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Figure 7 in Noble savages: human-independent Rattus rats in Japan

Figure 7. Habitat of brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) in riparian birch forest, Daisetsuzan National Park, Hokkaido.

Figure 6 in Noble savages: human-independent Rattus rats in Japan

Figure 6. Habitat of brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) in large natural wetland, Kushiro-Shitsugen National Park, Hokkaido.

Figure 4 in Noble savages: human-independent Rattus rats in Japan

Figure 4. Habitat of Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi) in subtropical evergreen forest near Bonotsu, Kyushu.

Figure 2 in Noble savages: human-independent Rattus rats in Japan

Figure 2. Habitat of Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi) in ancient forest of giant Japanese horse chestnuts (Aesculus turbinata) at Torii Pass, Honshu.

Figure 1 in Noble savages: human-independent Rattus rats in Japan

Figure 1. Locations of study sites in Japan. (a) Sites more than 1 km from human habitat where no Rattus rats were detected; (b) sites where brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) was detected more than 1 km from human settlements; (c) records of brown rat far from human settlements made by earlier surveys (Ota 1968; Abe et al. 1971; Maekawa et al. 2002); (d) sites where brown rat was detected in natural habitats but less than 1 km from human settlements, (e) sites where Asian house rat (R. tanezumi) was detected more than 1 km from human settlements within its possible native range. 1 – Kiritappu Marsh, 2 – Kushiro Marsh, 3 – Daisetsuzan National Park, 4 – Torii Pass, 5 – Kasuga Primaeval Forest, 6 – Hokigamine Forest Park, 7 – Bogatsuru Marsh, 8 – Bonotsu area, 9 – Aso Bay Park. Omitted are records of Asian house rat from the Ogasawara Islands and central and southern Ryukyu Islands, where it is known to be non-native.

opennotspecifiedMar 2004View details →

FIGURE 1 in Using the size independent discriminant analysis to distinguish the species of Myliobatis Cuvier (Batoidea: Myliobatidae) from Brazil

FIGURE 1: Morphometric characters used in Size Independent Discriminant Analysis: 1GOL First gill opening length; 5GOL Fifth gill opening length; 1ID First interbranchial distance; 5ID Fifth interbranchial distance; DBL Dorsal fin base length; DH Dorsal fin height; DL Disc length; DW Disc width; HDE Horizontal diameter of eye ball; HW Head width; IED Interespiracular distance; IND Internarial distance; IOD Interorbital distance; MW mouth width; PCD Precloacal distance; PD Predorsal distance; PL Pelvic fin length; POBL preorbital length; PORL preoral length; PW Pelvic fin width; SL Spiracle length

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: The evolution of a complex trait: cuticular hydrocarbons in ants evolve independent from phylogenetic constraints

Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) are ubiquitous and highly diverse in insects, serving as communication signal and waterproofing agent. Despite their vital function, the causes, mechanisms and constraints on CHC diversification are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated phylogenetic constraints on the evolution of CHC profiles, using a global dataset of the species-rich and chemically diverse ant genus Crematogaster. We decomposed CHC profiles into quantitative (relative abundances, chain length) and qualitative traits (presence/absence of CHC classes). A species-level phylogeny was estimated using newly generated and previously published sequences from five nuclear markers. Moreover, we reconstructed a phylogeny for the chemically diverse C. levior species group using cytochrome oxidase I. Phylogenetic signal was measured for these traits on genus and clade level and within the chemically diverse C. levior group. For most quantitative CHC traits, phylogenetic signal was low and did not differ from random expectation. This was true on the level of genus, clade and species-group, indicating that CHC traits are evolutionary labile. In contrast, the presence or absence of alkenes and alkadienes was highly conserved within the C. levior group. Hence, the presence or absence of biosynthetic pathways may be phylogenetically constrained, especially at lower taxonomic levels. Our study shows that CHC composition can evolve rapidly, allowing insects to quickly adapt their chemical profiles to external selection pressures, while the presence of biosynthetic pathways appears more constrained. However, our results stress the importance to consider the taxonomic level when investigating phylogenetic constraints.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Phylotranscriptomics points to multiple independent origins of multicellularity and cellular differentiation in the volvocine algae

