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opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Fig. 6. U in Data On The Reproductive Biology Of The Satanic Leaf-Tailed Gecko, Uroplatus Phantasticus (Squamata, Gekkonidae), At The Bion Terrarium Center As A Contribution To Ex Situ Offspring Programs

Fig. 6. U. phantasticus hatchlings; the one in the right corner has not molt yet.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Craniodental traits predict feeding performance and dietary hardness in a community of Neotropical free-tailed bats (Chiroptera: Molossidae)

Form-function studies have established a strong link between dental morphology and the mechanical properties of food items, with animals evolving tooth shapes theoretically ideal for their diets. However, information on how teeth perform under natural conditions is rare, which limits our understanding of how dental morphology influences dietary ecology and niche partitioning within animal communities. Free-tailed bats (Chiroptera: Molossidae) are a diverse clade of aerial insectivorous mammals that exhibit an outstanding variation in size and craniodental traits, which have been directly related to ecological segregation among sympatric species. We investigate the mechanisms that allow functional dietary specialization and trophic segregation among sympatric free-tailed bat species inhabiting a Neotropical forest. To do so, we coupled data on 3D dental topographic metrics, head and skull dimensions, field-collected feeding performance and dietary hardness measurements. We found that evolved differences in molar topography and skull size vary in tandem with the mechanical demands of prey items naturally consumed by sympatric molossid species. This may be explained by feeding performance capabilities resulting from both molar shape and the overall size of the feeding apparatus, which seem to allow efficient processing of prey items with specific mechanical properties. For instance, smaller bats with higher molar topographic values (sharper, more complex molars) and more gracile heads mainly feed on softer insects, whereas bigger bats with lower molar topographic values (blunter, less complex molars) and more robust heads mostly feed on tougher insects. Species with a broader range of sizes, craniodental morphologies, and insect hardness are also present in the community. Our results illustrate how the morphology and size of feeding structures, and how they perform, may facilitate trophic segregation among sympatric insectivorous bats. Similar mechanisms may help structure other communities of insectivorous mammals, therefore the approaches presented here could be used to generate a better understanding of the ecomorphological traits and processes that underlie their diversity.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data from "Evidence of attack deflection suggests adaptive evolution of wing tails in butterflies"

Predation is a powerful selective force shaping many behavioural and morphological traits in prey species. The deflection of predator attacks from vital parts of the prey usually involves the coordinated evolution of prey body shape and colour. Here, we test the deflection effect of hindwing tails in the swallowtail butterfly Iphiclides podalirius. In this species, hindwings display long tails associated with a conspicuous colour pattern. By surveying the wings within a wild population of I. podalirius, we observed that wing damage was much more frequent on the tails. We then used a standardised behavioural assay employing dummy butterflies with real I. podalirius wings to study the location of attacks by great tits Parus major. Wing tails and conspicuous coloration of the hindwings were struck more often than the rest of the body by birds. Finally, we characterised the mechanical properties of fresh wings and found that the tail vein was more fragile than the others, suggesting facilitated escape ability of butterflies attacked at this location. Our results clearly support the deflective effect of hindwing tails and suggest that predation is an important selective driver of the evolution of wing tails and colour pattern in butterflies.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Dopamine activity in the tail of the striatum, DeepLabCut and MoSeq during novel object exploration

In this study, we characterized dynamics of novelty exploration using multi-point tracking (DeepLabCut) and behavioral segmentation (MoSeq). Mice were habituated in an arena, and then a object was placed at the corner of the arena. We compared 4 groups of mice: one with presentation of a novel object (stimulus novelty), one with a presentation of a familiar object (contextual novelty), one with presentation of a novel object after ablation of dopamine neuorns that project to the tail of the striatum (TS), and one with presentation of a novel object after sham surgery. With a separate group of mice, dopamine activity in TS was recorded during novelty exploration.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Systemic application of the TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874 induces tail vasodilation in a mouse model of thermoregulation

In humans, skin is a primary thermoregulatory organ, with vasodilation leading to rapid body cooling, whereas in Rodentia the tail performs an analogous function. Many thermodetection mechanisms are likely to be involved including transient receptor potential vanilloid-type 4 (TRPV4), an ion channel with thermosensitive properties. Previous studies have shown that TRPV4 is a vasodilator by local action in blood vessels, so here we investigated whether constitutive TRPV4 activity effects Mus muscularis tail vascular tone and thermoregulation. We measured tail blood flow by pressure plethysmography in lightly sedated Mus muscularis (CD1 strain) at a range of ambient temperatures, with and without intraperitoneal administration of the blood brain barrier crossing TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874. We also measured heart rate and blood pressure. As expected for a thermoregulatory organ, we found that tail blood flow increased with temperature. However, unexpectedly we found that GSK2193874 increased tail blood flow at all temperatures, and we observed changes in heart rate variability. Since local TRPV4 activation causes vasodilation that would increase tail blood-flow, these data suggest that increases in tail blood flow resulting from the TRPV4 antagonist may arise from a site other than the blood vessels themselves, perhaps in central cardiovascular control centres.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Temporal variability of the westward Labrador Current transport at the Tail of the Grand Banks - Dataset

