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1,515 results for “marshes”
Climate and vegetation change in a coastal marsh: two snapshots of groundwater dynamics and tidal flooding at Piermont Marsh, NY spanning 20 years
<p>Groundwater hydrology plays an important role in coastal marsh biogeochemical function, in part because groundwater dynamics drive the zonation of macrophyte community distribution. Changes that occur over time, such as sea level rise and shifts in habitat structure are likely altering groundwater dynamics and eco-hydrological zonation. We examined tidal flooding and marsh water table dynamics in 1999 and 2019 and mapped shifts in plant distributions over time, at Piermont Marsh, a brackish tidal marsh located along the Hudson River Estuary near New York City. We found evidence that the marsh surface was flooded more frequently in 2019 than in 1999, and that tides were propagating further into the marsh in 2019, although marsh surface elevation gains were largely matching that of sea level rise. The changes in groundwater hydrology that we observed are likely due to the high tide rising at a rate that is greater than that of mean sea level. In addition, we reported on changes in plant cover by <em>P. australis</em>, which has displaced native marsh vegetation at Piermont Marsh. Although <em>P. australis</em> has increased in cover, wrack deposition and plant die off associated Superstorm Sandy allowed for native vegetation to rebound in part of our focus area. These results suggest that climate change and plant community composition may interact to shape ecohydrologic zonation. Considering these results, we recommend that habitat models consider tidal range expansion and groundwater hydrology as metrics when predicting the impact of sea level rise on marsh resilience.</p>
Increasing marsh bird abundance in coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes (2011–2021) likely caused by increasing water levels
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>Wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America, i.e., lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, provide critical habitat for marsh birds. We used 11 years (2011–2021) of data collected by the Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Monitoring Program at 1,962 point count locations in 792 wetlands to quantify the first-ever annual abundance indices and trends of 18 marsh-breeding bird species in coastal wetlands throughout the entire Great Lakes. Nine species (50%) increased by 8–37% per year across all of the Great Lakes combined, whereas none decreased. Twelve species (67%) increased by 5–50% per year in at least 1 of the 5 Great Lakes, whereas only 3 species (17%) decreased by 2–10% per year in at least 1 of the lakes. There were more positive trends among lakes and species (<em>n </em>= 34, 48%) than negative trends (<em>n </em>= 5, 7%). </span><span>These large increases are welcomed because most of the species are of conservation concern in the Great Lakes. <span>Trends were likely caused by long-term, cyclical fluctuations in Great Lakes water levels. Lake levels increased over most of the study, which inundated vegetation and increased open water-vegetation interspersion and open water extent, all of which are known to positively influence abundance of most of the increasing species and negatively influence abundance of all of the </span>decreasing species. Coastal wetlands may be more important for marsh birds than once thought if they provide <span>high-lake-level-induced population pulses for species of conservation concern. Coastal wetland protection and restoration are of utmost importance to safeguard this process. Future climate projections show </span>increases in lake levels over the coming decades, which will cause "coastal squeeze" of many wetlands if they are unable to migrate landward fast enough to keep pace. If this happens, less habitat will be available to support periodic pulses in marsh bird abundance, which appear to be important for regional population dynamics. Actions that allow landward migration of coastal wetlands during increasing water levels <span>by removing or preventing barriers to movement, </span>such as shoreline hardening, will be useful for maintaining marsh bird breeding habitat in the Great Lakes.</span></p>
Water depth influences survival and predator-specific patterns of nest loss in three secretive marsh bird species
<p>Wetlands have become increasingly rare in the United States, negatively influencing wetland-dependent birds, and many remaining wetlands are intensively managed through seasonal dewatering mimicking historic flood pulses during spring and summer. However, water around nests may provide protection from terrestrial predators, and lowering water levels during the breeding season of wetland birds may increase predation risk and exacerbate marsh bird population declines. Understanding interactions between water depth, nesting marsh birds, and nest predators is critical to aid managers in developing a multi-species management approach in emergent wetlands. During the 2020 and 2021 breeding seasons, we examined nest survival of 148 marsh bird nests (American Coot, <em>Fulica americana</em>, <em>n</em> = 1; Common Gallinule, <em>Gallinula galeata</em>, <em>n</em> = 64; and Least Bittern; <em>Ixobrychus exilis</em>, <em>n</em> = 83) and installed cameras at 78 nests