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2,318 results for “Synthesis”
Data from: A synthesis of the effects of cheatgrass invasion on U.S. Great Basin carbon storage
<p>Non-native, invasive Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) is pervasive in sagebrush ecosystems in the Great Basin ecoregion of the western U.S., competing with native plants and promoting more frequent fires. As a result, cheatgrass invasion likely alters carbon (C) storage in the region. Many studies have measured C pools in one or more common vegetation types: native sagebrush, invaded sagebrush, and cheatgrass-dominated (often burned) sites, but these results have yet to be synthesized.</p> <p>We performed a literature review to identify studies assessing the consequences of invasion on C storage in aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), litter, organic soil, and total soil. We identified 41 articles containing 386 unique studies and estimated C storage across pools and vegetation types and used linear mixed models to identify the main predictors.</p> <p>We found consistent declines in biomass C with invasion: AGB C was 55% lower in cheatgrass (40 ± 4 g C m-2) than in native sagebrush (89 ± 27 g C m-2) and BGB C was 62% lower in cheatgrass (90 ± 17 g C m-2) than native sagebrush (238 ± 60 g C m-2). In contrast, litter C was > 4x higher in cheatgrass (154 ± 12 g C m-2) compared to native sagebrush (32 ± 12 g C m-2). Soil organic C (SOC) in the top 10 cm was significantly higher in cheatgrass than in native or invaded sagebrush. SOC below 20 cm was significantly related to the time since most recent fire and losses were observed in deep SOC in cheatgrass systems > 5 years after a fire. There were no significant changes in total soil C across vegetation types.</p> <p>Synthesis and Applications: Cheatgrass invasion decreases biodiversity and rangeland productivity and alters fire regimes. Our findings indicate cheatgrass invasion also results in persistent biomass C losses that occur with this state change. We estimate that conversion from native sagebrush to cheatgrass leads to a net reduction of C storage in biomass and litter of 76 g C m-2, or 16 Tg C across the Great Basin without management practices like native sagebrush restoration or cheatgrass removal.10-Sep-2020</p>
Raw data for the article "Enantioselective Carboetherification/Hydrogenation for the Synthesis of Amino Alcohols via a Catalytically-Formed Chiral Auxiliary"
<p>Raw NMR, MS, IR and HPLC data for the article "Enantioselective Carboetherification/Hydrogenation for the Synthesis of Amino Alcohols via a Catalytically-Formed Chiral Auxiliary" published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c09177">https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c09177</a></p> <p>The number of the folders correspond to compounds numbers in the article. All details concerning conditions and equipment for measurements can be found in the supporting information of the article.</p>
Rapid synthesis and characterization of silver-loaded graphene oxide nanomaterials and their antibacterial applications
<p>All original data used in figures and tables of the manuscript are available in the dataset, which includes the X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion spectroscopy, zeta potential analysis and antibacterial properties measurement. Ultrasound was practically used in large-scale production of water-soluble silver/graphene oxide (Ag/GO) by reducing the silver ions (Ag+) attached to graphene oxide into silver nanoparticles. The infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectra indicated that there is a strong interaction between Ag and GO. The morphology analysis showed that AgNPs having a monodisperse size was well dispersed on the surface of the GO nanosheet. The zeta potential analysis showed that the Ag/GO nanomaterials suspension has high stability. In addition, the Ag/GO nanomaterials exhibited an effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.</p>
Transcription regulator ACTR contributes pathogenicity through mediating ACT toxin synthesis gene ACTS4 in Alternaria alternata
<p>Host-selective ACT toxin are critical for the pathogenesis of the citrus fungal pathogen <em>Alternaria alternata</em>. The biosynthesis of ACT toxin is mainly regulated by multiple ACT toxin genes located in the secondary metabolite gene cluster. However, the regulatory hierarchy of ACT toxin synthesis by these ACT genes have not been explored. In this study, we reported a transcription regulator <em>ACTR</em> contributes ACT toxin biosynthesis through mediating ACT toxin synthesis gene ACTS4 in <em>Alternaria alternata.</em> We generated <em>ACTR</em>-disrupted and -silenced mutants in the tangerine pathotype of <em>A. alternata.</em> Phenotype analysis showed that the <em>ACTR</em> mutants displayed a significant loss of ACT toxin production and a decreased virulence on citrus leaves whereas the vegetative growth and sporulation were not affected, indicating an essential role of <em>ACTR</em> in both ACT toxin biosynthesis and pathogenicity. To elucidate the transcription network of ACTR, we performed RNA-Seq experiments on wild-type and <em>ACTR</em> null mutant and identified genes that were differentially expressed between two genotypes. Transcriptome profiling and RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the ACT toxin biosynthetic gene <em>ACTS4</em> is down-regulated in<em> ACTR </em>mutant<em>.</em> We generated <em>ACTS4 </em>knock-down mutant and found that the pathogenicity of <em>ACTS4</em> mutant was severely impaired. Interestingly, both <em>ACTR</em> and <em>ACTS4</em> are not involved in the response to different abiotic stresses including oxidative stress, salt stress, cell-wall disrupting regents, and Cu<sup>2+</sup>, indicating the function of these two genes is highly specific. In conclusion, our results highlight the important regulatory role of <em>ACTR</em> in ACT toxin biosynthesis through mediating ACT toxin synthesis gene ACTS4 and underline the essential role of in the tangerine pathotype of <em>A. alternata</em>.</p>
