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Fig. 2 in New Jurassic tettigarctid cicadas from China with a novel example of disruptive coloration

Fig. 2. Hairy cicada Sanmai kongi sp. nov. from the upper Middle–lower Upper Jurassic Daohugou beds. A. Holotype STMN48-1800a. Photograph under alcohol (A1), explanatory drawing (A2). Hind leg (A3). Enlargement of apical teeth set of hind tibia (A4). Photomicrograph of ovipositor (A5). B. Paratype STMN48-1801. Photograph (B1), photomicrograph of male genitalia (B2). Abbreviations: A, anal vein; CuA, anterior branch of the cubitus vein; CuP, posterior branch of the cubitus vein; M, media vein; RA, anterior branch of the radial vein; RP, posterior branch of the radial vein; ScP, posterior branch of the subcosta vein; u, ulnar cell.

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Fig. 1 in New Jurassic tettigarctid cicadas from China with a novel example of disruptive coloration

Fig. 1. Distribution of the localities and strata of Architettigini, Turutanoviini, and Sanmai gen. nov. 1, northeastern Brazil (Hamilton 1990); 2, England Whalley 1985); 3, Kazakhstan (Shcherbakov and Popov 2002; Shcherbakov 2009); 4, Tajikistan (Becker-Migdisova 1949); 5, Ust'-Baley, southern Siberia (Shcherbakov 1985); 6, Myangad, western Mongolia (Shcherbakov 1986); 7, northeastern China (Wang and Zhang 2009; this study).

Fig. 4 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 4. Detail of the right transverse process of a middle or posterior dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/5) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Computed tomography (CT)-based reconstruction of the transverse process and diapophysis in posterior view, with black rectangle indicating location of axial CT "slice" shown in B. B. Axial CT "slice" showing intradiapophyseal chamber, with black and white arrowheads indicating cortical and trabecular tissues, respectively. Reconstruction of the transverse process and diapophysis in medial (C) and posterior (D) views. Black rectangle indicates location of sagittal CT "slice" shown in E. E. Sagittal CT "slice" through intradiapophyseal chamber.

Fig. 3 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 3. Partial anterior to middle dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/12) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Computed tomography (CT)-based digital reconstruction in left anterolateral view. B. Axial CT "slice" in anterior view, with hypothesized pneumatic structures indicated by arrows. Note internal cavity in left diapophysis.

Fig. 7 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 7. Cervical vertebrae of rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/1, anterior cervical vertebra in anterior (A1) and right ventrolateral (A2) views. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/2, anterior cervical vertebra in right lateral view. C. UNPSJB-PV 1007/3, middle cervical vertebra in right lateral view. Lateral fossae of the centrum (hypothesized as pneumatic in origin) indicated by arrows.

Fig. 9 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 9. Comparison of the reconstructed pulmonary systems of the sauropod clades Rebbachisauridae (Diplodocoidea) and Saltasaurinae (Titanosauria) in right lateral view. A. Reconstructed pulmonary anatomy of a generalized rebbachisaurid. Skeletal reconstruction based largely on Nigersaurus taqueti (Sereno et al. 2007: fig. 3a); pulmonary anatomy based on data presented herein, i.e., hypothesized osteological correlates of pneumaticity described in multiple rebbachisaurids, but primarily Katepensaurus goicoecheai (cervical and dorsal pneumaticity) and Tataouinea hannibalis (sacral, caudal, and pelvic pneumaticity). B. Reconstructed pulmonary anatomy of a saltasaurine (after Cerda et al. 2012: fig. 4a). Color coding of pulmonary structures is as follows: orange, lung; green, cervical air sac system; yellow, clavicular air sac system; blue, abdominal air sac system. Postcranial skeletal elements that are known to have been pneumatized are shown in gray; bones that were either apneumatic or for which this condition is uncertain are in white.

