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536 results for “Tyrannosaurus rex”
FIGURE 31 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 31. Horizontal slices through the endocranial cavity of FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Each slice is 0.5 mm thick; spacing between slices is 5 mm, with the dorsalmost slice at A and ventralmost at F. Broad separation of the ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary-mandibular (V2,3) branches of the trigeminal nerve can be seen. Abbreviations in Appendix 1.
FIGURE 25 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 25. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Quadrate pneumaticity. A, Ventral view of left quadrate, showing external appearance of condylar and quadrate recesses. B, Sagittal slice through right quadrate showing divergence of quadrate and condylar recesses. C, Horizontal slice through right quadrate showing same divergence. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations.
FIGURE 19 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 19. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Dorsolateral view through right antorbital fenestra, showing right palatine and associated structures. B, CT slice through skull (see C for plane of section), passing through palatine at level of foramen for palatine recess. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations. Photograph by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 44 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 44. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Coronal CT sections through right jaw. Slices go from anterior (A) to posterior (C) and are separated by 1.4 cm each. A small channel (saf2) extends from the surangular channel to the articular antrum. Abbreviations in Appendix 1.
FIGURE 13 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 13. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Internal morphology of maxilla from coronal CT imagery. A, Slice through promaxillary recess anterior to promaxillary fenestra. B, Slice through promaxillary fenestra. C, Slice through maxillary fenestra. D, Slice immediately behind maxillary fenestra, passing through caudal antromaxillary fenestra. E, Cartoon showing approximate location of each slice. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations.
FIGURE 12 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 12. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Cartoon of lateral view of skull showing distribution of alveolar and circumfenestral rows of mental foramina. B, Closeup of single mental foramen from right maxilla, showing imprint of ramifying nerve.
FIGURE 9 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 9. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Right stapes. A, posterolateral view, showing entry of stapes into external otic recess. B, lateral view. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 8 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 8. FMNH PR2081, maxillary and promaxillary fenestrae. Top: anterior portion of right antorbital fossa, lateral view. Bottom: oblique posterolateral view of cast of skull; promaxillary fenestra is visible as a small opening anterior to maxillary fenestra. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations.
FIGURE 1 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships among theropods and (inset) within Tyrannosauridae as applied herein. Theropod phylogeny based largely on Sereno (1997, 2001) and Norell et al. (2001); uncertain placement of Herrerasauridae reflects information from Langer (2001), and unresolved "Ceratosauria" is based on Carrano and Sampson (1999). Tyrannosauroid phylogeny based on Currie (2000) and Holtz (2001a).
FIGURE 5 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 5. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Skull in posterior view (A, photograph; B, line interpretation of cranial sutures). Scale = 30 cm. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations.
FIGURE 64 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 64. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Trunk ribs, anterior view. A-H, Right ribs for p14 through p22 (p17 not shown). I-R, Left ribs for p13 through p22. Scale = 30 cm. Right p13 fragment is shown in Figure 73. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 62 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 62. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Cervical ribs, lateral view. A-E, right second (axial) through sixth (p6) ribs. F-I, left second (axial) through fourth (p4) ribs. J, Left seventh (p7) rib. K-M, right ninth and tenth cervical (p9, p10) and first dorsal (p11) rib. Scale = 15 cm. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 52 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 52. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Presacral vertebrae (p2 through p23), dorsal view. A is axis. Scale = 15 cm. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
20 in Gender-Specific Reproductive Tissue in Ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex
20 um. Demineralized fragments of cortical bone from (E) MOR 1125, (F) chicken, (G) emu, and (H) ostrich are shown. A fibrous character dominates all samples. Scale bars for (E), (F), and (H), 30 mm; for (G), 10 mm. Higher magnification of demineralized CB from (I) MOR 1125, (J) emu, and (K) ostrich CB demonstrates the structural similarity between samples, although the MOR 1125 matrix is highly degraded. Scale bars for (I) and (K), 6 um; for (J), 5 um.
tissue exposed to (I) no primary, (]) antibodies to avian collagen I, or (K) collagenase digestion followed by antibodies to avian collagen I, as described {11). Data in (I), (J), and (K) were collected at 149-ms integration. in Analyses of Soft Tissue from Tyrannosaurus rex Suggest the Presence of Protein
tissue exposed to (I) no primary, (]) antibodies to avian collagen I, or (K) collagenase digestion followed by antibodies to avian collagen I, as described {11). Data in (I), (J), and (K) were collected at 149-ms integration.
