysis; RC, receptaculum.

Figure 7 in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 7. Combined DNA and morphological data (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1, 28S, and morphological data) Bayesian tree. Posterior probabilities of clades are expressed in percentages and given above branches. Clade support (> 50) from the resampling method (jack-knife, 1000 replications) based on parsimony analysis with implied weighting (K = 10) is given below the branches. Bremer support (> 4) is given to the right of the corresponding node. Abbreviations: AT, Austria; CH, Switzerland; DE, Germany; ES, Spain; FR, France; GR, Greece; IT, Italy; PT, Portugal; SE, Sweden; US, United States.