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FIGURE 4. Morphological traits. A in Molecular evidence of the taxonomic status of western Mexican populations of Phaethornis longirostris (Aves: Trochilidae)

FIGURE 4. Morphological traits. A) Scatter plot of a PCA including morphometric measurements of the Mexican taxa of P. longirostris 'sensu lato'. B) Series of specimens representing the three Mexican subspecies of P. longirostris 'sensu lato'. Individuals from western Mexico (P. l. griseoventer and P. l. mexicanus) are characterized by larger tails with white tips to the outer rectrices, whereas those from eastern Mexico (P. l. longirostris) have shorter tails and some degree of rusty buff (varying from slight to heavy), excepting the last individual for which those tail feathers are lost. Note that an individual from Jalisco (third from left to right) shows a plumage similar to P. l. mexicanus but mtDNA haplotypes of P. l. griseoventer.

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FIGURE 5 in Molecular evidence of the taxonomic status of western Mexican populations of Phaethornis longirostris (Aves: Trochilidae)

FIGURE 5. Climatic niche model results. (A) Map depicting the locality of each voucher used in the ENM for each clade (P. mexicanus in white and P. longirostris in black). The enclosed area around the points corresponds to the background used in the niche comparison of each species. Inset graphs depict the frequency histograms of the I null values for each test comparing the niches between clades. The calculated value among species is indicated with a gray line. (B-C) Maxent environmental niche model projected into the geography for each species/clade.

FIGURE 9 in Morphological, biogeographical and molecular evidence of Carpocoris mediterraneus as a valid species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

FIGURE 9. Right parameres of the six European species and subspecies of the genus Carpocoris: A. Carpocoris mediterraneus atlanticus Tamanini, 1958; B. Carpocoris mediterraneus mediterraneus Tamanini, 1958; C. Carpocoris fuscispinus (Boheman, 1851); D. Carpocoris purpureipennis (De Geer, 1773); E. Carpocoris pudicus (Poda, 1761); F. Carpocoris melanocerus (Mulsant & Rey, 1852). Photographs obtained with an inverted microscope Leica DMIL magnification x100, a digital camera JVC 3CCD KY-F75U, and Perfect image software.

FIGURE 8 in Morphological, biogeographical and molecular evidence of Carpocoris mediterraneus as a valid species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

FIGURE 8. Habitus of the six European species and subspecies of the genus Carpocoris: A. Carpocoris mediterraneus atlanticus Tamanini, 1958 (from Madrid, Spain); B. Carpocoris mediterraneus mediterraneus Tamanini, 1958 (from Nicosia, Cyprus); C. Carpocoris fuscispinus (Boheman, 1851) (from Avançon, Hautes-Alpes, France), D. Carpocoris purpureipennis (De Geer, 1773) (from Malzéville, Meurthe-et-Moselle, France); E. Carpocoris pudicus (Poda, 1761) (from Cheval-Blanc, Vaucluse, France); F. Carpocoris melanocerus (Mulsant & Rey, 1852) (from Ristolas, Hautes-Alpes, France). Red arrows show characters described in table 1.

FIGURE 6 in Morphological, biogeographical and molecular evidence of Carpocoris mediterraneus as a valid species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

FIGURE 6. Phylogram of relationships among the European Carpocoris species (ML tree). Maximum likelihood and Bayesian reconstructions produced similar topologies. Node support (Bootstrap percent> 70 / Posterior probabilities> 0.95) are indicated at nodes.