Dataset used in the manuscript "Temporal variability of the westward Labrador Current transport at the Tail of the Grand Banks", submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans. This dataset is derived from the Atlantic HYCOM stored in US ERDC archive.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Black-tailed Gull GPS foraging trip data and acceleration raw data

Areas at which seabirds forage intensively can be discriminated by tracking the individuals' at-sea movements. However, such tracking data may not accurately reflect the birds' exact foraging locations. In addition to tracking data, gathering information on the dynamic body acceleration of individual birds may refine inferences on their foraging activity. Our aim was to classify the foraging behaviors of surface-feeding seabirds using data on their body acceleration and use this signal to discriminate areas where they forage intensively. Accordingly, we recorded the foraging movements and body acceleration data from seven and ten black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris) in 2017 and 2018, respectively, using GPS loggers and accelerometers. By referring to video footage of flying and foraging individuals, we were able to classify flying (flapping flight, gliding, and hovering), foraging (surface plunging, hop plunging, and swimming), and maintenance (drifting, preening, etc.) behaviors using the speed, body angle, and cycle and amplitude of body acceleration of the birds. Foraging areas determined from acceleration data corresponded roughly with sections of low speed and area-restricted searching (ARS) identified from the GPS tracks. However, this study suggests that the occurrence of foraging behaviors may be overestimated based on low-speed trip sections, because birds may exhibit long periods of reduced movement devoted to maintenance. Opposite, the ARS-based approach may underestimate foraging behaviors since birds can forage without conducting an ARS. Therefore, our results show that the combined use of accelerometers and GPS tracking helps to adequately determine the important foraging areas of black-tailed gulls. Our approach may contribute to better discriminate ecologically or biologically significant areas in marine environments.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Database of Tailings Deposits and Multidimensional Poverty in Chile

Exploratory database that links the multidimensional poverty averages of municipalities, together with the number of Mine Tailings they own.

Figure 9 in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 9. Number of Cinclodes pabsti nests in laying, incubation, and nestling phenophases, and the total number of active nests out of 52 nesting cavities monitored in the 2010-2011 breeding season in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil.

Figure 7A-7D in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 7A-7D. Nestlings of Cinclodes pabsti recorded in the breeding season of 2010-2011 in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil. (7A and 7B) istribution of brown, natal, down feathers (neossoptiles) in the semi-covered body, with closed eyes and opened ears in the new hatchling; (7C and 7D) body covered by feathers, except for the neossoptiles in the feather cannons of the wings and tail at 11 days of age.

Figure 6A-6B in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 6A-6B. Nest of Cinclodes pabsti from Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil, collected in the breeding season of 2009-2010. (6A) top view; and (6B) side view of Cinclodes pabsti nest showing the shape and materials used in the construction. (Table 3), which were used to form a moderately deep clutch, with the nestlings hatching not more than 4 h apart. cup. In addition to these materials, the pair would deposit The nestling bodies were half-covered with brown, natal chaff and wing and tail feathers of non-Passerine species down feathers (neossoptiles) distributed over the head, along the entrance tunnel over the excreta of the nest- wings, back, sides, thighs, and belly (Figs. 7A and 7B). The lings during the nestling phase, possibly to avoid contact body mass of the nestlings at hatching (n = 18) ranged with it as they entered and exited the nest to attend the from 4.0 to 7.0 g (6.0 ± 1.0 g). The eyes opened partially at nestlings. Owl pellets, fresh sheep droppings, pieces of 4 days of age, and pin feather sheaths developed on the mammal skin with fur, and pellets of wool from sheep wings, tail, and some regions of the back, chest, and belly and wild mammals around the nest were often recorded at 6 days of age. The nestlings were covered by feathers in the nesting chamber of C. pabsti (Table 3). Oviposition at 11 days of age, except for the neossoptiles beside the occurred at 24 h intervals, and incubation began only af- feather sheath in the wings and tail (Figs. 7C and 7D). The ter laying was complete (maximum clutch size of three). nestlings reached their maximum body mass at 16 days The nests remained vacant until laying was complete. of age, ranging from 56 to 63 g (59.6 ± 2.4 g). Nestlings A total of 748 eggs produced in 295 nesting events weighed on average 58.0 ± 4.6 g at the final weigh-in a day in 136 monitored nesting cavities were recorded before leaving the nest, exceeding the average body mass during the three reproduction seasons (Table 4). Most of adults in the breeding season, where the body mass nesting cavities were home to only a single breed- of males was 52.0 ± 2.4 g (n = 6) and that of females was ing event (n = 113 nests), while 55 were home to two 54.4 ± 3.4 g (n = 17) (Table 7). The parental pair removed (n = 110 nests), and 11 were home to three complete and fecal sacs from the nest in the days following the hatching consecutive reproductive events (n = 33 nests), high- of chicks and covered feces along the tunnel floor with lighting the reutilization of cavities within and across several materials as the nestlings grew and the defecation breeding seasons. It was seen that certain cavities were rate increased. The time spent in the cavity by the parents used throughout the year, whereas others were used decreased as the days passed. The parents remained near only during the reproductive season. As a rule, cavities the nesting cavity on the day that the nestlings left the that were used repeatedly during the breeding season nest but were not seen feeding the nestlings. No differwere also used in the non-breeding season. The clutch ences were found in the average morphometric measuresize ranged from 1 to 3 eggs. Three eggs were recorded in ments between the sexes in adults of C. pabsti (Table 7). most of the nests (81%) (Table 5), two eggs in 4.8% of the Figure 8 shows the 148-day breeding chronology nests (n = 14 nests), and only one egg in 1% of the nests of C. pabsti in the 2010-2011 breeding season. It began (n = 3 nests). No egg-laying was observed in 15 finished with the first egg laid on August 15, 2010, and ended nests, while 24 nest cavities were inaccessible (Table 5). with fledgling by the last nestling on January 9, 2011. The eggs of C. pabsti (n = 155) obtained from 57 nests The duration of the reproductive phases of C. pabsti during the three breeding seasons were elliptical in (incubation, nestling, and interval between two reshape, with a pure, translucent white coloration (Table 6). productive events) did not seem to vary a lot between The length ranged from 22.2 to 29.6 mm (27.2 ± 1.3 mm), pairs and breeding events. The incubation phase in the breadth from 17.4 to 22.4 mm (20.9 ± 0.8 mm), and the first reproductive event (n = 25 nests) ranged from the mass from 3.0 to 8.0 g (6.1 ± 0.7 g) (Table 6). 17 to 19 days (17.2 ± 0.5 days) and the nestling phase The nestlings hatched with their ears open and eyes (n = 23 nests) from 17 to 22 days (18.4 ± 1.8 days), while sealed. Hatching was highly synchronous within each the interval between the first and second reproductive

