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Fig. 5 in Soft-part preservation in a linguliform brachiopod from the lower Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (Guanshan Fauna) of Yunnan, South China

Fig. 5. Reconstruction of Acanthotretella decaius sp. nov. based on GKG CA−007,GKG CA−008, GKG CA−002B, showing disposition of lophophore, small visceral cavity and location of measurements indicated in Table 1.

Fig. 4 in Soft-part preservation in a linguliform brachiopod from the lower Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (Guanshan Fauna) of Yunnan, South China

Fig. 4. Sketch drawings of the linguliform brachiopod Acanthotretella decaius sp. nov. illustrated in Fig. 2 and 3. A. Sketch of Fig. 2C1 (GKG CA−008B). B. Sketch of Fig. 2 E(GKG CA−002B). C. Sketch of Fig. 3C1(GKG CA−007B). D. Sketch of Fig. 3D1(GKG CA−013(2)). Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 1. A in Soft-part preservation in a linguliform brachiopod from the lower Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (Guanshan Fauna) of Yunnan, South China

Fig. 1. A. Map showing the locality (star) where the brachiopod Acanthotretella decaius sp. nov. was collected. B. Stratigraphical correlation of the muddy deposits yielding the Guanshan fanua including A. decaius sp. nov. in Gaoloufang section near Guangwei village, Kunming, southern China.

Fig. 3 in Soft-part preservation in a linguliform brachiopod from the lower Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (Guanshan Fauna) of Yunnan, South China

Fig. 3. Linguliform brachiopod Acanthotretella decaius sp. nov. from the early Cambrian Guanshan fauna, showing the proximal pedicles (tailed arrows) and gut remains (simple arrows), Yunnan, China. A. GKG CA−014, a muddy slab with two individuals preserved together. B–D. Photographs showing the U−shaped digestive tracts preserved as tubular imprints (simple arrows) with some relief. B. GKG CA−011B. C. GKG CA−007B. D. GKG CA−013(2). General view (C1, D1), close−up (C2, D2) of tubular relief of guts. See Fig. 4 for interpretations of C1 and D1.

Fig. 2 in Soft-part preservation in a linguliform brachiopod from the lower Cambrian Wulongqing Formation (Guanshan Fauna) of Yunnan, South China

Fig. 2. Linguliform brachiopod Acanthotretella decaius sp. nov. from the Wulongqing Formation (Palaeolenus Zone), lower Cambrian (recently Series 2, Stage 4), China. A. Holotype, GKG CA−007 in general view (A1); posterior details of the shell valves (A2), showing the small body cavity posteromedially placed, the elongate subtriangular pseudointerarea and the proximate pedicle; details of the gentle S−shaped portion of pedicle in A1 (A3); close−up view of the pedicle annulations in A1 (A4). B. GKG CA−008A, a flattened specimen anterolaterally compressed in general view (B1), showing the concentric growth +

Fig. 5 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 5. An early arthropod reconstruction of Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000). The animal was covered by the carapace. The trunk length, which consists of 14 somites varies from 2 to 3 cm in adults. Large stalked eyes and a pair of uniramous prehensile appendages (5 podomeres) bearing stout inner outgrowths protruded anteriorly. The following appendages are biramous and uniform—i.e., a slender endopod with many podomeres and an exopod fringed with many long lamellae.

Fig. 4 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 4. An early arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000) from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China. A. JS0008 from Jianshan section; A1, posterior part of an incomplete specimen showing the frontal appendage, exopod, endopod; A2, detailed view of the frontal appendage, showing five podomeres and tooth−like outgrowths; A3, detailed view of exopod and endopod, showing the gill lamellae of exopod and the podomeres of endopod; A4, detailed view of endopod, showing its podomeres. B. EJ0404 from Erjie section; B1, showing the location of the eye stalk, trunk, proximal part of appendages and the outline of endopod; B2, camera−lucida drawing of B1. Abbreviations: as, anterior spine; en, endopod; es, eye stalk; ex, exopod; f1–5, podomeres of the frontal appendage from the distal to proximal; fa, frontal appendage; gl, gill lamellae of exopod; lv, left valve; p1–5, podomeres of endopod from the distal to proximal; pr, proximal part of appendage; rv, right valve; st, striated ornament; ta, trunk appendage; ti, trunk inclusion; 1–7, numbered trunk appendage.