Fig. 1 in Analyses of Soft Tissue from Tyrannosaurus rex Suggest the Presence of Protein
Fig. 1. AFM images of partially demineralized bones of MOR 1125 (A to D) and emu (E and F). (A) Phase image of MOR 1125 cortical bone imaged in air; (B) deflection image of MOR cortical bone imaged in phosphate-buffered saline; (0 amplitude image of embedded and sectioned MOR medullary bone imaged in air; (D) phase image of MOR 1125 medullary bone imaged in air (note longitudinal and crosssectional orientation of fiber-like structures at right angles to each other); (E) amplitude image of emu cortical bone imaged in air; (F) amplitude image of emu medullary bone imaged in air.
Fig. 3 in Protein sequences from mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex revealed by mass spectrometry
Fig. 3. The LC/MS/MS fragmentation pattern from a 68-million-year-old T. rex peptide. (A) The experimental MS/MS spectrum for the T. rex doubly charged hydroxylated tryptic peptide sequence GVQPP(OH)GPQGPR from femur bone extract identified by LC/MS/MS. (B) The synthetic version of the same sequence. All major fragment ions from the experimental spectrum are in very good alignment with ions from the synthetic version, confirming the sequence. This molecular sequencing evidence of protein from a 68-million-year-old fossilized bone demonstrates excellent preservation of the T. rex femur and the high sensitivity of state-of-the-art MS technology.
Fig. 1 in Comment on "Protein Sequences from Mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex Revealed by Mass Spectrometry"
Fig. 1. Plot of radiocarbon age versus estimated effective collagen degradation temperature for radiocarbon-dated bones from laboratory databases (principally Oxford and Groningen). The line represents the expected calendar age at which 1% of the original collagen remains following a zero-order reaction; almost no bone collagen survives beyond this predicted limit. (Inset) The 99% confidence intervals of amino acid compositions by first two principal component analyses (48% of total variance) for bones from NW Europe aged <11 ky (n = 324), 11 to 110 ky (n = 210), 110 to 130 ky (n = 26), and 130 to 700 ky (n = 31). Pliocene samples are not plotted, as their composition (n = 8) is highly variable and yields of amino acids are low. The orange line indicates a compositional trend observed when compact bone is heated for 32 days at 95°C, which reduces collagen to 1% of the initial concentration [each inflection represents a separate analysis; n = 32)]. The composition becomes more similar to mixed tissue samples (meat and bone meal; n = 32), principally due to the depletion of Gly. An amino acid profile for mammoth is consistent with collagen, unlike the associated sediment sample [data from (11)].
Fig. 2 in Physical evidence of predatory behavior in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 2. CT scans of the fused hadrosaur vertebrae, showing embedded theropod tooth and reactive bone (A–c). Longitudinal slice through the fused vertebrae shows the substantial overgrowth of reactive bone on the outside of the centra, while the articular surfaces remain largely unaffected (A). Two oblique slices through the vertebrae show the embedded theropod tooth in cross-section and the reactive bone that partially surrounds it (B and c). (Scale bars: A, 20 mm and B and c, 10 mm.)
FIGURE 4 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 4. Position vectors for craniocervical muscles of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027; skeletal drawings modified from Paul 1988) with the head and neck held in a ventroflexed posture. Note that the cranial ventroflexors (B) have their highest capacities for ventroflexive accelerations in this posture (Tables 8, 9). These lateral ordinations enable decomposition of x and y components; lateral (z) components are the same as in a neutral posture (Fig. 2). A, M. longissimus capitis superficialis (M. long. cap. sup.) and M. complexus. B, M. longissimus capitis profundus (M. long. cap. prof.) and M. rectus capitis ventralis (M. r. c. v.). C, M. transversospinalis capitis (M. trans. cap.) and M. iliocostalis capitis (M. il. cap.). Muscle vectors and bone outlines follow the shading and dash conventions of Figure 2.
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