FIGURE 5 in Morphological, biogeographical and molecular evidence of Carpocoris mediterraneus as a valid species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

FIGURE 5. Localities in Mediterranean mainland France where C. fuscispinus (white spots) and C. mediterraneus atlanticus (black spots) were observed. A solid line delineates the Mediterranean area (including thermo-, meso- and supra-Mediterranean areas) according to Ozenda (1994). The shaded area is not considered to have a Mediterranean climate. The small spots represent 1 to 4 occurrences per station, the medium spots from 5 to 9 and the large spots more than 10 occurrences.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological, biogeographical and molecular evidence of Carpocoris mediterraneus as a valid species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

FIGURE 4. Localities in France where C. fuscispinus (white spots) and C. mediterraneus atlanticus (black spots) were observed. The localities where the two species were observed together are represented by two-tone black and white spots. The dotted lines encompass the areas that encounter more than 60 days of frost per year, in Northeast France and the Pyrenees.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological, biogeographical and molecular evidence of Carpocoris mediterraneus as a valid species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

FIGURE 2. European distribution of Carpocoris mediterraneus Tamanini, 1958 according to Tamanini (1959). The lighter shaded part represents the area where Carpocoris mediterraneus atlanticus was found, and the darker represents Carpocoris mediterraneus mediterraneus. Tamanini observed in Corsica and Sardinia the presence of both subspecies (dark and light shaded areas). Question mark from Tamanini where the distribution was questionable.

FIGURE 7 in Morphological, biogeographical and molecular evidence of Carpocoris mediterraneus as a valid species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

FIGURE 7. Localities on the Iberian Peninsula where C. fuscispinus was collected according to our criteria (white spots). The black spots correspond to the original localities of the specimens photographed by Ribes et al. (2007) that we identify as C. mediterraneus atlanticus. We indicate on this map the figure numbers (their Fig 2e, f, g, h, i, j, k and their Fig. 3a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) corresponding to the photographs shown in Ribes et al. (2007). Narrow dotted lines show the distribution assumed by Tamanini (1959) of C. fuscispinus on the Iberian Peninsula (see also figure 1). Thick dotted lines surround the areas of high mountain climate.

Figure 94 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figure 94. Chronogram with the molecular dating for the genus Ixchela using the lognormal relaxed clock model. Bars at nodes indicate the 95% highest posterior density interval (HPD) to each tmrca (time of the most recent common ancestor). Numbers on bars indicate the mean age for each node in millions of years (Mya). Gradient of colours indicates ages of nodes, from the older nodes (darker) toward more recent nodes (lighter).

Figure 95 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figure 95. Biogeographical provinces of Mexico following the scheme of Morrone (2004, 2005), showing the distribution of the genus Ixchela. Red background colour indicates the Mexican Montane biotic component and its provinces: 1, Sierra Madre Occidental (no records of Ixchela); 2, Transmexican Volcanic Belt (species recorded in green); 3, Sierra Madre Oriental (species recorded in yellow); 4, Cuenca del Balsas (no records of Ixchela); 5, Sierra Madre del Sur (species recorded in dark blue). Yellow background colour indicates the Province of Chiapas (species recorded in light blue) which belongs to the Mesoamerican biotic component and is extended toward mountainous zones of Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua).

Figure 93 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figure 93. Majority consensus tree derived from the Bayesian analysis using the (morphology + CO1 + 16S) data set. Numbers above branches indicate posterior probabilities. Numbers below branches: (+) indicates clades found with PA/ Jackknife support values and/or with significant PA/Bremer support values. Black squares below branches indicate clades found with PA using different concavity values (K) using implied weighting; white squares indicate clades not recovered with some concavity values (see inset). Numbers and arrows indicate clades that are discussed in the text.

Figure 91 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figure 91. Consensus tree of the five most parsimonious trees obtained by the morphological cladistic analysis with equal weighting of characters (L = 59, CI = 0.72, RI = 0.84). Black squares indicate synapomorphic or apomorphic states, whereas white squares indicate homoplastic character states. Small numbers above squares indicate character number; small numbers below squares indicate character state. Larger numbers above branches indicate Jackknife support values; larger numbers below branches indicate Bremer support values. Black squares below branches indicate clades recovered with PA using different concavity values (K) using implied weighting; white squares indicate clades not recovered with some concavity values (see inset).

Figure 92 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figure 92. Majority consensus tree derived from the Bayesian analysis using the morphology + CO1 data set. Numbers above branches indicate posterior probabilities. Numbers below branches: (+) indicates clades found with PA/Jackknife support values and/or with statistically significant PA/Bremer support values. Black squares below branches indicate clades found with PA using different concavity values (K) using implied weighting; white squares indicate clades not recovered with some concavity values (see inset). Numbers and arrows indicate clades that are discussed in the text.