Fig. 3 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 3. An early arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000) from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China. A. JS0014 from Jianshan section; A1, specimen showing the striated ornament of the carapace, eye, frontal appendages, exopod and trace of the trunk; A2, detailed view of eye sphere, showing two individual layers, the light external cornea and the dark internal core; A3, camera−lucida drawing of A1; A4, detailed view of frontal appendages, showing the intersegmental membranes, five podomeres and tooth−like outgrowths; A5, the counterpart of JS0014, showing the posterior part of specimen. B. EJ0417 from Erjie section, dorsal view showing the single shield carapace and unsplit base of anterior or posterior spines. Abbreviations: as, anterior spine; co, cornea; ex, exopod; f1–5, podomeres of the frontal appendage from the distal to proximal; fa, frontal appendage; ou, tooth−like outgrowth of the frontal appendage; ps, posterior spine; ru, retinular units; st, striated ornament.

Fig. 1 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 1. An early arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000) from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China. A. JS0010 from Jianshan section; A1, showing the outline and the striated ornament of the carapace; A2, detailed view of exopod, showing the gill lamellae; A3, camera−lucida drawing of A1; A4, detailed view of vascular integumental network. B. JS172 from Jianshan section; B1, detailed view of exopod, showing the gill lamellae; B2, showing the striated ornament on the posterior of the carapace and exopod. Abbreviations: as, anterior spine; ex, exopod; fa, frontal appendage; ps, posterior spine; rv, right valve; st, striated ornament; ta, trunk appendage; vn, vascular integumental network.

Fig. 2 in Soft anatomy of the Early Cambrian arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus from the Chengjiang biota of South China with a discussion on the origination of great appendages

Fig. 2. An early arthropod Isoxys curvirostratus (Vannier and Chen, 2000) from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China from Erjie section (A–C, E) and from Jianshan section (D). A. EJ0423; A1, complete specimen showing the outline of carapace, lamellae of the exopod; A2, camera−lucida drawing of A1. B. EJ0424, showing the eye spheres, frontal appendage, trunk and the traces of trunk appendages. C. EJ0422, immature specimen showing 14 trunk somites. D. JS154; D1, showing eye spheres, the number of the trunk somites and location of appendages; D2, camera−lucida drawing of D1. E. EJ0407; E1, showing the eye sphere and stalk, appendages in relief and the trunk; E2, camera−lucida drawing of E1. Abbreviations: es, eye stalk; ex, exopod; fa, frontal appendage; gl, gill lamellae of exopod; le, lateral eye; pr, proximal part of appendage; ps, posterior spine; te, telson; ti, trunk inclusion; 1–14, numbered trunk appendage.

Fig. 16 in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China

Fig. 16. Transverse serial sections of Cyrtiopsis? cyrtiopsiformis from the Jiangjiaqiao section (sample C−H). Numbers refer to distance in mm from the ventral apex. Arrow indicates enlargement. Note the presence of a very short delthyrial plate and absence of a pseudodeltidium at the very posterior end of the ventral valve. Specimen PUM 00071 (97D).

Fig. 13. A–E in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China

Fig. 13. A–E. Cyrtospirifer cf. whitneyi (Hall, 1858), sample S−Y−2, PUM 00011, dorsal, anterior, posterior, ventral and lateral views; × 1.5. F–J. Cyrtospirifer? variabilis Ma and Sun, 2001, sample S−25−2. F–I. Ventral, dorsal, posterior and lateral views of holotype PUM 00005; × 2. J. Anterior view of paratype PUM 00013, × 2. K–O. Mennespirifer yangqiaoensis Ma and Sun, 2001, sample S−H−0, lateral, posterior, ventral, anterior, and dorsal views of PUM 00036; × 2. P. Sinospirifer sp.1, sample C7, ventral view of PUM 00040, × 1. Q–U. Athyris supervittata Tien, 1938, sample S−Y−4, posterior, lateral, anterior, dorsal and ventral views of PUM 00047; × 3.

