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773 results for “orchids”
FIGURE 1 in Untangling the type collection and recircunscription of Pseudolaelia corcovadensis: a threatened orchid species from Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest
FIGURE 1. Distribution of Pseudolaelia corcovadensis in the state of Rio de Janeiro, municipalities of Rio de Janeiro (1), Paty do Alferes (2), Petrópolis (3), Nova Friburgo (4) Sapucaia (5); and in the state of Minas Gerais, municipality of Juíz de Fora (6).
FIGURE 1. A in Stereochilus arunachalensis, a new orchid species of Orchidaceae (Epidendroideae: Vandeae: Aeridinae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India
FIGURE 1. A. Plant in its natural habitat. B. Flower, front view. C. Flower, side view. D. Sepals and petals. E. Column with ovary. F. Lip with spur. G. Lip with spur, longitudinal section. H. Anther cap with pollinarium. (Photograph by K. Chowlu.)
FIGURE 2. A. Plant. B. Flower, front view. C. Sepals and petals. D. Lip. E in Stereochilus arunachalensis, a new orchid species of Orchidaceae (Epidendroideae: Vandeae: Aeridinae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India
FIGURE 2. A. Plant. B. Flower, front view. C. Sepals and petals. D. Lip. E. Longitudinal section of lip and spur. F. Column and ovary. G. Anther cap. H. Pollinarium. (Drawn by K. Chowlu.)
FIGURE 3 in Didymoplexiella laosensis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae), a new holomycotrophic orchid from Lao PDR
FIGURE 3. Comparison of flower and labellum of Didymoplexiella laosensis with those of morphologically similar members of the genus. A–B. Didymoplexiella laosensis. C–D. Didymoplexiella siamensis. E–F. Didymoplexiella ornata. G–H. Didymoplexiella trichechus. Photo credits: A. Stephan Gale; C. Pankaj Kumar; E. Ong Poh Teck; G. Tsukaya Hirokazu. All line drawings drawn by P. Kumar (D drawn from fresh specimen collected in Hong Kong; F drawn from colour photographs of plants in Malaysia provided by Ong Poh Teck and from original description (Ridley 1891); H redrawn from Tsukaya et al. (2014) from Borneo).
FIGURE 2. Didymoplexiella laosensis. A. Inflorescence. B. Tuber and roots. C. Fused dorsal sepal and petals. D. Fused lateral sepals. E. Labellum. F. Gynostemium with ovary and pedicel. G in Didymoplexiella laosensis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae), a new holomycotrophic orchid from Lao PDR
FIGURE 2. Didymoplexiella laosensis. A. Inflorescence. B. Tuber and roots. C. Fused dorsal sepal and petals. D. Fused lateral sepals. E. Labellum. F. Gynostemium with ovary and pedicel. G. Front view of column. H. Side view of column. I. Oblique view of column. J. Operculum. K. Pollinarium. (Drawn by Pankaj Kumar from specimen HNL-KFBG 0007.)
FIGURE 1. Didymoplexiella laosensis. A in Didymoplexiella laosensis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae), a new holomycotrophic orchid from Lao PDR
FIGURE 1. Didymoplexiella laosensis. A. Plants in habitat. B. Tuber and roots with orange nodules. C. Inflorescence. D. Side view of flower. E. Front view of flower. F. Fused dorsal sepal and petals. G. Fused lateral sepals. H. Labellum. I. Side view of column. J. Front view of column. K. Operculum. L. Pollinarium (one pollinium missing on either side, cf. Fig. 2-K). M. Gynostemium with ovary, pedicel and pollinia.
Data from: Phylogeography and post-glacial dynamics in the clonal-sexual orchid Cypripedium calceolus L.
Aim: We investigated the phylogeographic history of a clonal-sexual orchid, to test the hypothesis that current patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation retain the traces of climatic fluctuations and of the species reproductive system. Location: Europe, Siberia and Russian Far East. Taxon: Cypripedium calceolus L. (Orchidaceae). Methods: Samples (>900, from 56 locations) were genotyped at eleven nuclear microsatellite loci and plastid sequences were obtained for a subset of them. Analysis of genetic structure and approximate Bayesian computations were performed. Species distribution modelling was used to explore the effects of past climatic fluctuations on the species range. Results: Analysis of genetic diversity reveals high heterozygosity and allele diversity, with no geographical trend. Three genetic clusters are identified with extant gene pools derived from ancestral demes in glacial refugia. Siberian populations exhibit different plastid haplotypes, supporting an early divergence for the Asian gene pool. Demographic results based on genetic data are compatible with an admixture event explaining differentiation in Estonia and Romania and they are consistent with past climatic dynamics inferred through species distribution modelling. Current population differentiation does not follow an isolation by distance model and is compatible with a model of isolation by colonisation. Main conclusions: The genetic differentiation observed today in C. calceolus preserves the signature of climatic fluctuations in the historical distribution range of the species. Our findings support the central role of clonal reproduction in in reducing loss of diversity through genetic drift. The dynamics of the clonal-sexual reproduction are responsible for the persistence of ancestral variation and stability during glacial periods and post-glacial expansion.
