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955 results for “Subtropical”
Data from: Application of ancient DNA to the reconstruction of past microbial assemblages and for the detection of toxic cyanobacteria in subtropical freshwater ecosystems
Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis of lake sediments is a promising tool for detecting shifts in past microbial assemblages in response to changing environmental conditions. We examined sediment core samples from subtropical, freshwater Laguna Blanca (Uruguay), which has been severely affected by cultural eutrophication since 1960 and where cyanobacterial blooms, particularly those of the saxitoxin-producer Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, have been reported since the 1990s. Samples corresponding to ~1846, 1852, 2000 and 2007 A.D. were selected to perform Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ribosomal ITS) to compare their prokaryotic assemblage composition. Each stratum showed different ITS patterns, but the composition of 21st Century samples was clearly different than those of mid-19th Century. This compositional change was correlated to shifts in sediment organic matter and chlorophyll a content, which were significantly higher in recent samples. The presence of saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria was addressed by quantitative real time PCR of the sxtU gene involved in toxin biosynthesis. This gene was present only in recent samples, for which clone libraries and ITS sequencing indicated the presence of Cyanobacteria. Phylogenetic analyses identified C. raciborskii only in the 2000 sample, shortly after several years when blooms were recorded in the lake. These data suggest the utility of aDNA for the reconstruction of microbial assemblage shifts in subtropical lakes, at least on centennial scales. The application of aDNA analysis to genes involved in cyanotoxin synthesis extends the applicability of molecular techniques in paleolimnological studies to include key microbial community characteristics of great scientific and social interest.
Data from: Tree species richness increases ecosystem carbon storage in subtropical forests
Forest ecosystems are an integral component of the global carbon cycle as they take up and release large amounts of C in short time (C flux) or accumulate it over longer time (C stock). However, there remains uncertainty about whether and in which direction C fluxes and in particular C stocks may differ between forests of high vs. low species richness. Based on a comprehensive dataset derived from field-based measurements, we tested the effect of species richness (3–20 tree species) and stand age (22–116 years) on six compartments of above- and belowground C stocks and four components of C fluxes in subtropical forests in south-east China. Across forest stands, total C stock was 149 ± 12 Mg ha-1 with richness explaining 28.5% and age explaining 29.4% of variation in this measure. Species-rich stands had higher C stocks and fluxes than stands with low richness; and, in addition, old stands had higher C stocks than young ones. Overall, for each additional tree species the total C stock increased by 6.4%. Our results provide comprehensive evidence for diversity-mediated above- and belowground C sequestration in species-rich subtropical forests in south-east China. Therefore, afforestation policies in this region and elsewhere should consider a change from the current focus on monocultures to multi-species plantations to increase C fixation and thus slow increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global warming.
Data from: Natural habitat loss and exotic plants reduce the functional diversity of flower visitors in a heterogeneous subtropical landscape
1. Functional diversity (FD) of pollinators can increase plant reproductive output and the stability of plant-pollinator communities. Yet, in times of worldwide pollinator declines, effects of global change on pollinator FD remain poorly understood. Loss of natural habitat and exotic plant invasions are two major drivers of global change that particularly threaten pollinator diversity. 2. In a subtropical South African landscape, we investigated changes in the FD of flower visitor assemblages on native and exotic plants along gradients of natural habitat loss and relative abundance of exotic plants. We used a dataset of 1434 flower visitor individuals sampled on 131 focal plants and calculated the FD in three flower visitor traits that are strongly related to plant-flower visitor interactions and pollination processes: proboscis length, proboscis diameter and body length. 3. Multivariate FD of flower visitors decreased with both increasing natural habitat loss and relative exotic abundance. Importantly, changes in FD went beyond those in flower visitor richness. Furthermore, flower visitor richness was not related to either natural habitat loss or relative exotic abundance. Loss in multivariate FD seemed to be mediated by complementary reductions of FD in proboscis length with natural habitat loss and of FD in body length with both global change drivers. Correspondingly, we recorded lower abundances of long-tongued flower visitors with natural habitat loss and reduced variance in body size with both drivers. In contrast, FD in proboscis diameter was unaffected by either driver. All effects of the two global change drivers were non-interactive. 4. Our results show that both natural habitat loss and exotic plants negatively affect flower visitor FD, which may imperil pollination of specialised plant species in degraded habitats. In contrast, flower visitor richness may not cover all facets of flower visitor FD that are relevant to pollination processes, and here future studies are needed. Distinct responses of visitor traits to the two drivers suggest limited options to infer relations of one trait to another. Finally, additive effects of natural habitat loss and exotic plant invasions highlight the need to consider multiple drivers of global change when investigating ecosystem processes at a community scale.
