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Dodd Frank financial reform at the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC): Public comments, January 14th, 2010 – July 16th, 2014
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Trait variation, trade-offs, and attributes may contribute to colonization and range expansion of a globally distributed weed
Premise of the study Trait variation, trade-offs, and attributes can facilitate colonization and range expansion. We explored how those trait features compare between ancestral and non-native populations of the globally distributed weed Centaurea solstitialis. Methods We measured traits related to survival, size, reproduction, and dispersal in field sampling following major environmental gradients; that of elevation in Anatolia (ancestral range) and that of precipitation in Argentina (non-native range). We also estimated abundance. Key results We found that overall variation in traits in ancestral populations was similar to that in non-native populations. Only one trait, seed mass, displayed greater variation in ancestral than non-native populations; coincidentally, seed mass has been shown to track global range expansion of C. solstitialis. Traits displayed several associations, among which seed mass and number were positively related in both ranges. Many traits varied with elevation in the ancestral range, whereas none varied with precipitation in the non-native one. Interestingly, most traits varying with elevation within the ancestral range also displayed differences in attributes between ancestral and non-native ranges. Unexpectedly, ancestral plants were more fecund than non-native plants, but density was greater in the non-native than ancestral range, indicating that C. solstitialis survives at larger proportions in the non-native than ancestral range. Conclusions Our results suggest that maintaining levels of trait variation in non-native populations comparable to those in ancestral populations, avoiding trait trade-offs, and developing differences in trait attributes between ranges can play a major role in the success of many weeds in novel environments.
Trait-specific trade-offs prevent niche expansion in two parasites
<p>Data and analyses for a condensed version of the manuscript "Trait-specific trade-offs prevent niche expansion in two parasites" by Lievens et al., on bioRxiv at https://doi.org/10.1101/621581. The only difference with the previous version of this package (doi 10.5281/zenodo.3476544) is that some lines were analyzed separately to improve the readability of the manuscript (i.e. a slightly different analysis file).</p>
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Trade-offs between biodiversity and agriculture are moving targets in dynamic landscapes
<ol> <li>Understanding how biodiversity responds to intensifying agriculture is critical to mitigating the trade-offs between them. These trade-offs are particularly strong in tropical and subtropical deforestation frontiers, yet it remains unclear how changing landscape context in such frontiers alters agriculture-biodiversity trade-offs.</li> <li>We focus on the Argentinean Chaco, a global deforestation hotspot, to explore how landscape context shapes trade-off curves between agricultural intensity and avian biodiversity. We use a space-for-time approach and integrate a large field dataset of bird communities (197 species, 234 survey plots), three agricultural intensity metrics (meat yield, energy yield and profit), and a range of environmental covariates in a hierarchical Bayesian occupancy framework.</li> <li>Woodland extent in the landscape consistently determines how individual bird species, and the bird community as a whole, respond to agricultural intensity. Many species switch in their fundamental response, from decreasing occupancy with increased agricultural intensity when woodland extent in the landscape is low (loser species), to increasing occupancy with increased agricultural intensity when woodland extent is high (winner species).</li> <li>This suggests that landscape context strongly mediates who wins and loses along agricultural intensity gradients. Likewise, where landscapes change, such as in deforestation frontiers, the very nature of the agriculture-biodiversity trade-offs can change as landscapes transformation progresses.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis and applications</i>. Schemes to mitigate agriculture-biodiversity trade-offs, such as land sparing or sharing, must consider landscape context. Strategies that are identified based on a snapshot of data risk failure in dynamic landscapes, particularly where agricultural expansion continues to reduce natural habitats. Rather than a single, fixed strategy, adaptive management of agriculture-biodiversity trade-offs is needed in such situations. Here we provide a toolset for considering changing landscape contexts when exploring such trade-offs. This can help to better align agriculture and biodiversity in tropical and subtropical deforestation <a>frontiers.</a> </li> </ol>
Potential evolutionary trade-off between feeding and stability in Cambrian cinctan echinoderms
<p>Reconstructing the function and behaviour of extinct groups of echinoderms is problematic because there are no modern analogues for their aberrant body plans. Cinctans, an enigmatic group of Cambrian echinoderms, exemplify this problem: their asymmetrical body plan differentiates them from all living species. Here, we used computational fluid dynamics to analyse the functional performance of cinctans without assuming an extant comparative model. Three-dimensional models of six species from across cinctan phylogeny were used in computer simulations of water flow. The results demonstrate that cinctans with strongly flattened bodies produced much less drag than species characterized by dorsal protuberances or swellings, suggesting the former were more stable on the seafloor. However, unlike the flattened forms, cinctans with high-relief bodies were able to passively direct flow towards the mouth and associated food grooves, indicating that they were capable of more efficient feeding on particles suspended in the water. This study provides evidence of a previously unknown evolutionary trade-off between feeding and stability in Cambrian cinctan echinoderms.</p>