Fig. 12 in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China

Fig. 12. Transverse serial sections of Iowatrypa? shaodongensis sp. nov. from the Shetianqiao section (sample S−Y−4). Numbers refer to distance in mm from the ventral apex. A. Specimen PUM 00069 (specimen of acetate peel – 00A). B. Transverse section showing the spiralium at its maximum number at a distance of 9.8 mm from the ventral apex. Specimen PUM 00070 (00B).

Fig. 14. A–C. Sinospirifer gortanioides Grabau, 1931, sample C−H in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China

Fig. 14. A–C. Sinospirifer gortanioides Grabau, 1931, sample C−H, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views of PUM 98014; × 1.3. D–H. Lamarckispirifer hayasakai (Grabau, 1931), sample C−H, lateral, posterior, dorsal, ventral and anterior views of PUM 00025; × 1.3. I–M. Sinospirifer subarchiaci (Martelli, 1902), sample C−H, anterior, lateral, posterior, ventral and dorsal views of PUM 98001; all × 1.3 except K and L, × 1.5. N–P. Sinospirifer pekinensis Grabau, 1931, sample C−H, ventral, posterior and anterior views of PUM 980152; × 1.5.

Fig. 11. A–E in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China

Fig. 11. A–E. Spinatrypa subkwangsiensis (Tien, 1938), sample S−Y−4. A–C. Posterior, ventral and lateral views of PUM 00016; × 2. D, E. Dorsal and posterior views of PUM 00020; × 2. F–O. Iowatrypa? shaodongensis sp. nov., S−Y−4. F–I. Posterior, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of paratype PUM 00003; × 2. J–N. Posterior, lateral, dorsal, anterior and ventral views of holotype PUM 00004; × 2. O. Ventral view of paratype PUM 00001, × 1.5. P, Q. Iowatrypa? qidongensis Ma, 1998, sample S−Y−4, posterior and ventral views of PUM 00008; × 1.5.

Fig. 10. A–F in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China

Fig. 10. A–F. Sinalosia rugosa gen. et sp. nov., sample S−Y−2. A–C. Ventral, dorsal and lateral views of holotype PUM 00017; × 2. D. Ventral view of paratype PUM 00019 showing its chevron ornamentation, × 2. E, F. Ventral and dorsal views of paratype PUM 00021; × 2. G–I. Hypothyridina linglingensis Wang, 1956a; sample S−Y−4, lateral, ventral and posterior views of PUM 00027; × 1.25. J–Q. Hunanotoechia gamma (Tien, 1938), sample S−Y−2. J. Ventral view of PUM 00042 showing the presence of only two sinal plications, × 3. K–O. Lateral, dorsal, posterior, anterior and ventral views of PUM 00051; × 3. P. Dorsal view of PUM 00041 showing a specimen with growth bizarre ventral beak, × 3. Q. Dorsal view of PUM 00054 showing the deltidial plates, × 5. R, S. Hunanotoechia tieni Ma, 1993; sample S−25−2, PUM 00053, enlarged dorsal view (R) showing the deltidial plates and the foramen, × 4 and ventral view (S), × 3.