to identify predators at a large, restored floodplain wetland in Illinois where the primary management technique is seasonal water removal to stimulate germination of moist soil plants. We found nest predation of, and abandonment by, Least Bittern and Common Gallinule were related to shallower water, and early season, high volume dewatering. Least Bitterns nested more commonly along wetland edges and nests farther from the shore were more likely to survive. Similarly, we found mammalian depredation of nests and nest abandonment decreased when deeper water was present around nests. Alternatively, snake predation was observed earlier in the year prior to water removal from inundated emergent vegetation. Our results demonstrate water depth may be an important deterrent of nest predators, especially mammals, during the breeding season. Further, we recommend managers delay dewatering until after the nesting season at sites where management for conservation-priority marsh birds is a focus.</p>
Data from: Promoting success in thin layer sediment placement: effects of sediment grain size and amendments on salt marsh plant growth and greenhouse gas exchange
<p>Thin layer sediment placement (TLP) is a method to mitigate factors resulting in loss of elevation and severe alteration of hydrology, such as sea level rise and anthropogenic modifications, and prolong the lifespan of drowning salt marshes. However, TLP success may vary due to plant stress associated with reductions in nutrient availability and hydrologic flushing or through the creation of acid sulfate soils. This study examined the influence of sediment grain size and soil amendments on plant growth, soil and porewater characteristics, and greenhouse gas exchange for three key US salt marsh plants: <em>Spartina alterniflora, Spartina patens, </em>and <em>Salicornia pacifica. </em>We found that bioavailable nitrogen concentrations (measured as extractable NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N) and porewater pH and salinity were found to have an inverse relationship with grain size, while soil redox was more reducing in finer sediments. This suggests that utilizing finer sediments in TLP projects will result in a more reduced environment with higher nutrient availability, while larger grain-sized sediments will be better flushed and oxidized. We further found that grain size had a significant effect on vegetation biomass allocation and rates of gas exchange, although these effects were species-specific. We found that soil amendments (biochar and compost) did not subsidize plant growth but were associated with increases in soil respiration and methane emissions. Biochar amendments were additionally ineffective in ameliorating acid sulfate conditions. This study uncovers complex interactions between sediment type and vegetation, emphasizing limitations of soil amendments. The findings aid restoration project managers in making informed decisions regarding sediment type, target vegetation, and soil amendments for successful TLP projects.</p>
Sorption of Colored vs Noncolored Organic Matter by Tidal Marsh Soils
<p>Supplemental Files for Biogeosciences article:<br>Sorption of Colored vs Noncolored Organic Matter by Tidal Marsh Soils<br>Patrick J Neale, J Patrick Megonigal, Maria Tzortziou, Elizabeth A Canuel, Christina R. Pondell, Hannah K. Morrissette</p> <p>Contents:</p> <p>Plots of measured DOC in incubation solutions vs absorption coefficient at 355 nm (a355), showing linear regression line and equation. Equation slope is the inverse of the specific absorbance of colored dissolved organic carbon (CDOC) and intercept is the background level of non-colored dissolved organic carbon (NCDOC). See table 1 of Neale et al. (2023) for listing of all slopes, intercepts and r2.</p> <p>Labels - KM - Kirkpatrick Marsh (GCREW)<br> JugBay - Jug Bay<br> Task - Taskinas Marsh<br> Wach - Wachapreague Marsh</p> <p>00, 10, 20, 35 - incubation salinities</p> <p>Pre - Pre-incubation - measurements on standard solutions at the start of the incubations<br>Post - Post-incubation - measurements on filtrate after the incubation</p> <p>V2 - Plots for Pre were updated. v1 plots were incorrect for Pre</p>
Fig. 3 in A New Talitrid Genus and Species, Lowryella wadai, from Estuarine Reed Marshes of Western Japan (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae)
Fig. 3. Lowryella wadai gen. et sp. nov. Male 9.9 mm (holotype, NSMT-Cr 24358), A–G, L, M, P; ovig. female 8.2 mm (allotype, NSMT-Cr 24359), H–K, N, O, Q, R. A, head; B, antenna 1; C, antenna 2; D, upper lip; E, lower lip; F, maxilla 1; G, maxilla 2; H, left mandible; I, distal part of right mandible; J, maxilliped; K, articles 3 and 4 of maxillipedal palp (ventral view); L, N, gnathopod 1; M, O, distal articles of gnathopod 1; P, Q, gnathopod 2; R, oostegite of gnathopod 2. Scale 1, 0.5 mm for N and Q; scale 2, 1 mm for B and C; scale 3, 1 mm for L, P, and R, 0.4 mm for O; scale 4, 2 mm for A, 0.5 mm for D–I, 0.2 mm for J, K, and M.
Fig. 5 in A New Talitrid Genus and Species, Lowryella wadai, from Estuarine Reed Marshes of Western Japan (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae)
Fig. 5. Lowryella wadai gen. et sp. nov. Male 9.9 mm (holotype, NSMT-Cr 24358). A–C, pleonite side plates 1–3; D, F, G, pleopods 1–3; E, retinacula of pleopod 1; H–J, uropods 1–3; K, telson. Scale 1, 1 mm for A–D, F–I, 0.1 mm for E; scale 2, 0.5 mm for J and K.
