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Figure 5 in Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann, 1834)

Figure 5. Right lateral view of the head of Hemibungarus calligaster, TNHC 62483, showing delineated primary and secondary temporal plates as interpreted in this paper and by Leviton (1964). Lower primary temporal (larger) was interpreted as a sixth raised labial by Slowinski et al. (2001). Supralabials and temporals are indicated by numerals.

Figure 4 in Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann, 1834)

Figure 4. Selected views of right hemipenis of Ophiophagus hannah, UTA R-6813. A, sulcate view of complete organ; B, asulcate view of complete organ; C, sulcate inner view of lobes; D, sulcate view of base and furcation; E, asulcate view of base and furcation.

Figure 2 in Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann, 1834)

Figure 2. Phylogram of the single optimal tree estimated by maximum likelihood analysis of the combined data set (mtDNA + c-mos). Support values for nodes (> 50%) are provided in grey rectangles adjacent to nodes: posterior probability (PP) based on MCMC analyses of the combined data (1st from top of rectangle, bold), bootstrap (BSS) values based on ML analysis of the combined data (2nd from top of rectangle, bold), PP based on MCMC analyses of the mtDNA data (3rd from top of rectangle, italics), and PP based on MCMC analysis of the c-mos data (bottom of rectangle, italics). Support less than 50% is indicated by a dashed line. See text for description and justification of nucleotide substitution models used for MCMC analyses.

Figure 1 in Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann, 1834)

Figure 1. Phylogram of the single shortest tree resulting from a heuristic maximum parsimony search of the combined (mtDNA + c-mos) data. Bootstrap support (BSS) for nodes (> 50%) are provided in grey rectangles adjacent to nodes based on parsimony analyses of the combined data set (top of rectangle, bold), the mtDNA data set (middle of rectangle, italics), and c-mos data set (bottom of rectangle, italics). Support values (BSS) for nodes <50% are either not indicated or are indicated by a dashed line.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2005View details →

Fig. 1 in Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Eleotrid Genus Hypseleotris (Teleostei: Gobioidei: Eleotridae), With Redescription of H. cyprinoides

Fig. 1. Strict consensus of 189 most parsimonious hypotheses of Hypseleotris relationships. The numbers at nodes are decay index values, and changes of selected morphological characters are indicated with hash marks and the character number and state change (characters are represented with DELTRAN optimization). The species name and collection locality are indicated, and clades discussed in the text are lettered. In the southeastern species, abbreviations after the name and locality indicate the province or drainage basin: East Coast (EC, also known as Eastern Province), Murray-Darling Basin (MDB, Murray-Darling Province), or Lake Eyre Basin (LEB, Central Australian Province).

Figure 2 in A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies

Figure 2 Evolutionary relationships of the subfamily Sterrhinae. Numbers above branches are SH-aLRT support (%)/ultrafast bootstrap support, UFBoot2(%), for nodes to the right of the numbers. Values of SH ≥ 80 and UFBoot2 ≥ 95 indicate well-supported clades (Trifinopoulos & Minh, 2018). * FormaltaxonomictreatmentwillbedealtwithinP. Sihvonenetal., 2019, unpublisheddata. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7386/fig-2

Figure 1 in A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies

Figure 1 Evolutionary relationships of major groups of the family Geometridae. Numbers above branches are SH-aLRT support (%)/ultrafast bootstrap support, UFBoot2(%), for nodes to the right of the numbers. Values of SH ≥ 80 and UFBoot2 ≥ 95 indicate well-supported clades (Trifinopoulos & Minh, 2018). *FormaltaxonomictreatmentwillbedealtwithinP. Sihvonenetal., 2019, unpublisheddata. § Epidesmiinae subfam. nov. See Oenochrominae section for more details. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7386/fig-1

Figure 5 in A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies

Figure 5 Evolutionary relationships of the subfamily Geometrinae. Numbers above branches are SH-aLRT support (%)/ultrafast bootstrap support, UFBoot2(%), for nodes to the right of the numbers. Values of SH ≥ 80 and UFBoot2 ≥ 95 indicate well-supported clades (Trifinopoulos & Minh, 2018). Taxonomicchangesareindicatedbyasymobolizedarrow>. § Newsubfamily. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7386/fig-5

Figure 3 in A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies

Figure 3 Evolutionary relationships of the subfamily Larentiinae. Numbers above branches are SH-aLRT support (%)/ultrafast bootstrap support, UFBoot2(%), for nodes to the right of the numbers. Values of SH ≥ 80 and UFBoot2 ≥ 95 indicate well-supported clades (Trifinopoulos & Minh, 2018). * FormaltaxonomictreatmentwillbedealtwithinP. Sihvonenetal., 2019, unpublisheddata. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7386/fig-3

Figure 4 in A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies

Figure 4 Phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies Archierinae, Desmobathrinae, Epidesmiinae subfam. nov., Oenochrominae. Numbers above branches are SH-aLRT support (%)/ultrafast bootstrap support, UFBoot2(%), for nodes to the right of the numbers. Values of SH ≥ 80 and UFBoot2 ≥ 95 indicatewell-supportedclades (Trifinopoulos & Minh, 2018). Taxonomicchangesareindicatedbyasymobolizedarrow>. * Formal taxonomic treatment will be dealt with in P. Sihvonen et al., 2019, unpublished data. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7386/fig-4