Fig. 1. A in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 1. A. Simplified phylogeny of Diapsida showing position of Rebbachisauridae and both components of the rebbachisaurid Extant Phylogenetic Bracket sensu Witmer 1995 (Crocodylia and Aves). Rectangle indicates absence of postcranial pneumaticity; triangles indicate presence of postcranial pneumaticity. B. Hypothesized osteological correlates of pneumatic and other soft tissue structures in archosaurian vertebrae (based on O'Connor 2006).

Fig. 8 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 8. Anterior view of anterior caudal vertebrae of rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/7. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/8. Hypothesized pneumatic fossae indicated by arrows.

Fig. 5 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 5. Computed tomography-based visualizations of middle to posterior dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/4) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Three-dimensional digital model in right posterolateral view. B. Sagittal section (anterior to left) with arrows indicating internal cavities hypothesized as pneumatic structures.

Fig. 6 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 6. Histology of a dorsal rib (UNPSJB-PV 1007/28) of the holotype of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Complete cross section of the rib sampled for histology. B. Detail of the dense Haversian bone in the cortex. C. General view of fibrolamellar bone tissue. D. Detail of fibrolamellar bone tissue. Note the abundance of longitudinally oriented vascular spaces in C and D. E. Four of the seven growth marks preserved in the primary bone tissue (indicated by arrowheads).

Fig. 2 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 2. Dorsal vertebrae of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/13, partial anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/12, partial anterior to middle dorsal vertebra in dorsal view (B2), detail of right laterodiapophyseal fossa in dorsal view (B1). C. UNPSJB-PV 1007/4, middle or posterior dorsal vertebra in right lateral view (dashed lines indicate approximate margins of laterodiapophyseal fenestra). D. UNPSJB-PV 1007/5, middle or posterior dorsal vertebra in right lateral view (D1), detail of right laterodiapophyseal fenestra in right posterolateral view (D2). Arrows indicate hypothesized pneumatic structures.

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Fig. 1 in A novel supermatrix approach improves resolution of phylogenetic relationships in a comprehensive sample of danthonioid grasses

Fig. 1. Geologic map of Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument in central Colorado, USA, modified from Evanoff et al. (2001: fig. 1). Areal extent of the Monument is outlined by thick gray line.

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Fig. 2 in A novel supermatrix approach improves resolution of phylogenetic relationships in a comprehensive sample of danthonioid grasses

Fig. 2. Talpid mammal Oreotalpa florissantensis gen. et sp. nov., FLFO 5813 (holotype), right dentary with m1–m3 from UCM locality 92179, Florissant Formation, Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, Colorado, USA; latest Eocene (Chadronian). SEM micrographs; in lingual (A), labial (B), and occlusal (C) views, and explanatory drawing of occlusal view (D). Anterior is to the right. Original drawing by Leigh Anne McConnaughey. For B, C, and D, anterior is to the right.

Fig. 1 in Unveiling a novel parasitosis: Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Fig. 1. Morphology of Trichostrongylus colubriformis adult stages: A) anterior end, scale bar 50 μm; B) detail of anterior end of female showing three small lips and a circle of cephalic papillae; C) detail of ovijector, scale bar 50 μm; D) detail of the cuticle; E) posterior end of male showing the structure of bursa, the gubernaculum (g) and short subequal spicules (sp); F) egg, scale bar 50 μm.

Fig. 2 in Unveiling a novel parasitosis: Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Fig. 2. The evolutionary history was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Tamura 3-parameter model. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. The analysis involved 27 nucleotide sequences. There were a total of 684 positions in the final dataset.

Fig. 5 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 5. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic reconstruction of the mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase Subunit I (cox1) gene tree of the Sarcocystis spp. under investigation. Where possible, sequences of the same species were used as shown in the 18S rRNA gene tree, including the outgroup. The newly sequenced Sarcocystis spp. are marked with black symbols. A total of 25 nucleotide sequences and 603 sites of the barcode area (all codon positions included) was analyzed with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Branch support from three replicate analyses is shown. The evolutionary history was inferred by using ML based on the HKY model. The tree with the highest log likelihood (– 6438.6551) is shown. A discrete Gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among sites (four categories [+G, parameter = 0.9037]). The rate variation model allowed for some sites to be evolutionarily invariable ([+I], 17.4959% sites). All positions with less than 98% site coverage were eliminated. Branch lengths are measured in the number of substitutions per site. Note the long branch lengths of ruminant Sarcocytis spp. in comparison to other members of the Sarcocystidae as well as eimeriid coccidia from phylogenetically diverse hosts.