Synthesis of a novel amphoteric copolymer and its application as a dispersant for coal water slurry preparation
<p>In this work, a novel amphoteric copolymer was synthesized via free radical polymerization, named Poly(sodium p-styrenesulfonate–co-acrylic acid-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (P(SS-co-AA-co-DMDAAC)). Afterwards, P(SS-co-AA-co-DMDAAC) was explored for use as a dispersant in coal water slurry (CWS) preparation. The structure of P(SS-co-AA-co-DMDAAC) was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The synthetic conditions were optimized as the feed ratio of AA to SS was 1:1 (for Yulin coal) or 1.5:1 (for Yili coal), and DMDAAC dosage was 4.0 wt% (for Yulin coal) and 6.0 wt% (for Yili coal) toward total monomers. The performances of P(SS-co-AA-co-DMDAAC) as a dispersant for CWS were evaluated by various technologies, such as apparent viscosity, Zeta potential, static stability and contact angle measurements. The results revealed that the optimized dosage of P(SS-co-AA-co-DMDAAC) in CWS preparation was 0.3 wt% and 0.4 wt% for Yulin coal and Yili coal respectively. In this optimum condition, CWS prepared using P(SS-co-AA-co-DMDAAC) as dispersant showed a typical shear thinning behavior and excellent stability, which are desired in industry. The rheological models also confirmed the pseudo-plastic characteristics of CWS. Finally, as compared to the widespread used anionic dispersant Poly(sodium p-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), P(SS-co-AA-co-DMDAAC) developed in this work exhibited better slurry making performance. Introduction of cationic functional groups promoted the adsorption of dispersant, which further enhanced the electrostatic repulsion among coal particles. Accordingly, the viscosity of CWS decreased and static stability enhanced.</p>
Species niches, not traits, determine abundance and occupancy patterns: a multi-site synthesis
<p> </p> <p>Aim: Locally abundant species are usually widespread, and such pattern has been related to properties of the niches and traits of species. However, such explanations fail to account for the potential of traits to determine species niches, and often overlook statistical artifacts. Here we examine how trait distinctiveness determines species abilities to exploit either common habitats (niche position) or a range of habitats (niche breadth), and how niche position and breadth in turn affect abundance and occupancy. We also examine how statistical artifacts moderate these relations.<br> Location: Sixteen sites in the Neotropics.<br> Time period: 1993-2014.<br> Major taxa studied: Aquatic invertebrates from tank bromeliads.<br> Methods: We measured the environmental niche position and breadth of each species and calculated its trait distinctiveness, as the average trait difference with all other species at each site. Then, we used a combination of Structural Equations Models and a meta-analytic approach to test trait-niche relationships, and a null model to control for statistical artifacts.<br> Results: The trait distinctiveness of each species was unrelated to its niche properties, abundance, and occupancy. In contrast, niche position was the main predictor of abundance and occupancy; species that used the most common environmental conditions found across bromeliads were locally abundant and widespread. Contributions of niche breadth to such patterns were due to statistical artifacts, indicating that niche breadth effects may have been overestimated in previous studies.<br> Main conclusions: Our study reveals the generality of niche position in explaining one of the most common ecological patterns. The robustness of this result is underscored by the geographic extent of our study and our control of statistical artifacts. We call for a similar examination across other systems – an essential task to understanding the drivers of commonness across the tree of life.</p>
Effects of nutrient limitation on the synthesis of N-Rich phytoplankton toxins: a meta-analysis
<p class="MDPI17abstract">Eutrophication has played a major role in the worldwide increase of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Higher input of key nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), can stimulate the growth of harmful algal species in freshwater, estuarine, and coastal marine ecosystems. Some HAB-forming taxa, particularly several cyanobacteria and dinoflagellate species, are harmful through the production of N-rich toxins that have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. Here, we test how changes in nutrient availability affect N-rich toxin synthesis in cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates using a meta-analysis approach. Overall, N-rich toxin content showed an increase with P limitation, while it tended to decrease with N limitation, but we also