Data from: Genetic parameters in subtropical pine F1 hybrids: heritabilities, between-trait correlations and genotype-by-environment interactions
Growth and stem straightness traits of 29 Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis × Pinus tecunumanii (PCH × PTEC) and 26 P. caribaea var. hondurensis × Pinus oocarpa (PCH × POOC) hybrid pair-crosses plus a total of 16 intraspecific families were assessed at ages 5, 8 and 15 years from planting at two sites. The PCH × PTEC hybrid was the most productive, yielding 37 % more than a Pinus elliottii local control and was 21 % superior to either parental species in DBH growth. PCH × POOC hybrid was, on average, 16 % superior to either parental species for DBH. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were low to moderate for growth traits (average of 0.27) and stem straightness (0.16). The estimated additive genetic correlations between growth traits and ages within traits were high (>0.8) and positive, providing confidence in early selection based on diameter at breast height. The high proportion of estimated additive genetic variance compared to dominance variance in the F1 pine hybrids suggests that breeding strategies that maximize the use of additive genetic variance may be effective. The ranking of the 11 PCH parents based on general hybridizing ability predictions (estimated breeding values as hybrids) was somewhat inconsistent between PTEC and POOC hybrid crosses for all traits (r 9 d.f. = 0.38–0.45; p ∼0.15–0.25). There was no evidence of practically important G × E interaction for the hybrids except for PCH × PTEC height growth. This study suggests that a single, multi-hybrid breeding population seems appropriate in Zimbabwe if the trial sites are representative of the planting target zone.
Data from: Climatic stress during stand development alters the sign and magnitude of age-related growth responses in a subtropical mountain pine
The modification of typical age-related growth by environmental changes is poorly understood, In part because there is a lack of consensus at individual tree level regarding age-dependent growth responses to climate warming as stands develop. To increase our current understanding about how multiple drivers of environmental change can modify growth responses as trees age we used tree ring data of a mountain subtropical pine species along an altitudinal gradient covering more than 2,200 m of altitude. We applied mixed-linear models to determine how absolute and relative age-dependent growth varies depending on stand development; and to quantify the relative importance of tree age and climate on individual tree growth responses. Tree age was the most important factor for tree growth in models parameterised using data from all forest developmental stages. Contrastingly, the relationship found between tree age and growth became non-significant in models parameterised using data corresponding to mature stages. These results suggest that although absolute tree growth can continuously increase along tree size when trees reach maturity age had no effect on growth. Tree growth was strongly reduced under increased annual temperature, leading to more constant age-related growth responses. Furthermore, young trees were the most sensitive to reductions in relative growth rates, but absolute growth was strongly reduced under increased temperature in old trees. Our results help to reconcile previous contrasting findings of age-related growth responses at the individual tree level, suggesting that the sign and magnitude of age-related growth responses vary with stand development. The different responses found to climate for absolute and relative growth rates suggest that young trees are particularly vulnerable under warming climate, but reduced absolute growth in old trees could alter the species' potential as a carbon sink in the future.
FIGURES 24–29 in Shallow-water species of Beania Johnston, 1840 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic
FIGURES 24–29. Light micrography of reticulate species of Beania from the Brazilian coast. 24. Beania americana n. sp., MZUSP 415 (Holotype), São Paulo state. 25. Beania correiae n. sp., MZUSP 403 (Paratype), Alagoas state; 26–29. Beania metrii n. sp., MZUSP 401 (Holotype), Santa Catarina state; 26, colony; 27, distal end of colony; 28, close-up of a zooid; 29, close-up of a distal zooid of colony.
FIGURES 8–13 in Shallow-water species of Beania Johnston, 1840 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic
FIGURES 8–13. SEM of uniserial species of Beania from the Brazilian coast. 8. Beania klugei Cook, 1968, MZUSP 391, São Paulo state, close-up of distal end of a zooid, note the shape of avicularium and the two distal projections of zoecium; 9–11, Beania maxilladentata Ramalho, Muricy & Taylor, 2010, MZUSP 400, Rio de Janeiro state; 9, portion of colony; 10, lateral view of a zooid, note the small lateral spines; 11, close-up of paired distal avicularia; 12–13, Beania mirabilissima n. sp., MZUSP 405 (Holotype), São Paulo state; 12, three zooids of a colony; 13, close-up of a zooid, note the large gap between oral spines and most distal marginal spines.
FIGURES 18–23 in Shallow-water species of Beania Johnston, 1840 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic
FIGURES 18–23. Light micrography of uniserial species of Beania from the Brazilian coast. 18. Beania australis Busk, 1852, MZUSP 377, Alagoas state; 19. Beania cupulariensis Osburn, 1914, MZUSP 381, São Paulo state; 20. Beania klugei Cook, 1968, MZUSP 391, São Paulo state; 21. Beania maxilladentata Ramalho, Muricy & Taylor, 2010, MZUSP 400, Rio de Janeiro state; 22–23. Beania mirabilissima n. sp., MZUSP 405 (Holotype), São Paulo state; 22, colony; 23, lateral view of a zooid.
FIGURES 14–17 in Shallow-water species of Beania Johnston, 1840 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic
FIGURES 14–17. SEM of reticulate species of Beania from the Brazilian coast. 14–15. Beania americana n. sp., MZUSP 415 (Holotype), São Paulo state; 14, portion of colony; 15, close-up of oral region of a zooid; 16–17, Beania correiae n. sp., MZUSP 402, Alagoas state; 16, portion of a colony; 17, close-up of a zooid.