Fig. 4 in A New Talitrid Genus and Species, Lowryella wadai, from Estuarine Reed Marshes of Western Japan (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae)
Fig. 4. Lowryella wadai gen. et sp. nov. Male 9.9 mm (holotype, NSMT-Cr 24358), A–K, O–S; ovig. female 8.2 mm (allotype, NSMT-Cr 24359), L–N. A, M, pereopod 3; C, E, G, pereopods 4–6; I, L, pereopod 7; B, D, F, H, J, distal parts of pereopods 3–7 (arrow in B points to locking robust-seta); K, enlarged serrate seta (distal half) on propodus of pereopod 7; N, oostegite of pereopod 5; O–S, coxal gills of gnathopod 2 and pereopods 3–6. Scale 1, 0.2 mm for B, D, F, H, and J; scale 2, 1 mm for A, C, E, G, and I; scale 3, 1 mm for L and M; scale 4, 1 mm for N–S, 0.1 mm for K.
Fig. 2 in A New Talitrid Genus and Species, Lowryella wadai, from Estuarine Reed Marshes of Western Japan (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae)
Fig. 2. Photos of fixed specimens of Lowryella wadai gen. et sp. nov. Upper, male 6.5 mm (paratype, NSMT-Cr 24360); lower, female 7.8 mm (paratype, NSMT-Cr 24362). Scale: 2 mm.
Fig. 16. Physocypria nipponica Okubo, 1990 in Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov.
Fig. 16. Physocypria nipponica Okubo, 1990, male, ZIHU 3909. Nomarski optical image of Zenker's organ.
Fig. 15. Physocypria nipponica Okubo, 1990. A in Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov.
Fig. 15. Physocypria nipponica Okubo, 1990. A, Cleaning leg; B, uropod with uropodal rami; C, right hemipenis; D, right clasping organ; E, left clasping organ. Scale bar: 100 µm.
Fig. 14. Physocypria nipponica Okubo, 1990. A, B, D–F in Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov.
Fig. 14. Physocypria nipponica Okubo, 1990. A, B, D–F, Male, ZIHU 3909; C, female, ZIHU 3910. A, Mandible, with enlargements of the four palp segments; B, maxillula, with vibratory plate; C, maxilliped; D, E, left and right maxilliped, respectively; F, walking leg. Scale bar: 100 µm.
Fig. 13. Physocypria nipponica Okubo, 1990. A–D in Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov.
Fig. 13. Physocypria nipponica Okubo, 1990. A–D, Male, ZIHU 3909; E, female, ZIHU 3910. A, Lateral view of right valve; B, lateral view of left valve; C, antennule (inset, details of endopodites of fifth to eighth podomeres); D, antenna (inset, details of endopodites of second to fourth podomeres; t2 and t3 form male bristles); E, antenna (inset, details of two terminal endopodal podomeres). Scale bar: A, B, 200 µm; C–E, 100 µm.
Fig. 11 in Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov.
Fig. 11. Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov., holotype, ZIHU 3916. Nomarsky optical image of Zenker's organ.
Fig. 17 in Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov.
Fig. 17. Comparison of the hemipenis of Metacypris digitiformis Smith and Hiruta, 2004 between specimens from the the Sarobetsu and Kushiro populations. A, Right hemipenis typical of the Sarobetsu population, male, ZIHU 3903; B, hemipenis typical of the Kushiro population, redrawn from Smith and Hiruta (2004); arrowheads indicate point of attachment to MR. Scale bar: 100 µm.
Fig. 10 in Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov.
Fig. 10. Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov., holotype, ZIHU 3916. A, Walking leg; B, cleaning leg; C, uropod, with uropodal rami; D, left hemipenis; E, left clasping organ; F, right clasping organ. Scale bar: 100 µm.
Fig. 7 in Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov.
Fig. 7. Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov., SEM images. A, B, E, F, Paratype, male, ZIHU 3922; C, D, paratype, male, ZIHU 3923. A, Lateral view of right valve; B, lateral view of left valve; C, lateral view of male with right valve removed; D, internal view of right valve with muscle scar; E, lateral view of hemipenis; F, enlarged image of end of hemipenis.
Fig. 5 in Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov.
Fig. 5. Cryptocandona sp., female, ZIHU 3912. A, Coxal plate of mandible; B, mandible, with enlargements of four palp segments shown to the left; C, maxillula; D, vibratory plate of maxillula; E, maxilliped. Scale bar: 100 µm.
Fig. 3 in Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov.
Fig. 3. Cryptocandona sp., SEM images. A, Female, ZIHU 3914, lateral view with left valve removed; B, female, ZIHU 3915, lateral view of left valve.
Fig. 4 in Ostracods (Crustacea) from Sarobetsu Marsh, Northern Hokkaido, Japan: Taxonomy and Phenology with Description of Pseudocandona tenuirostris sp. nov.
Fig. 4. Cryptocandona sp., female, ZIHU 3912. A, Lateral view of right valve; B, lateral view of left valve; C, antennule; insets, details of endopodites of fifth to eighth podomeres; D, antenna (inset, details of two terminal endopodal podomeres). Scale bar: A, B, 300 µm; C, D, 100 µm.
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