Fig. 2 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 2. Ultrastructure of Sarcocystis sp.1 from the mangrove snake in abdominal musculature of a Sprague-Dawley rat; a) One μm-thin section through a resin-embedded, toluidine-stained sarcocyst showing densely-packed cystozoites (CZ) that were contained in septate compartments; the arrow indicates the cyst wall with small protrusions, which are clearly visible because host cell (HC) tissue is removed at this position; b) gross view of the cyst wall and cystozoites in a longitudinal section; the black arrow indicates a thin septum that separated the compartments filled with cystozoites; protrusions (PT) were broad, short, and irregularshaped, often with a reticulate base that rested on a thin layer of ground substance (GS); c) cross-section of sarcocyst, showing the primary cyst wall at higher magnification to consist of electron-dense, knob-like structures with intermittent invaginations; it appeared as if the primary wall was fenestrated (asterisk) allowing exchange of fine granular material (arrowheads) between the interior and exterior of the cyst; the exterior space between the protrusions was entirely filled with granular substance. d) metrocytes exclusively divided by endodyogeny as only cells with two developing zoites (asterisks) were observed; the white arrow points at deposits of highly electron-dense matter that could form larger clusters in the GS of the septae.

Fig. 1 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 1. Light microscopic observations on the development of Sarcocystis sp.1 in striated musculature of Sprague-Dawley rats; a) typical sporocysts, here in fecal smear from Boiga dendrophila, that were used for infection of rats; sporocysts contained a granular residual body (asterisk) and four sporozoites (SP), which are all visible in the upper sporocyst; b) full-length micrograph of a typical (native) sarcocyst of Sarcocystis sp.1 in striated belly musculature, the arrows indicating folds of the cysts' body; c) high magnification of the cyst wall of a native sarcocyst, the arrows pointing at the apparently smooth wall; this is the same cyst as depicted in Fig. 2a; the inset shows freshly released, live cystozoites under phase-contrast light microscopy.

Fig. 4 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 4. Predicted secondary structure of helix 38 in domain V7 of the 18S rRNA of Sarcocystis sp.1, Sarcocystis sp.2, S. attenuati, S. scandentiborneensis, and S. zuoi in comparison to S. clethrionomyelaphis (shaded inset). The 7-nt long motif 5′-AAUUCGU-3' (relative to all Apicomplexan taxa examined; nt in italic letters in shaded oval) mapped to a hairpin loop position of helix 38 and was characteristic for all species of the S. zuoi – complex; the motif was one nt (Cytosine) shorter in helix 38 of S. clethrionomyelaphis. Sequences were aligned to a secondary structure model of the Eukarya using SSU-ALIGN. The numbering of nucleotides (bars) and helices is based on the 1881 nt-long structural template. Position 1430 corresponds to position 1357 of the predicted secondary structure of Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain) as published by Gagnon et al. (1996).

Fig. 3 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 3. Bayesian Inference (BI) of the 18S rRNA phylogeny of Sarcocystis spp. infecting colubrid snakes and small mammals in Asia; the S. zuoi – complex of species is highlighted by the shaded box. This complex excludes S. clethrionomyelaphis, which branches off basally. All new sequences, including a new isolate of S. zamani from Sumatra, are highlighted by black symbols. The known definitive and/or intermediate hosts associated with the selected sequences of the S. zuoi-group are indicated. Eimeriid species from phylogenetically diverse hosts served as outgroups. Bayesian posterior probabilities of three independent analyses (and alignments) are indicated behind each node, showing only one value if results of replicates were identical.