observed substantial variation in responses both within and across genera and toxin groups. For instance, in response to N limitation, microcystin content varied from a 297% decrease up to a 273% increase, and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin content varied from a 204% decrease to an 82% increase. Cylindrospermopsin, produced by N<sub>2</sub>-fixing cyanobacteria, showed no clear direction in response to nutrient limitation, and cellular contents of this compound may thus vary independently of nutrient fluctuations. Our results confirm earlier reported stoichiometric regulation of N-rich phytoplankton toxins, showing increased toxin content with an increase in cellular N:P ratios, and vice versa. Thus, changes in N-rich toxin content largely follow the changes in relative cellular N content. Consequently, although nutrient limitation may limit bloom biomass and thereby bloom toxicity, our results warn that P limitation can cause accumulation of cellular toxins and thus lead to unexpected increases in bloom toxicity.</p>
Automatic Synthesis of Anthropomorphic Pulmonary CT Phantoms - DICOM Database
<p>This dataset contains DICOM versions of the 24 anthropomorphic pulmonary CT phantoms accompanying the manuscript "Automatic Synthesis of Anthropomorphic Pulmonary CT Phantoms" submitted to PLoS ONE.</p> <p>NRRD versions can be found in http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20766 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.20766).</p>
Automatic Synthesis of Anthropomorphic Pulmonary CT Phantoms - NRRD Database
<p>This dataset contains the 24 anthropomorphic pulmonary CT phantoms accompanying the manuscript "Automatic Synthesis of Anthropomorphic Pulmonary CT Phantoms" submitted to PLoS ONE.</p> <p>DICOM versions can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.32740 (doi:10.5281/zenodo.32740)</p>
WDS-RDA-F11 Publishing Data Workflows WG Synthesis FINAL CORRECTED
<p>Final, revised version of http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.33413 (published 6 November 2015)</p>
Listening preferences for variations of pop mixes in a circular Wave Field Synthesis system
<p>This data set includes results for the listening tests described in<br> http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.61000, but this time applying the real<br> loudspeakers and not binaural synthesis.</p> <p>The folder `results/` contains the single results of the 41 test participants.<br> The folder `analisys/` contains the script `pc_matrices.py` for creating paired<br> comparison matrices across the participants for all conditions, that are stored<br> under `analysis/pc_matrices/`. It also contains the script `btl.R`, which<br> calculates a Bradley-Terry-Luce model after Wickelmayer et al. [1]. Its results<br> are stored under `analysis/btl/` and plotted in `analysis/btl_systems.pdf` and<br> `analysis/btl_mixing.pdf` for comparing the different reproduction systems<br> together for all conditions and independent for the different mixing parameters,<br> respectively. All steps to recreate the plot are listed in the script<br> `run_all.sh` in the `analysis/` folder.</p> <p>[1] https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/eba/index.html</p>
Dataset supporting Sound and Automated Synthesis of Digital Stabilizing Controllers for Continuous Plants
<p>Executable benchmarks and result data set for the experimental evaluation in our publication "Sound and Automated Synthesis of Digital Stabilizing Controllers for Continuous Plants" published at Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control (HSCC) 2017.</p> <p> </p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>Modern control is implemented with digital microcontrollers, embedded within a dynamical plant that represents physical components.</p> <p>We present a new algorithm based on counter-example guided inductive synthesis that automates the design of digital controllers that are correct by construction. The synthesis result is sound with respect to the complete range of approximations, including time discretization, quantization effects, and finite-precision arithmetic and its rounding errors.</p> <p>We have implemented our new algorithm in a tool called DSSynth, and are able to automatically generate stable controllers for a set of intricate plant amodels taken from the literature within minutes.</p>
Synthesis of Ti3AuC2, Ti3Au2C2 and Ti3IrC2 by noble-metal substitution reaction in Ti3SiC2 for high-temperature-stable ohmic contacts to SiC
<p>Repository data for paper "Synthesis of Ti<sub>3</sub>AuC<sub>2</sub>, Ti<sub>3</sub>Au<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub> and Ti<sub>3</sub>IrC<sub>2</sub> by noble-metal substitution reaction in Ti<sub>3</sub>SiC<sub>2</sub> for high-temperature-stable ohmic contacts to SiC".</p> <p>Detailed information:</p> <p>Data from calculations include relaxed structures, electronic band-structure (selected compounds), electronic density of states and crystal overlap Hamilton population (selected compounds). In addition, spin-orbit coupling used for selected compounds. Data fro each compound are found in separate zip files. Scripts used to extract data are found in tools.zip.</p> <p>EDX-mapping:<br> Fig1d.xlsx</p> <p>XRD data:<br> Fig1h.xlsx, Fig2g.xlsx, FigS3.xlsx, FigS7a.xlsx</p> <p>I/V-measurements:<br> Fig4c.xlsx, FigS7b.xlsx, FigS13.xlsx</p> <p>Electrical resistance:<br> FigS5.xlsx, FigS14.xlsx</p>
Synthesis and physical properties of (Zr1-x,Tix)3AlC2 MAX phases