Trade-off between vegetation type, soil erosion control and surface water in global semi-arid regions: A meta-analysis
<p>Soil erosion control and water resource protection can closely interact during restoration of terrestrial ecosystems. In semi‐arid ecosystems, an urgent issue is how vegetation restoration can achieve the goal of soil erosion mitigation and water conservation, which in turn, feeds back to ecosystem functioning.</p> <p>We reviewed 78 articles from 22 countries in semi‐arid areas to evaluate the effects of vegetation type (i.e. forest, grassland and scrubland) on runoff and sediment yields across different environmental conditions (i.e. vegetation coverage, rainfall intensity, slope gradient and soil texture).</p> <p>Our meta‐analysis shows that runoff and sediment reduction both increased as the vegetation coverage increased, and tended to be stable when vegetation coverage exceeded 60%. Vegetation provided a greater benefit for sediment reduction than for runoff control under intense rainfall. Grasslands were generally more effective in reducing sediment than other vegetation types. Forests, grasslands and scrublands were most efficient in soil erosion control on 20°–30°, 0°–25° and 10°–25° slopes respectively. Grasslands and scrublands generally performed better with respect to soil erosion control on moderately coarse soils, whereas forests were most effective on medium‐textured and moderately fine soils.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications. Effective restoration and soil erosion control in semi‐arid ecosystems strongly depends on the selection of vegetation type. Our study further indicates that, for land managers, it is critical to consider local slope, and soil texture, and maintain appropriate vegetation coverage to achieve ecosystem sustainability. Grasslands might be particularly suitable to optimize the trade‐off between soil erosion control and surface water resource in semi‐arid regions.</p>
Evolutionary trade-offs may interact with physiological constraints to maintain color variation
<p>Animal coloration is a multifaceted trait with many ecological roles and related to a variety of developmental and physiological processes. Consequently, coloration is often subject to a variety of selective pressures, leading to the evolutionary maintenance of variation. In this study, we investigated hypotheses related to the maintenance of dorsal color variation in wood frogs (<i>Rana sylvatica</i>). First, we tested for multimodality, and whether color correlates with body size or condition or varies by sex or age-class. We combined behavioral trials with visual modeling to test for sex recognition. We also considered visual models for predators and tested for an interaction between discriminability indexes (JND) of color channel (chromatic vs. achromatic) and predator type (birds vs. snakes), as well as for a within individual trade-off between the JND of chromatic and achromatic coloration. Finally, we tested for disruptive viability selection on color using predation trials, and for antagonistic directional selection between viability selection and reproductive investment of females. We found that wood frogs present continuous color variation that does not correlate with body size or condition, but that changes with age. Wood frogs present subtle sexual dichromatism, but we found no evidence for a role of color in sex recognition. Instead, we discuss the possibility that sex differences might, at least in part, have a demographic explanation. Predator visual models indicated that wood frogs cannot solely rely on dorsal coloration for camouflage. Moreover, different predators might present selective pressures in different color channels, while individuals' achromatic and chromatic coloration trade-off in JND. Therefore, different selective pressures caused by different predators might interact with ontogenetic changes and developmental/physiological trade-offs to maintain color variation. We found no relationship between color and survival or reproductive investment, suggesting further work is required to fully understand selection on color. Our results highlight the importance of understanding evolutionary trade-offs and developmental/physiological constraints in combination with one another, and suggest the potential for an interaction between these proximate and ultimate mechanisms in the evolutionary maintenance of variation. These results likely extend beyond color expression in amphibians, and exemplify a more general process for such evolutionary outcomes.</p>
Global Energy Virtual Water Trade Network and Country Electricity Water Footprints
<p>Global energy trade accounts for between 22 and 32% of total energy consumption, approximately 2.0 x 10<sup>11</sup> GJ of energy. Based on concepts of the energy-water nexus and water footprinting, we determine the water intensity of the energy trade for 11 different energy commodities, including primary (i.e., fossil fuels) and secondary (i.e., electricity) energy. In this data description, we present a database on the water footprint of country-to-country energy trade for 2010--2018 and water intensity values of electricity for each country. The database includes the country of origin, trade partner, type of energy commodity, quantity traded, value of the energy trade, a mean water footprint value in m<sup>3</sup>, and an estimated range of uncertainty water footprint. These data provide the basis for assessing international virtual water trade, water scarcity concerns, and the environmental implications for a changing global energy system. </p>
Datasets associated with paper "Heterotrophic eukaryotes show a fast-slow continuum, not a gleaner-exploiter trade-off"
