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F I G U R E 4 in Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species

F I G U R E 4 Principal component analysis including all morphometric parameters (except third toe length) showing PC1/PC2 (left) and PC3/PC4 (right). Small (M. mittermeieri and M. lehilahytsara) and large (M. sp. #3 and M. macarthurii) lineages differ along PC1, with some differentiation of M. mittermeieri and M. lehilahytsara along both PC1 and PC2, whereas M. sp. #3 and M. macarthurii split along PC3. Clusters corresponding to the five lineages were significantly different from each other (PERMANOVA: F = 36.88; df = 77; p <.001). dia, Mantadia NP; PERMANOVA, permutational multivariate analysis of variances; vala, Ambavala

F I G U R E 2 in Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species

F I G U R E 2 Maximum likelihood tree illustrating the phylogenetic relationships between Microcebus spp. in northeastern Madagascar as inferred by RAxML (based on nuclear sequence data). Sampling locations are indicated at the tips of the branches. Illustration adapted from Poelstra et al. (2020). NP, National Park; SNR, Special Nature Reserve; SR, Special Reserve

F I G U R E 1 in Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species

F I G U R E 1 Map depicting the study region with confirmed species occurrences (Hotaling et al., 2016; Kappeler et al., 2005; Louis et al., 2006; Radespiel et al., 2008, 2012; Weisrock et al., 2010). New sampling locations for this study are indicated with "*" and forest cover in 2017/2018 was derived from Vieilledent et al. (2018) and Schüssler et al. (2020). NP, National Park; SNR, Special Nature Reserve; SR, Special Reserve

F I G U R E 3 in Ecology and morphology of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in a hotspot of microendemism in northeastern Madagascar, with the description of a new species

F I G U R E 3 Selected morphometric measurements of Microcebus spp. in northeastern Madagascar. Comparison based on one‐way ANOVA (p <.001 for all parameters) and grouping (letters above values) according to Tukey post hoc tests. Plots for all parameters in Figure S1. ANOVA, analysis of variance; leh, M. lehilahytsara (at Mantadia NP); mac, M. macarthurii (at Anjiahely); mit, M. mittermeieri (at Anjiahely); sim, M. simmonsi (at Ambodiriana); sp.3, M. sp. #3 (at Ambavala and Antanambe)

FIGURE 33–36. 33 in Description and ecology of a new species of the cricket genus Endecous (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) in the speleological province of Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis, Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 33–36. 33—overview of karst of Pains; 34—main conduit of the Brega cave, type locality of the new specie; 35—Eidmanacris sp., species that co-occurs with Endecous (Endecous) painensis n. sp. in several caves of the region. 36—region near to entrance of the Brega cave.

FIGURE 37 in Description and ecology of a new species of the cricket genus Endecous (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) in the speleological province of Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis, Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 37. Distribution of trait averages referring to the difference of (R and L) of each population of Endecous (Endecous) painensis n. sp. ♀♀ mensured. Legend: (*) — p> 0.05* represent normal distribution, for Shapiro-Wilk test; I, II and III—length of the first, second and third segments present in the apical portion of the maxillary palp; IV—compound eyes area; V—tympanum area; VI—femur III length; VII—tibia III length.

FIGURES 31–32. 31–32 in Description and ecology of a new species of the cricket genus Endecous (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) in the speleological province of Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis, Southeastern Brazil

FIGURES 31–32. 31–32. Endecous (Endecous) painensis n. sp. in situ inside the Brega cave. 31—adult male, 32—adult female.

FIGURE 19 in Description and ecology of a new species of the cricket genus Endecous (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) in the speleological province of Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis, Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 19. Endecous (Endecous) painensis n. sp. holotype legs morphology (ISLA 59121). I–II—first right leg, in interior and exterior view respectively, tympanum (t) highlighted in yellow; III–IV—second right leg, in interior and exterior view respectively, (μ) and (λ) littles spurs at the apex of the tibia; V–VI—third right leg, in interior and exterior view respectively, spurs subapical and apical are highlighted in yellow.

FIGURES 5–10 in Description and ecology of a new species of the cricket genus Endecous (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) in the speleological province of Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis, Southeastern Brazil

FIGURES 5–10. Endecous (Endecous) painensis n. sp. phallic sclerite and copulatory papilla of the paratypes ♂ (ISLA 59126) and ♀ (ISLA 59132). 5—dorsal view (the blue arrow below the endophallic sclerite posterior portion (End.Sc.p) indicates a small region that forms an arc partially sclerotized U-shaped); 6—ventral view (the yellow arrow indicates the endophallic apodema), 7—diagonal view; 8—front view; 9—lateral view (the yellow arrow indicates the endophallic apodema); 10—copulatory papilla. a, dorsal view; b, lateral view; c, ventral view. Abbreviations: Ps.arm, pseudepiphallic arm; Ps.db, pseudepiphallic dorsal branch; Ps.im, pseudepiphallic interior projection; Ps.ib, pseudepiphallic sclerite inner bars; Ps.ms, pseudepiphallic membranous shield; A, pseudepiphallic ventral branch (also known as sclerite A (vide Desutter 1990)); Ps.P, pseudepiphallic paramere; Ect.Arc, ectophallic arc; Ect.lb, ectophallic lateral bar; Ect.mp, ectophallic median projection; Ect.Ap, ectophallic apodeme; End.Sc.a, endophallic sclerite anterior portion; End.