Data from: Stable isotope signatures of underground seedlings reveal the organic matter gained by adult orchids from mycorrhizal fungi
1.Orchids produce dust seeds dependent on the provision of organic carbon by mycorrhizal fungi for their early development stages. Hence, all chlorophyllous orchids experience a dramatic switch in trophic strategies from initial mycoheterotrophy to either autotrophy or partial mycoheterotrophy during ontogeny. Yet, the degree to which partially mycoheterotrophic orchids gain carbon from their mycorrhizal fungi is unclear based on existing approaches. 2.Here, we propose a novel approach to quantify the fungal-derived organic matter gain of chlorophyllous mature orchids mycorrhizal with rhizoctonia fungi using the stable isotope signatures of their fully mycoheterotrophic (FMH) seedlings in a linear two-source mixing model. 3.We conducted a field germination experiment with seven orchid species and measured carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen stable isotope natural abundances and nitrogen concentrations of mature orchids, underground seedlings and autotrophic references. 4.After in situ burial for 19 – 30 months, germination rates varied considerably among five orchid species and failed for two. On average, underground seedlings were enriched in 13C and 15N relative to mature orchids and had higher nitrogen concentrations. Using the mean enrichment factors ε13C and ε2H of seedlings as FMH endpoint, the organic matter gain derived by mature orchids from mycorrhizas was ca. 20%. 5.Chlorophyllous orchids mycorrhizal with rhizoctonias are predisposed to partially mycoheterotrophic nutrition due to their initially mycoheterotrophic seedling stage. We show that the carbon and hydrogen isotope abundances of underground seedlings can be used in an improved mixing-model to identify a significant proportion of fungal-derived organic matter in mature orchids.
Data from: Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification
Orchids are the most diverse family of angiosperms, with over 25 000 species, more than mammals, birds and reptiles combined. Tests of hypotheses to account for such diversity have been stymied by the lack of a fully resolved broad-scale phylogeny. Here, we provide such a phylogeny, based on 75 chloroplast genes for 39 species representing all orchid subfamilies and 16 of 17 tribes, time-calibrated against 17 angiosperm fossils. A supermatrix analysis places an additional 144 species based on three plastid genes. Orchids appear to have arisen roughly 112 million years ago (Mya); the subfamilies Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae diverged from each other at the end of the Cretaceous; and the eight tribes and three previously unplaced subtribes of the upper epidendroids diverged rapidly from each other between 37.9 and 30.8 Mya. Orchids appear to have undergone one significant acceleration of net species diversification in the orchidoids, and two accelerations and one deceleration in the upper epidendroids. Consistent with theory, such accelerations were correlated with the evolution of pollinia, the epiphytic habit, CAM photosynthesis, tropical distribution (especially in extensive cordilleras), and pollination via Lepidoptera or euglossine bees. Deceit pollination appears to have elevated the number of orchid species by one-half but not via acceleration of the rate of net diversification. The highest rate of net species diversification within the orchids (0.382 sp sp−1 My−1) is 6.8 times that at the Asparagales crown.
Data from: An informational diversity framework, illustrated with sexually deceptive orchids in early stages of speciation
Reconstructing evolutionary history for emerging species complexes is notoriously difficult, with newly isolated taxa often morphologically cryptic and the signature of reproductive isolation often restricted to a few genes. Evidence from multiple loci and genomes is highly desirable, but multiple inputs require 'common currency' translation. Here we deploy a Shannon information framework, converting into diversity analogue, which provides a common currency analysis for maternally inherited haploid and bi-parentally inherited diploid nuclear markers, and then extend that analysis to construction of minimum-spanning networks for both genomes. The new approach is illustrated with a quartet of cryptic congeners from the sexually deceptive Australian orchid genus Chiloglottis, still in the early stages of speciation. Divergence is more rapid for haploid plastids than for nuclear markers, consistent with the effective population size differential (Nep < Nen), but divergence patterns are broadly correlated for the two genomes. There are nevertheless intriguing discrepancies between the emerging plastid and nuclear signals of early phylogenetic radiation of these taxa, and neither pattern is entirely consistent with the available information on the sexual cues used by the orchids to lure the pollinators enforcing reproductive isolation. We describe possible extensions of this methodology to multiple ploidy levels and other types of markers, which should increase the range of application to any taxonomic assemblage in the very early stages of reproductive isolation and speciation.