<p>This contains 6 data files used in the analysis of the paper "Heterotrophic eukaryotes show a fast-slow continuum, not a gleaner-exploiter trade-off", and one file describing their contents in detail. </p> <p>Kiorboe_and_Hirst_dataset_edited_2020_03_21.csv</p> <p>FoRAGE_dataset_edited_2020_03_21.csv</p> <p>FoRAGE_dataset_taxonomic_info_edited_2020_03_21</p> <p>FoRAGE_dataset_with_outliers_raw.csv</p> <p>Growth_ingestion_dataset_raw.csv</p> <p>Litchman_2007_phytoplankton_Vmax_and_affinity_data.csv<br> </p> <p>The primary contents of these files are compiled parameter estimates of the clearance, ingestion and growth rates of heterotrophic organisms. These have largely been taken from two published data compilations:</p> <p>Kiørboe T, Hirst AG (2014) Shifts in mass scaling of respiration, feeding, and growth rates across life-form transitions in marine pelagic organisms. Am Nat 183(4):E118-30. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/675241">https://doi.org/10.1086/675241</a></p> <p>Uiterwaal SF, Lagerstrom IT, Lyon SR, DeLong JP (2018) Data paper: FoRAGE (Functional Responses from Around the Globe in all Ecosystems) database: a compilation of functional responses for consumers and parasitoids. bioRxiv doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/503334">https://doi.org/10.1101/503334</a> <br> </p> <p>The data files are described in detail in 'Data description.txt'.</p> <p>Scripts to analyse this data can be found at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4002083">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4002083</a> . The paper associated with the data and scripts, will be linked to here when published. </p>
EU peacebuilding's new khaki: exceptionalist militarism in the trading of good governed for military-capable states
<p>This data set compiles all 504 projects financed by the EU's Instrument contributing to Stability and Peace from 2014 to 2019. The compilation was done using data from the following sources:</p> <p>https://icspmap.eu/ and https://icspmap.eu/pdf/?format= [Last report generated at 2/02/2020]</p> <p>https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/files/</p> <p>Projects' website from EU Commission and implementing partners' website.</p>
Data from: Demography, life history trade-offs, and the gastrointestinal virome of wild chimpanzees
<p>In humans, senescence increases susceptibility to viral infection. However, comparative data on viral infection in free-living non-human primates—even in our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos (<i>Pan troglodytes</i> and <i>P. paniscus</i>)—are relatively scarce, thereby constraining an evolutionary understanding of age-related patterns of viral infection. We investigated a population of wild eastern chimpanzees (<i>P. t. schweinfurthii</i>), using metagenomics to characterize viromes (full viral communities) in the feces of 42 sexually mature chimpanzees (22 males, 20 females) from the Kanyawara and Ngogo communities in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We identified 12 viruses from at least four families with genomes of both single-stranded RNA and single-stranded DNA. Although fecal viromes of both sexes varied with chimpanzee age, viral richness increased with age in males but not in females. This effect was largely due to three viruses, salivirus, porprismacovirus, and chimpanzee stool-associated RNA virus (chisavirus), which occurred more frequently in samples from older males. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that selection on males for early-life reproduction compromises investment in somatic maintenance, which has delayed consequences for health later in life, in this case reflected in viral infection and/or shedding. Fecal viromes may be useful for studying processes related to the divergent reproductive strategies of males and females, aging, and sex differences in longevity.</p>
Disentangling the roles of bottom-up and top-down drivers in the trade-off between food acquisition and safety in prey with multiple predators
1. Prey face a trade-off between acquiring food and avoiding predation, but food availability, and therefore its effect, is rarely measured in field studies investigating non-lethal effects of predation. The main aim of this study is to investigate the role of the presence of predators in the functional adjustments of feeding parameters with patch quality in a medium-size herbivore. 2. In Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe), we set up an experiment by manipulating, over two years, patch quality for impala (Aepyceros melampus), a medium-sized herbivore. We assess predation risk by monitoring the presence of three GPS-equipped predators: African lions (Panthera leo), spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) and African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). 3. In enriched, fertilised plots the impalas reduced step rates (i.e. the rates of change in feeding stations), and increased their number of bites per feeding station while bite rates were not affected. Thus, the main adjustment of their feeding was the step rate. The total time the impalas spent vigilant appeared to be a good predictor of the variation of their bite rate. Although vigilance caused a reduction in bite rate when at a feeding station, the impalas reduced the relative costs of vigilance by continuing chewing and processing their food when scanning for predators. 4. When predators were in the vicinity, the impalas increased their exclusive vigilance (high-cost vigilance) but not their vigilance while chewing (low-cost vigilance) and decreased their bite rate while their step rate and the number of bites per feeding station did not change significantly. The impalas were thus visually disconnected from their patch, and reduced their bite rate when actually foraging. Exclusive vigilance increased when both lions and hyaenas were in the vicinity, and when wild dogs were nearby. 5. Patterns of vigilance that altered bite rate were linked to the presence of predators during the previous 24h. Over the long term patch quality was the main determinant of the feeding parameters (step rate and bite rate). This study shows how predators, by affecting the time prey devote to predator detection, shape the functional adjustments of food acquisition by prey to local patch quality.
