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FIGURE 8 in Salamanders from the eastern Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, with descriptions of five new species (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa, Nototriton, and Oedipina) and natural history notes from recent expeditions

FIGURE 8. Phylogeny of mtDNA data for Nototriton constructed using Bayesian analysis. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values from RAxML analysis shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities (multiplied by 100) shown below branches. Support values below 50 not shown.

FIGURE 7 in Salamanders from the eastern Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, with descriptions of five new species (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa, Nototriton, and Oedipina) and natural history notes from recent expeditions

FIGURE 7. Phylogeny of mtDNA data for Bolitoglossa constructed using Bayesian analysis. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values from RAxML analysis shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities (multiplied by 100) shown below branches. Support values below 50 not shown.

FIGURE 3. A in Salamanders from the eastern Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, with descriptions of five new species (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa, Nototriton, and Oedipina) and natural history notes from recent expeditions

FIGURE 3. A) Dorsal and B) ventral views of holotype (UCR19893) of Bolitoglossa aureogularis in life. C) Paratype (UCR19857) of B. aureogularis in life. D) Dorsal view of right hand and E) right foot of holotype. Photos A, B and C by E. Boza-Oviedo and Roney Samaniego, D and E by Adrián García-Rodríguez. The bar in hand and feet are 1 mm length.

FIGURE 2. A in Salamanders from the eastern Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, with descriptions of five new species (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa, Nototriton, and Oedipina) and natural history notes from recent expeditions

FIGURE 2. A) Dorsal and B) ventral views of the holotype (UCR 19835) of Bolitoglossa splendida in life. C) Dorsal view of left hand and D) left foot of holotype of B. splendida. Photos A and B by Alex Monro and E. Boza-Oviedo, C and D by A. García-Rodríguez. The bar in hand and feet are 1 mm length.

FIGURE 6. A in Salamanders from the eastern Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, with descriptions of five new species (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa, Nototriton, and Oedipina) and natural history notes from recent expeditions

FIGURE 6. A) Dorsal and B) ventral views of preserved holotype (UCR 8391) of Oedipina nimaso. C) Dorsal view of left hand and D) left foot of holotype. Photos A and B by Humberto Lezama, C and D by A. García-Rodríguez. The bar in hand and feet are 1 mm length.

FIGURE 1. A–C in Taxonomic status of the enigmatic salamander Cryptotriton adelos (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) from northern Oaxaca, Mexico, with observations on its skull and postcranial skeleton

FIGURE 1. A–C: Three-dimensional reconstructions of X-ray CT scans of the anterior skeleton and skull of MVZ 208582, an adult male Thorius adelos, seen in ventral, dorsal and lateral views, respectively (www.digimorph.org/ specimens/Thorius_adelos). D: Three-dimensional reconstruction of X-ray CT scan of the skull of MVZ 162257, an adult female T. narisovalis; lateral view (www.digimorph.org/specimens/Thorius_narisovalis). Maxillary teeth are present in T. adelos but absent in T. narisovalis. Abbreviations: AP, ascending processes of the premaxilla; CP, columnar process on the squamosal; DE, dentary; FR, frontal; HU, ossified condyle on the humerus; MC, unmineralized mesopodial (carpal) cartilages; MX, maxilla; NA, nasal; PA, parietal; VE, anterior condyle on second trunk vertebra. Arrow: septomaxilla (right side only); arrowheads: dorsal fontanelle. Scale bar, 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae, Bolitoglossa) from Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela

FIGURE 4. SVL vs TL plot (in mm) of the specimens of salamanders belonging to Bolitoglossa mucuyensis sp. nov. (red triangles), B. orestes (black triangles), B. altamazonica (orange circles), B. borburata (blue diamonds) and B. guaramacalensis (green squares). The mean of the SVL/TL individual ratios for each group of data (i.e., specimens of the same species) is shown inside the corresponding ovals.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae, Bolitoglossa) from Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela

FIGURE 1. Type locality of Bolitoglossa mucuyensis sp. nov. (A) The type locality of the species is placed in the proximities of La Mucuy, Mérida state (white asterisk); the line oriented NW/SE is shown in 'B' with more details. (B) Relief profile from south Lake Maracaibo, passing through Sierra La Culata and Sierra Nevada de Mérida with the homonymous city between them, to the Llanos of Barinas; modified from Vivas (2007). (C) A detailed depiction of La Mucuy in Sierra Nevada de Mérida, very close to the capital city of the state to the left (the type locality is shown with a white asterisk).

FIGURE 3 in A new species of salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae, Bolitoglossa) from Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela

FIGURE 3. Bolitoglossa mucuyensis sp. nov. (A) Holotype in life (picture taken by Pascual J. Soriano). (B) Dorsal view of the preserved holotype and (C) Ventral view of the preserved holotype (pictures taken by Moisés Escalona). (D and E) Paratypes of B. mucuyensis sp. nov. (pictures taken by Pascual J. Soriano).

FIGURE 5 in A new species of salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae, Bolitoglossa) from Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela

FIGURE 5. Webbing of the front and hind limbs of the two species of salamanders present in Mérida state (Venezuela), Bolitoglossa Mucuyensis sp. nov. and B. orestes (pictures taken by Moisés Escalona).

FIGURE 2 in A new species of salamander (Caudata: Plethodontidae, Bolitoglossa) from Sierra Nevada de Mérida, Venezuela

FIGURE 2. The original ML tree (1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates) of the concatenated sequences of cytb + rRNA16S, showing the location of the related salamander species from Cordillera de Mérida (Mérida state) Bolitoglossa mucuyensis sp. nov. (Sierra Nevada de Mérida) and B. orestes (Sierra La Culata) was used to generate the 50% supported tree shown here. The analysis was performed using the GTR model of nucleotide substitution. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in number of substitutions per site (968 sites). The vertical line to the right encompasses the species belonging to the group adspersa.