Data from: Phylogeography of the Neotropical epiphytic orchid, Brassavola nodosa: evidence for a secondary contact zone in northwestern Costa Rica
Spatial patterns of genetic variation can reveal otherwise cryptic evolutionary and landscape processes. In northwestern Costa Rica, an approximately concordant genetic discontinuity occurs among populations of several plant species. We conducted phylogeographic analyses of an epiphytic orchid, Brassavola nodosa, to test for genetic discontinuity and to explore its underlying causes. We genotyped 18 populations with 19 nuclear loci and two non-coding chloroplast sequence regions. We estimated genetic diversity and structure, relative importance of pollen and seed dispersal, and divergence time to understand how genetic diversity was spatially partitioned. Nuclear genetic diversity was high with little differentiation among populations (GSTn = 0.065). In contrast, chloroplast haplotypes were highly structured (GSTc = 0.570) and reveal a discontinuity between northwestern and southeastern populations within Costa Rica. Haplotype differences suggest two formerly isolated lineages that diverged approximately 10,000-100,000 YBP. Haplotype mixing and greater genetic diversity occur in an intermediate transition zone. Patterns of nuclear and chloroplast data were consistent. Different levels of genetic differentiation for the two genomes reflect the relative effectiveness of biotic versus abiotic dispersers of pollen and seeds. Isolation of the two lineages likely resulted from the complex environmental and geophysical history of the region. Our results suggest a recent cryptic seed dispersal barrier and/or zone of secondary contact. We hypothesize that powerful northeasterly trade winds hinder movement of wind-borne seeds between the two regions, while the multi-directional dispersal of pollen by strong-flying sphinx moths resulted in lower differentiation of nuclear loci.
FIGURE 1 in Habenaria osmastonii (Orchidaceae), a new terrestrial orchid from the Andaman Islands, India
FIGURE 1. Habenaria osmastonii: A. habit. B. front view of flower. C. side view of flower showing spur and bract. D. & E. dissected parts of flower. F. column. Habenaria richardiana Wight: G. habit. H. flower (source: Wight, Icon. t. 1713. 1851).
FIGURE 2 in Habenaria osmastonii (Orchidaceae), a new terrestrial orchid from the Andaman Islands, India
FIGURE 2. Distribution map of Habenaria osmastonii, showing the type locality Rutland Island in South Andaman.
FIGURE 3. Gastrodia damingshanensis A.Q in Gastrodia damingshanensis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae): a new mycoheterotrophic orchid from China
FIGURE 3. Gastrodia damingshanensis A.Q. Hu & T.C. Hsu (Plate based on T.C. Hsu & A.Q. Hu 6407). A. Habit. B–E. Flower (B. Top view, C. Side view, D. Bottom view, E. Frontal view). F. Perianth tube, expanded and flattened. G. Lip and column, side view. H. Column with anther attached, side view. I–K. Column without anther (I. Back view, J. Front view, showing melted pollinia on stigma, K. side view). L–M. Lip. N–O. Anther cap (N. top view, O. bottom view). P. Pollinia. Photographed by T.C. Hsu.
FIGURE 1 in Gastrodia damingshanensis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae): a new mycoheterotrophic orchid from China
FIGURE 1. Habitat and habit of Gastrodia damingshanensis A.Q. Hu & T.C. Hsu (at the type locality). Photographed by T.C. Hsu.
FIGURE 2. Gastrodia damingshanensis A.Q in Gastrodia damingshanensis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae): a new mycoheterotrophic orchid from China
FIGURE 2. Gastrodia damingshanensis A.Q. Hu & T.C. Hsu (drawing based on T. C. Hsu & A. Q. Hu 6407). A. Habit. B–E. Flower (B. Top view, C. Bottom view, D. Longitudinal section, E. Frontal view). F. Perianth tube, expanded and flattened. G. Lip and column, side view. H. Lip. I–J. Column (I. Front view, J. Back view). K–L. Anther cap (K. Top view, L. Bottom view). M. Pollinia. Illustrated by T.C. Hsu.
FIGURE 3 in Taxonomy of Atlantic Central African orchids 3. A new species of Bulbophyllum Thouars (Orchidaceae) from the Monts de Cristal, Gabon
FIGURE 3. Pictures of continental African Bulbophyllum with unifoliate pseudobulb and hairy lip: A–C, vegetative parts and flower of B. pauwelsianum; D, flower of B. alinae; E, flower of B. barbigerum; F–I, flowers of B. saltatorium var. albociliatum complex; J, flower of B. schinzianum var. schinzianum; K, flower of B. schinzianum var. phaepogon.
FIGURE 1. Bulbophyllum pauwelsianum. A. Plant habit. B. Flower. C. Lip. D. Column only. E in Taxonomy of Atlantic Central African orchids 3. A new species of Bulbophyllum Thouars (Orchidaceae) from the Monts de Cristal, Gabon
FIGURE 1. Bulbophyllum pauwelsianum. A. Plant habit. B. Flower. C. Lip. D. Column only. E. (left to right) Dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal. Bars. 5 cm (A); 1 mm (B, C, D & E).
Figure 4 in Orchid bees (Apidae: Euglossini) in Cerrado remnants in northeast Brazil
Figure 4. Influence of temperature on the patterns of daily activity of the five most abundant species in gallery forest (a) and Cerrado sensu stricto (b) of the Mirador State Park, MA.
Figure 1 in Orchid bees (Apidae: Euglossini) in Cerrado remnants in northeast Brazil
Figure 1. Distribution of the Cerrado biome in Brazil and Maranhão (grey area). Dark area represents the geographic location of Mirador State Park, MA, and the points correspond to study areas in gallery forest (GF) and Cerrado sensu stricto (Css) (QGIS Software 2.18, Quantum GIS Development Team2017).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.