Lee and Daunizeau choice data from: Trading mental effort for confidence in the metacognitive control of value-based decision-making
<p>Why do we carefully ponder some decisions, but not others? In this work, we derive a computational model of the metacognitive control of decisions or MCD. In brief, we assume that fast and automatic processes first provide an initial (and largely uncertain) representation of options' values, yielding prior estimates of decision difficulty. This uncertain value representation is then refined by deploying cognitive (e.g., attentional, mnesic) resources, the allocation of which is controlled by an effort-confidence tradeoff. Importantly, the anticipated benefit of allocating resources varies in a decision-by-decision manner according to the prior estimate of decision difficulty. The ensuing MCD model predicts choices, response time, subjective feeling of effort, choice confidence, and choice-induced preference change. We test these predictions in a systematic manner, using a dedicated behavioral paradigm. Our results provide a quantitative link between mental effort, choice confidence, and preference reversals, which could inform interpretations of related neuroimaging findings.</p>
Data from: Trade-offs between morphology and thermal niches mediate adaptation in response to competing selective pressures
<p>The effects of climate change - such as increased temperature variability and novel predators – rarely happen in isolation, but it is unclear how organisms cope with multiple stressors simultaneously. To explore this, we grew replicate <i>Paramecium caudatum</i> populations in either constant or variable temperatures and exposed half to predation. We then fit thermal performance curves (TPCs) of intrinsic growth rate (<i>r<sub>max</sub></i>) for each replicate population (<i>N</i> = 12) across seven temperatures (10°C - 38°C). TPCs of <i>P. caudatum</i> exposed to both temperature variability and predation responded only to one or the other (but not both), resulting in unpredictable outcomes. These changes in TPCs were accompanied by changes in cell morphology. Although cell volume was conserved across treatments, cells became narrower in response to temperature variability and rounder in response to predation. Our findings suggest that predation and temperature variability produce conflicting pressures on both thermal performance and cell morphology. Lastly, we found a strong correlation between changes in cell morphology and TPC parameters in response to predation, suggesting that responses to opposing selective pressures could be constrained by trade-offs. Our results shed new light on how environmental and ecological pressures interact to elicit changes in characteristics at both the individual and population levels. We further suggest that morphological responses to interactive environmental forces may modulate population-level responses, making prediction of long-term responses to environmental change challenging.</p>
Data from: Economics, life history and international trade data for seven turtle species in Malaysia and Indonesian farms
<p class="Body"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We collected data on the wildlife trade of seven turtle and tortoise species endemic to Indonesia and Malaysia (<i>Amyda cartilaginea</i>, <i>Batagur borneoensis</i>, <i>Cuora amboinensis</i>, <i>Carettochelys insculpta</i>, <i>Heosemys annandalii</i>, <i>Heosemys grandis</i>, and <i>Heosemys spinosa</i>). We collated data for: the operations and economics of three breeding farms and one ranching facility; species life-history traits; and species international legal trade and confiscation data. We collected data for the facilities (one in Malaysia and three in Indonesia) using field visits and a semi-structured questionnaire. We conducted a literature review to compile relevant information on species' life-history traits to estimate breeding viability. We downloaded species-specific data on international trade from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Trade Database for the exporting countries (Malaysia and Indonesia) for 2000–2015. We compared legal trade with confiscation data obtained from <span><span>CITES. </span></span>The data in this article can provide insights into the operations of turtle breeding farms in Southeast Asia. The data can be used as a reference for the inspection of breeding farms and for legislative bodies to determine whether captive breeding for select turtle species is feasible.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Linking range wide energetic trade-offs to breeding performance in a long-distance migrant
<p>Understanding how individual trade-offs and carry-over effects along the annual cycle influence fitness is fundamental to unravel population dynamics, but such data is particularly challenging to collect in long-distance migrants. Here, with a full annual cycle perspective of Icelandic whimbrels Numenius phaeopus islandicus, we investigate trade-offs across the entire distribution, assessing migration costs and wintering energetic balance experienced throughout the wintering range (from temperate to tropical regions), and link these to breeding parameters for two wintering regions. We found that Icelandic whimbrels traded-off higher costs of migration with more favourable wintering conditions, in terms of energetic balance. By migrating further, whimbrels experience lower thermoregulatory costs and higher net energetic intake rates, resulting in a more positive energetic balance during winter. However, these differences did not appear to carry-over into the breeding season in terms of measurable effects on laying date (and, consequently, fledging success) or egg volume, suggesting that individual fitness is unlikely to be significantly influenced by previous wintering conditions, although effects on other traits may potentially occur. Nevertheless, Icelandic whimbrels seem to favour wintering locations where the conditions are more advantageous, as the abundance of individuals at the wintering sites reflects the variation in site quality.</p>