FIGURE 5 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 5. Color pattern variation in B. bramei. A. Specimen from the type locality; note the rust colored patches over the shoulders. The presence of these patches is typical of B. bramei. B. MVZ 267142, from Tobias Creek, Tulare Co., California. C–F. Four specimens from Cannell Creek, Kern and Tulare counties, California, showing range of coloration found in this population. The bold red coloring is not known from other populations. Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.

FIGURE 6 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 6. Habitats occupied by B. bramei in the Kern River Canyon. A. Type locality, Packsaddle Canyon, 1135 m elev., Tulare Co., California (photo taken 5 March 2011). On the east side of the Kern River, salamanders are often associated with metamorphic rock in seepage areas as shown here. B–D. On the west side of the Kern River, B. bramei has been found in a diversity of habitats including the following: B. under isolated cover objects in oak grassland S of Kernville, Kern Co., California (photo taken 21 March 2008); C. in pine litter along Tobias Creek, Tulare Co., California (photo taken 22 March 2007) and D. under rocks and in leaf litter N of South Falls Creek, Tulare Co., California (photo taken 28 January 2010; numerous individuals were found on this date). Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 4. Holotype of B. bramei (MVZ 217944). A. Digital x-ray of skull and forelimbs. Digital x-rays were processed using the levels and curves functions in Adobe Photoshop. B. Photo of holotype in life.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 2. Overview of relationships in the subgenus Batrachoseps, based on cob dataset analyzed by Jockusch and Wake (2002). The four major clades are named (attenuatus, Sierran, pacificus and nigriventris groups) and terminals are labeled in all groups except the nigriventris group. Shaded boxes indicate the four geographic units of B. relictus, as recognized by Brame and Murray (1968). Terminal taxa that do not contain populations previously placed in B. relictus are collapsed. Note that topotypic B. relictus are not included in this tree. The clade labeled 'Greenhorns' has been retained in B. relictus until the present, but is described here as B. altasierrae sp. nov.

FIGURE 8. Allozyme analyses. A in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 8. Allozyme analyses. A. Minimum evolution tree showing the relationships of 14 populations based on Nei's (1978) D (Table 4) for 27 variable loci included in allozyme study 1. The topology of the neighbor-joining tree is identical. B. Multidimensional scaling of Nei's (1978) D (Table 5) for eight populations from the nigriventris group based on allozyme study 2. Note the intermediate position of the Cannell Creek (CAN) population between B. bramei from Fairview (FAI) and B. simatus from Erskine Creek (ERS). See Table 5 for abbreviations. Sampling localities are listed in Table 3.

FIGURE 1. A in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 1. A. Map of California, USA, showing the ranges of Batrachoseps nigriventris group species and other species of Batrachoseps from the vicinity of the Kern River Canyon. The range of B. relictus in the Lower Kern River Canyon is contained within the range of B. simatus. Individual dots indicate isolated populations of B. altasierrae sp. nov. from the Kern Plateau (blue) and of B. robustus from the Scodie Mountains (green). B. Point localities for Batrachoseps from the Kern River Canyon and vicinity. Localities include all identified specimens from the collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, as well as additional specimens from the California Academy of Sciences and, for B. relictus, from the Los Angeles County (California) Museum. Lighter shading indicates higher elevation; blue indicates major streams or rivers. Type localities are indicated by open symbols for all species except B. gregarius (whose type locality is outside of the region shown). Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.

FIGURE 7. B. altasierrae and B. relictus. A in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 7. B. altasierrae and B. relictus. A. Holotype of B. altasierrae. B. B. altasierrae from the type locality in life (no voucher). C. Digital x-ray of the skull and forelimbs of an adult female B. altasierrae (MVZ 156394, SL = 39.9 mm) from Sugarloaf Peak, Tulare Co., California. D. Adult B. relictus from Breckenridge Mountain, Kern Co., California in life (no voucher). E. Digital x-ray of the skull and forelimbs of an adult (SL = 45.3 mm) female B. relictus from Breckenridge Mountain (MVZ 267114). F. Type locality of B. altasierrae. G. High elevation site on Breckenridge Mountain, Kern Co., California at which specimens referred here to B. relictus were discovered. Nearly all individuals at this locality have been found within the seep shown in the foreground. Habitat photos taken on 28 May 2011. Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.

FIGURE 3 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 3. Morphological comparisons of Batrachoseps from the Kern River Canyon. A–F. Principal components analysis of correlation matrix of regression residuals of specimens from in and around the Kern River Canyon. Each color/symbol combination indicates a population. A–C compare B. relictus from the Lower Kern River Canyon, two candidates for inclusion in B. relictus (Breckenridge Mountain represented by the Lucas Creek and Squirrel Meadow populations and Greenhorn Mountains 1 and 2 from north of the Kern River), and B. kawia, which is the sister taxon to the Greenhorn populations. D–F show differentiation of the Upper Kern River Canyon populations (magenta), described here as Batrachoseps bramei sp. nov., from their close relatives B. gregarius (gray) and B. simatus (black). G–J. Boxplots of principal components (G–I) and SL (J) for species in and around Kern River Canyon. Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.

FIGURE 9 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 9. Samples included in the cob phylogeny of the Batrachoseps nigriventris group. A. Map of California, showing topographic relief, with localities for specimens from outside of the Kern River Canyon (black symbols). Box shows approximate area of panel B. B. Kern River Canyon, showing localities for specimens from the Kern River Canyon and Breckenridge Mountain. Major side drainages are labeled. For clarity, streams on the north side of the Lower Kern River Canyon are omitted.