The volvocine algae, which include the single-celled species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the colonial species Volvox carteri, serve as a model in which to study the evolution of multicellularity and cellular differentiation. Studies reconstructing the history of this group have by and large relied on datasets of one to a few genes for phylogenetic inference and ancestral character state reconstruction. As a result, volvocine phylogenies lack concordance depending on the number and/or type of genes (i.e., chloroplast vs nuclear) chosen for phylogenetic inference. While multiple studies suggest that multicellularity evolved only once in the volvocine algae, that each of its three colonial families is monophyletic, and that there have been at least three independent origins of cellular differentiation in the group, other studies call into question one or more of these conclusions. An accurate assessment of the evolutionary history of the volvocine algae requires inference of a more robust phylogeny. We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on 55 strains representing 47 volvocine algal species and obtained similar data from curated databases on 13 additional strains. We then compiled a dataset consisting of transcripts for 40 single-copy, protein-coding, nuclear genes, and subjected the predicted amino acid sequences of these genes to maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and coalescent-based analyses. These analyses show that multicellularity independently evolved at least twice in the volvocine algae and that the colonial family Goniaceae is not monophyletic. Our data further indicate that cellular differentiation arose independently at least four, and possibly as many as six times, within the volvocine algae. Altogether, our results demonstrate that multicellularity and cellular differentiation are evolutionarily labile in the volvocine algae, affirming the importance of this group as a model system for the study of major transitions in the history of life.

FIGURES 46–51. Notophlebia jobi. 46–49 in New Oriental tribe Iscini, new non-dilatognathan species of Notophlebia Peters & Edmunds 1970 and independent origin of Dilatognathus-type mouth apparatus in Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)

FIGURES 46–51. Notophlebia jobi. 46–49, third segment of maxillary palp (46 and 48, ventral side; 47 and 49, dorsal side); 50–51, base of third segment of labial palp, dorsal side).

FIGURES 31–45. 31–38 in New Oriental tribe Iscini, new non-dilatognathan species of Notophlebia Peters & Edmunds 1970 and independent origin of Dilatognathus-type mouth apparatus in Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)

FIGURES 31–45. 31–38, Notophlebia ganeshi sp. n.; 39–45, Notophlebia jobi. 31–34 and 40–43, tergalii of I, II, V and VI pairs (ventral lamella turned back); 35, claw; 36 and 44, pronotum and mesonotum of last instar larva; 37 and 45, posterior margin of abdominal sternum IX of mature male larva and protopenis, dorsal view (gonoducts lined by cuticle shown by interrupted lines); 38 and 39, posterior margin of larval abdominal tergum VI (37, 38, holotype).

FIGURES 52–54. Notophlebia jobi. 52 in New Oriental tribe Iscini, new non-dilatognathan species of Notophlebia Peters & Edmunds 1970 and independent origin of Dilatognathus-type mouth apparatus in Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)

FIGURES 52–54. Notophlebia jobi. 52, distal part of larval fore tibia, posterior side; 53, the same, anterior side; 54, distal part of larval middle tibia, anterior side. Abbreviations: a, row of stout setae on anterior side; h, hair-like setae on outer side; p, row of stout setae on posterior side.

FIGURES 11–20 in New Oriental tribe Iscini, new non-dilatognathan species of Notophlebia Peters & Edmunds 1970 and independent origin of Dilatognathus-type mouth apparatus in Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)

FIGURES 11–20. Notophlebia ganeshi sp. n. 11, male imaginal mesonotum; 12, male subimaginal exuviae of right half of mesonotum. 13–19, legs at the same magnification (arrows show ontogenesis): 13, fore leg of male imago; 14, fore leg of male larva (long hair-like setae not shown); 15–17, fore, middle and hind legs of male subimago; 18, hind leg of male imago; 19, fore leg of female imago. 20, tarsus of larval hind leg before molt to subimago (larval cuticle shown as optic section by black; subimaginal cuticle shown by integral lines; imaginal claw developing under subimaginal cuticle shown by interrupted lines). 21, posterior margin of abdominal sternum IX of mature female larva; 22, the same, of female imago (12–18, holotype). Abbreviations: LPs, lateroparapsidal suture; MNS, mesonotal suture; MPs, medioparapsidal suture.

FIGURES 4–10 in New Oriental tribe Iscini, new non-dilatognathan species of Notophlebia Peters & Edmunds 1970 and independent origin of Dilatognathus-type mouth apparatus in Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)

FIGURES 4–10. Notophlebia ganeshi sp. n. Larval mouthparts (at the same magnification, except 6). 4, hypopharynx and superlinguae; 5, labrum (setae of distal transverse row not shown, their bases shown as dots and levels of their apices shown by dotted line); 6, apex of maxilla, ventral view; 7, maxilla, ventral view (apical and median setae not shown, their apices shown by dotted lines); 8, labium (dorsal view at left, ventral view at right); 9, apex of labial palp, dorsal view; 10, left mandible (5, 10, holotype).