<p>XRD raw data for the synthesis of (Zr<sub>1-x</sub>,Ti<sub>x</sub>)<sub>3</sub>AlC<sub>2</sub> MAX phases</p>
COLOURATION IN 2.5D LOCAL WAVE FIELD SYNTHESIS USING SPATIAL BANDWIDTH-LIMITATION -- Data
<p>This data set contains stimuli and results from an experiment for human perception of colouration in Stereophonics, Wave Field Synthesis, Near-Field-Compensated Higher-Order Ambisonics and Local Wave Field Synthesis simulated via binaural synthesis using head related impulse responses (HRIRs). The corresponding binaural room scanning (BRS) files for the binaural simulation can be found in the directory `brs`. The employed stimuli is contained in `stimuli`. The Multiple Stimulus with Hidden Reference and Anchor (MUSHRA) ratings are stored in `results` together with a text file to describe the content in more detail. The `analysis` directory includes scripts for the statistical evaluation in the publication. The source code is licensed under GPL v3.</p> <p>Abstract of the Publication:</p> <p>Sound Field Synthesis techniques, such as Wave Field Synthesis aim at a physically accurate reproduction of a desired sound field inside an extended listening area. This area is surrounded by loudspeakers individually driven by their respective driving signals. Due to practical limitations, artefacts impair the synthesis accuracy resulting in a perceivable change in timbre compared to the desired sound field. Recently, an approach for so-called Local Wave Field Synthesis was published which enhances the reproduction accuracy in a limited region by applying a spatial bandwidth limitation in the circular/spherical harmonics domain to the desired sound field. This paper reports on a listening experiment comparing conventional Sound Field Synthesis techniques with the mentioned approach. Also the influence of the different parametrisations for Local Wave Field Synthesis is investigated. The results show that the enhanced reproduction accuracy in Local Wave Field Synthesis leads to an improvement with regard to the perceived colouration.</p>
Synthesis of hydroclimate changes during Heinrich Stadial 1
<p>Version 5 of the synthesis published with DiNezio et al (2025). See attached PDF file for a full description of the dataset.</p>
Synthesis of urea on the surface of interstellar water ice clusters.
<p>The Supporting Material contains the cartesian coordinates of B3LYP-D3(BJ)/ma-def2-TZVP optimized minima and transition state for the reaction studied in the paper, in .xyz format, computed using <a href="https://gaussian.com/">O</a><a href="https://orcaforum.kofo.mpg.de/">RCA</a> code. The folders are relative to:</p> <ul> <li>gas phase reactions;</li> <li>reactions modelled on the 18 water molecules cluster: <ul> <li>closed-shell + closed-shell;</li> <li>closed-shell + radical;</li> <li>radical + radical (2 outcomes);</li> <li>ion-pair formation (2 pathways);</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Raw data for the article "Photocatalyzed [2sigma + 2sigma] and [2sigma + 2pi] cycloadditions for the synthesis of bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes and 5- or 6-membered carbocycles"
<p>Raw NMR, IR and MS data for the article "Photocatalyzed [2sigma + 2sigma] and [2sigma + 2pi] cycloadditions for the synthesis of bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes and 5- or 6-membered carbocycles" published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, DOI: </p><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c09789">https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c09789 </a></p><p>The number of the folders either correspond to compounds numbers in the article or the name of the folder is self-describing. All details concerning conditions and equipment for measurements can be found in the supporting information of the article. For convenience, the word file version of the supporting information can be found on the top of the raw data folder.</p>
Code and tables for main figures of Synthesis of the land carbon fluxes of the Amazon region between 2010 and 2020
<p>Code and tables to reproduce the main figures (2a,2b,3a,3b,4a,5a) of Synthesis of the land carbon fluxes of the Amazon region between 2010 and 2020.</p> <p> </p>
Enhanced mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis in pathologic alpha-synuclein cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease
<p>Pathologic alpha-synuclein plays an important role in the pathogenesis of alpha-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Disruption of proteostasis is thought to be central to pathologic alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) toxicity; however, the molecular mechanism of this deregulation is poorly understood. Here we report that pathologic alpha-syn activates the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) leading to enhanced mRNA translation via binding tuberous sclerosis protein (TSC) 2 and destabilizing the TSC1-TSC2 complex. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of mTOR and protein synthesis rescue the dopamine neuron loss, behavioral deficits, and aberrant biochemical signaling in the alpha-syn preformed fibril (PFF) and Drosophila alpha-syn transgenic models of pathologic alpha-syn induced degeneration. Our findings establish a potential molecular mechanism by which pathologic alpha-syn activates mTORC1 leading to enhanced protein synthesis and concomitant neurodegeneration in PD.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.