Figure 5A-5F in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 5A-5F. Physical characteristics of cavities used by Cinclodes pabsti as nesting cavities between 2008 and 2011 in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil. (5A) number of nesting cavities by soil/substrate types; (5B) number of cavities by distance class interval of cavity entrance from the top of road cuts; (5C) number of cavities by height class interval of cavity entrance from ground; (5D) number of cavities by depth class intervals; (5E) number of cavities by height class interval of cavity entrance; and (5F) number of cavities by width class interval of cavity entrance.

Figure 4 in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 4. Venn diagram showing the reuse of cavities by Cinclodes pabsti between the breeding seasons of 2008-2009, 2009-2010, and 2010-2011 in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil.

Figure 2A-2B in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 2A-2B. Hand-held net used to capture adult birds of Cinclodes pabsti in their nests in the breeding seasons of 2008-2011 in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil.

Figure 3A-3D in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 3A-3D. Road cuts with the presence of holes used by Cinclodes pabsti as nesting cavities in the breeding seasons of 2008-2011 in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil. (3A) road cut with the presence of one nesting cavity in the B horizon of Inceptisol; (3B) researcher taking the measurements of the hole; (3C) road cut with the presence of several cavities side by side in the thin organic soil layer; (3D) detail of cavity proximity from the top of the road cut.

Figure 8 in Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Figure 8. Breeding chronology of Cinclodes pabsti during the breeding season of 2010-2011 based on the monitoring of eight nests in three nesting cavities in Campos de Cima da Serra, southern Brazil. Scheme of phenophases based on Faria et al. (2008), evidencing: 08/15/2011 – Beginning of the 2010-2011 breeding season with the laying of the first egg in the nest of nesting cavity NC09 [Nesting Cavity 09]; 08/18/2010 – Beginning of the incubation phase of three eggs in the nest of the nesting cavity NC09 [Nesting Cavity 09]; and 01/09/2011 – End of the 2010-2011 breeding season with the nestlings fledgling from the nesting cavity NC10 [Nesting Cavity 10].

Figure 21 in Breeding behavior, distribution, and conservation of the Sharp-tailed Tyrant Culicivora caudacuta (Vieillot, 1818) (Aves: Tyrannidae), a South American grassland specialist

Figure 21. Records of Culicivora caudacuta. Yellow stars indicate museum specimens, dots indicate other categories of records. See Appendix 1 for details.

Figure 22 in Breeding behavior, distribution, and conservation of the Sharp-tailed Tyrant Culicivora caudacuta (Vieillot, 1818) (Aves: Tyrannidae), a South American grassland specialist

Figure 22. Culicivora caudacuta habitat occupation by Eucalyptus sp. monoculture, Araxá, Ribeirão do Inferno (07 May 2014). Photo: RSS.

Figure 1 in Breeding behavior, distribution, and conservation of the Sharp-tailed Tyrant Culicivora caudacuta (Vieillot, 1818) (Aves: Tyrannidae), a South American grassland specialist

Figure 1. Adult Sharp-tailed Tyrant Culicivora caudacuta, (11 October 2011), Patrocínio, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Photo: RSS.

Figure 20 in Breeding behavior, distribution, and conservation of the Sharp-tailed Tyrant Culicivora caudacuta (Vieillot, 1818) (Aves: Tyrannidae), a South American grassland specialist

Figure 20. Specimen of young Culicivora caudacuta at Zoologische Staatssammlung München. Photo: Markus Unsöld.