FIGURES 26–30 in New Oriental tribe Iscini, new non-dilatognathan species of Notophlebia Peters & Edmunds 1970 and independent origin of Dilatognathus-type mouth apparatus in Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)

FIGURES 26–30. Notophlebia ganeshi sp. n., genitals of male imago. 26, genitals at rest, ventral view; 27 penis apex, ventral side; 28, the same, dorsal side; 29, genitals in excited condition, with gonostylus turned ventrally and penes projected; 30, penis apex, apical-dorsal side (26–28, holotype).

FIGURES 23–25 in New Oriental tribe Iscini, new non-dilatognathan species of Notophlebia Peters & Edmunds 1970 and independent origin of Dilatognathus-type mouth apparatus in Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)

FIGURES 23–25. Notophlebia ganeshi sp. n. (holotype). 23, genitals of male imago, ventral view (at left, brown pigmentation of sternum, styliger and gonostylus shown by dots; at right, brown pigmentation of penis shown by dots, muscles shown by interrupted lines); 24, penis lobe, dorsal view; 25, exuviae of subimaginal gonostylus.

FIGURES 1–3 in New Oriental tribe Iscini, new non-dilatognathan species of Notophlebia Peters & Edmunds 1970 and independent origin of Dilatognathus-type mouth apparatus in Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)

FIGURES 1–3. Notophlebia ganeshi sp. n. 1, fore wing (holotype); 2, distal part of larval fore tibia, posterior view (stout setae on anterior side shown by interrupted lines); 3, male larva of penultimate instar, lateral view (long hair-like setae on legs not shown). Abbreviations: a, row of stout setae on anterior side; p, row of stout setae on posterior side.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

R-data-independent

人工データ 生成する人工データの種類1: 独立変数から説明できるいくつかの分布のYを生成する 10000行の独立変数1000個について線形モデルで説明できるYを下記分布で生成 同じ変数Xについて、それぞれ分布の違うYを生成する <ul> <li>正規分布</li> <li>ポアソン分布</li> <li>混合正規分布</li> </ul> 最初10個の変数について、(10,9,8,..,1)と大きい係数、次の90個の変数について0.1、それ以外はYに関係しないものとする <a href="https://github.com/notfolder/R-datagen">github</a>

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Sperm numbers on the perivitelline layers of blue tit eggs are repeatable within a clutch, but independent of the occurrence of extra-pair paternity

In many socially monogamous bird species, females produce offspring sired by males other than their social partner. A large body of research has aimed to elucidate the evolutionary causes and consequences of such extra-pair paternity, but relatively little is known about the underlying behaviour. The number of sperm on the egg's perivitelline layers (PVL) is related to recent copulation activity and may thus give some insight into the female's mating behaviour. We used a simple technique that allowed us to remove embryonic cells from the blastoderm for DNA extraction whilst keeping the PVL intact for sperm counts. Using 243 eggs from 99 blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), we show that PVL sperm numbers were repeatable within clutches (r = 0.40 [95% CI: 0.25-0.53]). However, neither overall sperm numbers, nor changes in sperm numbers across the laying sequence differed between clutches that contained extra-pair sired eggs and those that did not. Our results therefore provide no evidence that females with and without extra-pair young differ in their copulation activity.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Data from: Social and physical environment independently affect oviposition decisions in Drosophila

In response to environmental stimuli, including variation in the presence of conspecifics, genotypes show highly plastic responses in behavioral and physiological traits influencing reproduction. Although extensively documented in males, such female responses are rather less studied. We expect females to be highly responsive to environmental variation and to differentially allocate resources to increase offspring fitness, given the major contribution of mothers to offspring number, size, and developmental conditions. Using Drosophila melanogaster, we (a) manipulate exposure to conspecific females, which mothers could use to anticipate the number of potential mates and larval density, and; (b) test how this interacts with the spatial distribution of potential oviposition sites, with females from higher densities expected to prefer clustered resources that can support a larger number of larvae. We found that high density females were slower to start copulating and reduced their copulation duration, the opposite effect to that observed in males. There was a parallel, perhaps related, effect on egg production behavior: females previously housed in groups laid fewer eggs than those housed in solitude. Resource patchiness also influenced oviposition: females preferred aggregated substrate, which attracted more females to lay eggs. However, we found no interaction between prior housing conditions and resource patchiness, indicating that females did not perceive the value of different resource distributions differently when exposed to environments that could signal expected levels of larval competition. We show that, although exposure to consexual competition changes copulatory behaviors of females, the distribution of oviposition resources has a greater effect on oviposition decisions.