Figures 79–89 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figures 79–89. Ixchela tlayuda sp. nov. Male: 79, 80, Habitus, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. 81, Carapace and chelicerae, frontal view. 82, Chelicerae, frontal view. 83–84, Left palp, retrolateral and prolateral views, respectively. 85, Chelicera, lateral view. Female: 86, Epigynum, left lateral view. 87, Epigynum, ventral view. 88, Epigynum, dorsal view. 89, Epigynum, frontal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (Figs 82, 85, 88), 1 mm (Figs 79–81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89).

Figures 68–78 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figures 68–78. Ixchela purepecha sp. nov. Male: 68, 69, Habitus, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. 70, Carapace and chelicerae, frontal view. 71, Chelicerae, frontal view. 72, 73, Left palp, retrolateral and prolateral views, respectively. 74, Chelicera, lateral view. Female: 75, Epigynum, left lateral view. 76, Epigynum, ventral view. 77, Epigynum, anterior–dorsal view. 78, Epigynum, frontal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (Figs 71, 74, 75, 77), 1 mm (Figs 68, 69, 72, 73, 76, 78).

Figures 45–55 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figures 45–55. Ixchela jalisco sp. nov. Male: 45, 46, Habitus, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. 47, Carapace and chelicerae, frontal view. 48, Chelicerae, frontal view. 49, 50, Left palp, retrolateral and prolateral views, respectively. 51, Chelicera, lateral view. Female: 52, Epigynum, left lateral view. 53, Epigynum, ventral view. 54, Epigynum, dorsal view. 55, Epigynum, frontal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (Figs 48, 51, 52, 54, 55), 1 mm (Figs 45–47, 49, 50, 53).

Figures 56–67 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figures 56–67. Ixchela mendozai sp. nov. Male: 56, 57, Habitus, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. 58, Carapace and chelicerae, frontal view. 59, Chelicerae, frontal view. 60, 61, Left palp, retrolateral and prolateral views, respectively. 62, Chelicera, lateral view. 63, Bulb and embolus, prolatero-dorsal view (arrow indicates the curved and sharp subdistally sclerotized spine). Female: 64, Epigynum, ventral view. 65, Epigynum, dorsal view. 66, Epigynum, left lateral view. 67, Epigynum, frontal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (Figs 58, 59, 62–67), 1 mm (Figs 56, 57, 60, 61).

Figures 34–44 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figures 34–44. Ixchela azteca sp. nov. Male: 34, 35, Habitus, lateral and dorsal views, respectively. 36, Carapace and chelicerae, frontal view. 37, Chelicerae, frontal view. 38, 39, Left palp, retrolateral and prolateral views, respectively. 40, Chelicera, lateral view. Female: 41, Epigynum, left lateral view. 42, Epigynum, ventral view. 43, Epigynum, dorsal view. 44, Epigynum, frontal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (Figs 42, 43), 1 mm (Figs 34–41, 44).

Figures 26–33 in Phylogeny of the spider genus Ixchela Huber, 2000 (Araneae: Pholcidae) based on morphological and molecular evidence (CO1 and 16S), with a hypothesized diversification in the Pleistocene

Figures 26–33. Ixchela azteca sp. nov. Male. 26, Chelicerae, ventral view. 27, Left chelicerae, frontal view. 28, Right chelicerae, posterior view. 29, Left endite, ventral view (arrow indicates the serrated margin). 30, Detail of the serrated margin on endite. 31, Spinnerets, ventral view. 32, Detail of one anterior lateral spinneret (arrows indicate the slightly pointed spigot and the wide spigot). 33, Detail of one posterior median spinneret (arrows indicate the acciniform gland spigots). Scale bars: 50 μm (Figs 30, 32, 33), 100 μm (Figs 28, 29), 200 μm (Fig. 27), 300 μm (Fig. 31), 500 μm (Fig. 26).