Fig. 9. A, B in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China

Fig. 9. A, B. Rhyssochonetes? sp. 1, sample S−Y−2, ventral and dorsal views, PUM 00055; × 3. C–E, S. Rhyssochonetes? sp. 2, sample S−H−0. C. Ventral view, PUM 00062, × 3. D. Dorsal view showing the interarea, PUM 00048, × 5. E. Ventral view, note the orthomorph parallel arranged hinge spines (arrowed), PUM 00061b, × 3. S. Enlargement of arrowed area of E, × 11.5. F–H. Leioproductus hunanensis Liu, 1982, sample C−H, lateral, dorsal and ventral views, PUM 00031, × 2. I. Productella sp. 2, sample C1−0, dorsal view showing some spines present on the valve, PUM 00035, × 3. J, K. Productella lachrymosa var. asiatica Tien, 1938; sample C7. J. Ventral view, PUM 00002, × 1.5. K. Dorsal view, PUM 00032, × 2. L, M. Productella sp. 1, sample S−Y−4. L. Ventral view, PUM 00018, × 2. M. Dorsal view, PUM 00015, × 2. N–R. Praewaagenoconcha linglingensis (Wang, 1956), sample C−H. N. Dorsal view, PUM 00030, × 2. O. Dorsal view, PUM 00034, × 2. P, Q. Ventral and lateral views, PUM 00024; × 2. R. Dorsal interior showing the slit−like sockets, PUM 00059, × 3.3. T–V. Sinalosia rugosa gen. et sp. nov., sample S−Y−2. T. Showing the distinct interarea with ventral pseudodeltidium and dorsal chilidium, which is medially divided by cardinal process as to form a narrow V−shaped slit gap, PUM 01001, × 6. U, V. Lateral and internal views of cardinal process, PUM 01002; × 6.

Fig. 8 in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China

Fig. 8. Latest Frasnian (upper part of the Pa. linguiformis Zone) rugose corals from central Hunan. A, B. Peneckiella shawoziensis He, 1978. Transverse and longitudinal sections, specimen PUM 93595, sample L5/top0.2 (upper 20 cm of bed L5; × 6). C, D. Temnophyllum sp. Longitudinal and transverse sections, PUM 93594, sample L5/top0.2; × 4. E–G, I. Sinodisphyllum variable Sun, 1958. E, F. Transverse and longitudinal sections, PUM 93600, bed T3 of the Chongshanpu section; × 2.3. G. Transverse section, PUM 00072, bed T3, × 2.3. I. Longitudinal section, PUM 93596, sample L5/top0.2, × 2.3. H. Sinodisphyllum simplex Sun, 1958. Longitudinal section, PUM 93601, bed T3, × 2.3. J, K. Sinodisphyllum litvinovitshae (Soshkina, 1949) from the top of the Frasnian of Taotang, about 2 km north of the Xikuangshan section. J. Longitudinal section, PUM 00073, × 2.3. K. Transverse section, PUM 93599, × 2.3. L. Disphyllum dupliforme Kong, 1978, longitudinal section, PUM 93592, same specimen as Fig. 7H, × 4.

Fig. 15. A–E in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China

Fig. 15. A–E. Platyspirifer paronai (Martelli, 1902), sample C−H. A. Interarea view of PUM 00026 showing the convex pseudodeltidium, × 2.75. B, C. Lateral and ventral views of PUM 00022; × 1.5. D, E. Dorsal and anterior views of PUM 00038; × 1.2. F–J. Cyrtiopsis? cyrtiopsiformis (Yang, 1977), sample C−H, anterior, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views of PUM 97011; all × 2 except I × 1.5. K–O. Sinospirifer subextensus (Martelli, 1902), sample C−H, anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral and lateral views of PUM 00023; × 1.3. P, Q. Lamarckispirifer hayasakai (Grabau, 1931), sample C−H, anterior and posterior views of PUM 00028; × 1.3. R. Sinospirifer gortanioides Grabau, 1931; sample C−H, anterior view of PUM 98014, × 1.3.

Fig. 2 in Rugose corals and brachiopods across the Frasnian- Famennian boundary in central Hunan, South China

Fig. 2. Stratigraphy of the F–F boundary interval of the Xikuangshan (A), Shetianqiao (B), and Jiangjiaqiao (C) sections and distribution of benthic fossils. Diameter of solid dots relates to relative abundance of specimens. Lithology of the Shetianqiao section is from the Regional Geological Survey Team of Hunan in Hou et al. (1988), modified based on our own data.