FIGURES 2–7 in Shallow-water species of Beania Johnston, 1840 (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic
FIGURES 2–7. SEM of uniserial species of Beania from the Brazilian coast. 2–4. Beania australis Busk, 1852, MZUSP 377, Alagoas state; 2, colony with four zooids; 3, close-up of a zooid; 4, lateral view of a zooid, note the basal connective tubes. 5–6, Beania cupulariensis Osburn, 1914, MZUSP 379, Alagoas state; 5, colony with three zooids; 6, close-up of a zooid, note the most proximal spine directed to the outside. 7, Beania klugei Cook, 1968, MZUSP 391, São Paulo state, small colony with three zooids.
FIGURES 5–10. 5 in Molecular and morphological characterization of Amathia distans Busk and Amathia brasiliensis Busk (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata) from the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic
FIGURES 5–10. 5, Amathia brasiliensis, general view of the whitish-pale living colony; 6, Amathia distans, general view of the bright yellow living colony; 7, A. brasiliensis, close-up of the biserial autozooidal clusters around the wide stolon; 8, A. distans, close-up of autozooidal clusters around the slender stolon; 9, A. brasiliensis, close-up of whitish-pale pigment spots in the frontal surface of stolon and zooids; 10, A. distans, close-up of bright yellow pigment spots in stolon and zooidal surfaces, including lophophores.
FIGURES 1–4. 1–2 in Molecular and morphological characterization of Amathia distans Busk and Amathia brasiliensis Busk (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata) from the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic
FIGURES 1–4. 1–2, Amathia brasiliensis, NHMUK 1887.12.9.928 (lectotype specimen, chosen here), off Bahia, Brazil; 3–4, Amathia distans, NHMUK 1887.12.9.925 (lectotype specimen, chosen here), off Bahia, Brazil.
FIGURE 11 in Molecular and morphological characterization of Amathia distans Busk and Amathia brasiliensis Busk (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata) from the tropical and subtropical Western Atlantic
FIGURE 11. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of COI + 16S rRNA. Posterior probability values (pp <95% judged a not significant) are depicted in nodes.
FIGURES 13–16 in Description of an endemic and endangered new Sympetrum species (Odonata: Libellulidae) from the subtropical area of Taiwan
FIGURES 13–16. Penes of Sympetrum. 13–15, lateral, upside down, 16 ventral. 13, S. hypomelas; 14, S. orientale; 15–16, S. b. baccha.
FIGURES 1–6. Sympetrum nantouensis. 1 in Description of an endemic and endangered new Sympetrum species (Odonata: Libellulidae) from the subtropical area of Taiwan
FIGURES 1–6. Sympetrum nantouensis. 1, holotype, male, lateral; 2, holotype, male, dorsal; 3, paratype female, dorsal; 4, paratype female, lateral; 5, Color patterns on the anterior side of pterothorax; 6, The main habitat of S. nantouensis in Yuchih, Nantou County, Taiwan.
FIGURES 7–12 in Description of an endemic and endangered new Sympetrum species (Odonata: Libellulidae) from the subtropical area of Taiwan
FIGURES 7–12. Male reproductive structures in Sympetrum. 7–11, S. nantouensis, 12, S. risi. 7, cerci, lateral; 8, male hamule, lateral, upside down; 9, penis, lateral, upside down; 10, penis, ventral; 11, penis, posterolateroventral; 12, penis, lateral.
FIGURE 1 in Pocillopora aliciae: a new species of scleractinian coral (Scleractinia, Pocilloporidae) from subtropical Eastern Australia
FIGURE 1. [1, 2] Top, side view of holotype of Pocillopora aliciae sp. nov. [3, 4] Top, side view of paratype 1. [5, 6] Close-up of corallites of holotype.
FIGURE 4 in Pocillopora aliciae: a new species of scleractinian coral (Scleractinia, Pocilloporidae) from subtropical Eastern Australia
FIGURE 4. [1–4] Field appearance of Pocillopora aliciae sp. nov. at the Solitary Islands. [5] Pocillopora aliciae sp. nov. colony next to a specimen of Stylophora pistillata (center) at North Solitary Island.
FIGURE 2 in Pocillopora aliciae: a new species of scleractinian coral (Scleractinia, Pocilloporidae) from subtropical Eastern Australia
FIGURE 2. SEM of paratype (MTQ-G65424). [1–2] Corallites. [3] Close-up of corallite. [4] Close up of coenosteum.
FIGURE 3 in Pocillopora aliciae: a new species of scleractinian coral (Scleractinia, Pocilloporidae) from subtropical Eastern Australia
FIGURE 3. SEM of corallites of: [1] Pocillipora aliciae sp. nov. and lineages identified within Pocillopora damicornis (Schmidt-Roach et al. 2012a); [2] P. damicornis Type β, [3] P. d ami co rni s Type α and [4] P. da mic or nis Type γ.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.