Data from: Pervasive cropland in protected areas highlight trade-offs between conservation and food security
<p>Global cropland expansion over the last century caused widespread habitat loss and degradation. Establishment of protected areas aims to counteract the loss of habitats and to slow species extinctions. However, many protected areas also include high levels of habitat disturbance and conversion for uses such as cropland. Understanding where and why this occurs may realign conservation priorities and inform protected area policy in light of competing priorities such as food security. Here we use a new global synthesis cropland dataset to quantify cropland in protected areas globally, and assess their relationship to conservation aims and socio-environmental context. We estimate that cropland occupies 1.4 million km<sup>2</sup> or 6% of global protected area. Cropland occurs across all protected area management types, with 22% occurring in strictly protected areas. Cropland inside protected areas is more prevalent in countries with higher population density, lower income inequality, and with higher agricultural suitability of protected lands. While this phenomenon is dominant in mid-northern latitudes, areas of cropland in protected areas of the tropics and subtropics may present greater trade-offs due to higher levels of both biodiversity and food insecurity. Although area-based targets are prominent in biodiversity goal-setting, our results show that they can mask persistent anthropogenic land uses detrimental to native ecosystem conservation. To ensure the long-term efficacy of protected areas, post-2020 goal setting must link aims for biodiversity and human health and improve monitoring of conservation outcomes in cropland-impacted protected areas.</p>
Data from: Intraspecific divergence and evolution of a life-history trade-off along a successional gradient in Hawaii's Metrosideros polymorpha
The importance of environmental gradients in the diversification of long-lived tree species is poorly understood. Two morphologically distinct varieties of the endemic Hawaiian tree, 'ōhi'a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), are the canopy dominants at alternate extremes of a successional gradient formed by the recurring disturbance of lava flows on east Hawai'i Island. The maintenance of these varieties despite hybridization may be due to disruptive selection at either end of the successional gradient. To test this hypothesis, seeds from three, replicate monotypic stands of each variety on east Hawai'i Island were germinated and the resulting seedlings grown under four combinations of light and nitrogen levels in a greenhouse, and at early- and late-successional field sites. Growth and survivorship measures revealed differential fitness of these varieties in high- and low-light environments in the greenhouse with corresponding differential fitness in early- and late-successional field sites. Unique light-by-nitrogen interaction effects on growth were observed in each variety, and only the late-successional variety appeared to be nitrogen limited. These two varieties exhibit the classic plant life-history trade-off between fast growth in high light and high survivorship in shade, but notably within a single tree species. These findings strongly implicate a role for Hawaii's striking environmental heterogeneity in the emergence of at least two endemic forms of this woody genus.
Data from: Morphological differences between habitats are associated with physiological and behavioural trade-offs in stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Local specialization can be advantageous for individuals and may increase the resilience of the species to environmental change. However, there may be trade-offs between morphological responses and physiological performance and behaviour. Our aim was to test whether habitat-specific morphology of stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) interacts with physiological performance and behaviour at different salinities. We rejected the hypothesis that deeper body shape of fish from habitats with high predation pressure led to decreases in locomotor performance. However, there was a trade-off between deeper body shape and muscle quality. Muscle of deeper-bodied fish produced less force than that of shallow-bodied saltmarsh fish. Nonetheless, saltmarsh fish had lower swimming performance, presumably because of lower muscle mass overall coupled with smaller caudal peduncles and larger heads. Saltmarsh fish performed better in saline water (20 ppt) relative to freshwater and relative to fish from freshwater habitats. However, exposure to salinity affected shoaling behaviour of fish from all habitats and shoals moved faster and closer together compared with freshwater. We show that habitat modification can alter phenotypes of native species, but local morphological specialization is associated with trade-offs that may reduce its benefits.
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