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Calibrating phylogenies assuming bifurcation or budding alters inferred macroevolutionary dynamics in a densely sampled phylogeny of bivalve families

<p>Analyses of evolutionary dynamics can be profoundly affected by age calibrations of phylogenetic nodes under different models of lineage branching. Most time-calibrated molecular phylogenies of extant taxa assume a purely bifurcating model, where nodes are calibrated using the daughter lineage with the older first occurrence in the fossil record. Lineages can also split via budding, in which a parent lineage persists following the origin of a daughter lineage, and nodes are calibrated using the age of the lineage with the younger first occurrence. Here, we use the extensive fossil record of bivalve molluscs for a large-scale empirical test of how the choice of branching model affects macroevolutionary analyses. We time-calibrated 91% of nodes in a phylogeny of 97 extant bivalve families using 86 calibration points ranging in age from 2.59 to 485 Ma. Allowing budding-based calibrations minimizes conflict between the tree topology and timing of evolutionary events in the fossil record, reducing the summed duration of inferred "ghost lineages," from 6.76 billion yrs (Gyr; bifurcating model) to 1.00 Gyr (budding model). Adding 31 extinct paraphyletic families – many major groups contain such extinct taxa – shifts deep splits further back in time and raises ghost-lineage totals to 7.86 Gyr (bifurcating) and 1.92 Gyr (budding), but more accurately reflects the time since separation of lineages. Lineage-through-time plots from phylogenetic data scaled under a bifurcating model of evolution push more inferred bivalve diversification into the Paleozoic, conflicting with other palaeontological evidence on the magnitude of the end-Paleozoic extinction and subsequent recovery, and strongly reduce the magnitude of the Cenozoic diversification of the group. Consideration of the hypothesized branching model within a given clade is essential when node-calibrating phylogenies, and for a major clade with a robust fossil record, an evolutionary model that allows budding and does not force bifurcations is the most appropriate one, and likely common for many other clades as well.</p>

Fig. 14 in Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs

Fig. 14. Aedeagus of species of Gerbelius Distant, 1903 and Voconia Stål, 1866. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 11 in Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs

Fig. 11. Pygophore of species of Gerbelius Distant, 1903 and Voconia Stål, 1866. Median apical process of Gerbelius typicus Distant, 1903 and V. bakeri sp. nov. damaged/missing. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 8 in Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs

Fig. 8. Dorsal habitus of holotypes of Voconia Stål, 1866 species with distribution: purple = Afrotropical region, green = Australasian region, blue = Neotropical region, pink = Oriental region. Scale bars = 3 mm.

Fig. 6 in Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs

Fig. 6. Diagnostic characters of Voconia Stål, 1866 shown on Voconia dolichocephala sp. nov. (AMNH_PBI 00168745). A–B. Head, dorsal view; maxillary plates = blue, mandibular plates = green. C. Hemelytra, Cu-An1 cell = red. D. Head and thorax, lateral view; anteriad directed process = purple; E. Labium. F. Pygophore, dorsal view. G. Paramere.

Fig. 7 in Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs

Fig. 7. Dorsal habitus of holotypes of Voconia Stål, 1866 species with distribution: purple = Afrotropical region, green = Australasian region, pink = Oriental region. Scale bars = 3 mm.

Fig. 20 in Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs

Fig. 20. The distribution of species of Gerbelius Distant, 1903 and Voconia Stål, 1866 in Southeast Asia.

Fig. 2. Tree resulting from implied weighting analysis using K in Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs

Fig. 2. Tree resulting from implied weighting analysis using K = 12 with characters unambiguously optimized. Symmetric resampling values over 51 are represented for trees obtained with K = 3, K = 6, K = 9, and K = 12 analyses. Characters and character states are described in pp. 11–22. Specimens not to scale.

Fig. 4. Morphological characters. A–D in Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs

Fig. 4. Morphological characters. A–D. Scutellum and hemelytron, dorsal view. A. Gerbelius typicus Distant, 1903.B. Voconia lirophleps sp. nov. C. Voconia bracata sp. nov.D. Voconia schoutedeni (Villiers, 1964) comb. nov. E. Voconia grandioculata sp. nov., thorax, lateral view. F–H. Voconia nyx sp. nov. F. Thorax, lateral view. G. Fore tibia, ventral view. H. Mid tibia and tarsus, ventral view. I–K. Hind femur, posterior view. I. Voconia mexicana sp. nov. J. Voconia decorata sp. nov. K. Voconia bracata sp. nov.

Fig. 3. Morphological characters. A–D in Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs

Fig. 3. Morphological characters. A–D. Head in dorsal view. A. Gerbelius nr. confluens. B. Voconia decorata sp. nov. C. Voconia pallidipes Stål, 1866. D. Voconia schoutedeni (Villiers, 1964) comb. nov. E–G. Head in lateral view. E. Voconia wegneri (Miller, 1954) comb. nov. F. Voconia dolichocephala sp. nov. G. Gerbelius typicus Distant, 1903. H. Voconia loki sp. nov., head and pronotum in dorsal view. I–J. Prosternum in ventrolateral view. I. Voconia mexicana sp. nov. J. Voconia bracata sp. nov. K–L. Pronotum in dorsal view. K. Voconia conradti (Jeannel, 1917) comb. nov. L. Voconia tuberculata sp. nov.