FIGURES 11–18 in Description and ecology of a new species of the cricket genus Endecous (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) in the speleological province of Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis, Southeastern Brazil

FIGURES 11–18. Endecous (Endecous) painensis n. sp. holotype morphology (ISLA 59121). 11—12–head in front, lateral and superior view respectively; 13—pronotum, dorsal view; 14—tegmina, dorsal view; 15—right tegmen and pronotum, lateral view; 16—subgenital and supranal plate, phallic sclerite, in lateral view; 17—subgenital plate, ventral view; 18—supranal, dorsal view. Abbreviations: m., mirror; h., harp; b.f., basal field; l.f., lateral field.

FIGURE 2 in Description and ecology of a new species of the cricket genus Endecous (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) in the speleological province of Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis, Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 2. Map of the municipality of Pains, with highlight in three caves (red points) where female populations were sampled ♀♀ adults for comparison of fluctuating asymmetry. I and II, Brega cave and Mastodonte cave (relatively distant from the mining areas), III Paranoá cave (next to a mining).

FIGURE 4 in Description and ecology of a new species of the cricket genus Endecous (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) in the speleological province of Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis, Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 4. Bilateral structures measured metricament in females ♀♀ adults. Legend: 1–3: length of first, second and third maxillary palpomers; 4—compound eyes area; 5—tympanum area; 6—femur III length; 7—tibia III length.

FIGURE 3 in Description and ecology of a new species of the cricket genus Endecous (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) in the speleological province of Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis, Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 3. Illustration drawing of the trap used by us with recyclable plastic bottles, for sampling of crickets Endecous in the caves.

FIGURES 20–25 in Description and ecology of a new species of the cricket genus Endecous (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) in the speleological province of Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis, Southeastern Brazil

FIGURES 20–25. Right tegmen of Endecous (Endecous) painensis n. sp. in dorsal and lateral view. 20—holotype (ISLA 59121); 21—examined individual (ISLA 15349); 22—examined individual (ISLA 59135); 23—examined individual (ISLA 15381); 24examined individual (ISLA 59133); 25—examined individual (ISLA 59134).

FIGURES 26–30 in Description and ecology of a new species of the cricket genus Endecous (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) in the speleological province of Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis, Southeastern Brazil

FIGURES 26–30. Endecous (Endecous) painensis n. sp. ♀ ISLA (59131). 26—ovipositor, lateral view; 27—supranal plate, dorsal view; 28—subgenital plate, ventral view; 29 and 30—ovipositor apex, in lateral and ventral view respectively.

FIGURE 1 in Description and ecology of a new species of the cricket genus Endecous (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) in the speleological province of Arcos-Pains-Doresópolis, Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. (A and B). (A) South America map highlighting the Bambuí carbonatic group which covers the State of Minas Gerais; (B) Caves distributed in the municipalities of Arcos, Córrego Fundo, Doresópolis and Pains where the species co-occur Endecous painensis n. sp. and Eidmanacris sp.

FIGURE 27. Selected morphometric features for 34 in Systematic revision of the flatfish genus Peltorhamphus Günther, 1862 (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes: Rhombosoleidae), including description of a new species from Southeastern New Zealand, with biological and ecological summaries for the species

FIGURE 27. Selected morphometric features for 34 specimens of Peltorhamphus kryptostomus n. sp. 33.2–145.1 mm SL. A-D. Body depth (BD), Head length (HL), Head width (HW), and Ocular-side pectoral fin (OSP) expressed as percent of SL versus SL (in mm), respectively. E–J. Dorsal head width (DHW), Snout length (SNL), Eye diameter (ED), Interorbital width (IO), Upper jaw length (UJL), and Eye to upper mouth distance (EUM) expressed as percent of HL versus HL (in mm), respectively.

FIGURE 25. Peltorhamphus kryptostomus n in Systematic revision of the flatfish genus Peltorhamphus Günther, 1862 (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes: Rhombosoleidae), including description of a new species from Southeastern New Zealand, with biological and ecological summaries for the species

FIGURE 25. Peltorhamphus kryptostomus n. sp., holotype (NMNZ P.046433, 75.8 mm SL), freshly frozen, thawed; Aramoana Flats, Otago Harbour, South Island, New Zealand. Photo: C. Struthers.

FIGURE 24 in Systematic revision of the flatfish genus Peltorhamphus Günther, 1862 (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes: Rhombosoleidae), including description of a new species from Southeastern New Zealand, with biological and ecological summaries for the species

FIGURE 24. Comparisons of selected morphometric features of Peltorhamphus latus and P. kryptostomus n. sp. as percent of HL versus HL (in mm). A. Eye to upper mouth distance (EUM). B. Eye diameter (ED). C. Interorbital width (IO). D. Upper jaw length (UJL).

FIGURE 23. Selected morphometric features for 91 in Systematic revision of the flatfish genus Peltorhamphus Günther, 1862 (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes: Rhombosoleidae), including description of a new species from Southeastern New Zealand, with biological and ecological summaries for the species

FIGURE 23. Selected morphometric features for 91 specimens of Peltorhamphus latus 43.0–133.4 mm SL. A–D. Body depth (BD), Head length (HL), Head width (HW), and Ocular-side pectoral fin (OSP) expressed as percent of SL versus SL (in mm), respectively. E–J. Dorsal head width (DHW), Snout length (SNL), Eye diameter (ED), Interorbital width (IO), Upper jaw length (UJL), and Eye to upper mouth distance (EUM) expressed as percent of HL versus HL (in mm), respectively.