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Fig. 4 in Predatory behaviors: Pristimantis savagei (Anura: Craugastoridae) as prey of Trechalea sp. spiders (Araneae: Trechaleidae) in a sector of the Piedemonte Llanero, Villavicencio, Colombia
Fig. 4. Trechalea sp. individual secreting its digestive juices.
Fig. 7 in Patterns of drilling predation of cassid gastropods preying on echinoids from the middle Miocene of Poland
Fig. 7. Size−frequency distributions of drill holes observed on tests of Echinocyamus species.
Active larva of ?Selasia sp. from India preying on the snail
<p>Active larva of ?Selasia sp. (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Agrypninae: Drilini) from India preying on the snail</p>
An unusual predator-prey system including Iberian lynx and roe deer
<p><span>The Iberian lynx (<em>Lynx pardinus</em>) is a recently recovering felid native to the Iberian Peninsula. This specialist relies on European wild rabbits (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em>) as its bulk prey. Occasionally however, Iberian lynxes can prey on ungulates. New situations emerge in the context of ongoing Iberian lynx recovery and roe deer (<em>Capreolus capreolus</em>) expansion. The capacity of Iberian lynx to influence roe deer dynamics is unknown. We addressed this gap combining camera trapping, noninvasive genetics, and pathology on a site where a saturated Iberian lynx population coincides with a significant roe deer population. Lynx and roe deer detections were not spatially correlated. By contrast, lynx detections were correlated with rabbit detections. We estimated lynx density and roe deer density at 0.167±0.042 lynx/km<sup>2</sup> (SCR models) and 3.55±2.26 roe deer/km<sup>2</sup> (REM method), respectively. <span> </span>Roe deer fawn recruitment was low as the proportion of fawns per adult female was 23%. We detected roe deer DNA in two of 15 lynx feces. One freshly dead adult female roe deer was found by gamekeepers. Two CTs immediately set up at the presumed kill site and kept activated for eight hours recorded three visits by a collared adult female Iberian lynx. The carcass presented lesions compatible with lynx predation. Thus, we compiled CT-derived, genetic, and pathological evidence confirming that Iberian lynxes prey on roe deer. Iberian lynx predation on roe deer is probably sporadic. However, predation has a significant effect on roe deer dynamics in the study site, impeding normal fawn recruitment and the establishment of a harvestable population. Our findings have implications for hunter attitudes, game management and lynx conservation.</span></p>
Data from: Correlated evolution between colouration and ambush site in predators with visual prey lures
The evolution of a visual signal will be affected by signaller and receiver behaviour, and by the physical properties of the environment where the signal is displayed. Crab spiders are typical sit-and-wait predators found in diverse ambush sites, such as tree bark, foliage and flowers. Some of the flower-dweller species present a UV+-white visual lure that makes them conspicuous and attractive to their prey. We hypothesised that UV+-white colouration was associated with the evolution of a flower-dwelling habit. In addition, following up on results from a previous study we tested whether the UV+-white colouration evolved predominantly in flower-dwelling species occurring in Australia. We measured the reflectance of 1149 specimens from 66 species collected in Australia and Europe, reconstructed a crab spider phylogeny, and applied phylogenetic comparative methods to test our hypotheses. We found that the flower-dwelling habit evolved independently multiple times, and that this trait was correlated with the evolution of the UV+-white colouration. However, outside Australia non-flower-dwelling crab spiders also express a UV+-white colouration. Therefore, UV+-white reflectance is probably a recurring adaptation of some flower-dwellers for attracting pollinators, although it may have other functions in non-flower-dwellers, such as camouflage.
Data from: Evaluating consumptive and nonconsumptive predator effects on prey density using field times series data
Determining the degree to which predation affects prey abundance in natural communities constitutes a key goal of ecological research. Predators can affect prey through both consumptive effects (CEs) and nonconsumptive effects (NCEs), although the contributions of each mechanism to the density of prey populations remain largely hypothetical in most systems. Common statistical methods applied to time series data cannot elucidate the mechanisms responsible for hypothesized predator effects on prey density (e.g., differentiate CEs from NCEs), nor provide parameters for predictive models. State space models (SSMs) applied to time series data offer a way to meet these goals. Here, we employ SSMs to assess effects of an invasive predatory zooplankter, Bythotrephes longimanus, on an important prey species, Daphnia mendotae, in Lake Michigan. We fit mechanistic models in a SSM framework to seasonal time series (1994-2012) using a recently developed, maximum likelihood-based optimization method, iterated filtering, which can overcome challenges in ecological data (e.g. nonlinearities, measurement error, and irregular sampling intervals). Our results indicate that B. longimanus strongly influences D. mendotae dynamics, with mean annual peak densities of B. longimanus observed in Lake Michigan estimated to cause a 61% reduction in D. mendotae population growth rate and a 59% reduction in peak biomass density. Further, the mechanism underlying the B. longimanus effect is most consistent with an NCE via reduced birth rates. The SSM approach also provided estimates for key biological parameters (e.g., demographic rates) and the contribution of dynamic stochasticity and measurement error. Our study therefore highlights the utility of SSMs to enhance inference for species interactions from time series data. In particular, our findings provide evidence derived directly from survey data that the invasive zooplankter B. longimanus is affecting zooplankton demographics and offer parameter estimates needed to inform predictive models that explore the effect of B. longimanus under different scenarios such as climate change.
Data from: Local prey community composition and genetic distance predict venom divergence among populations of the northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus)
Identifying the environmental correlates of divergence in functional traits between populations can provide insights into the evolutionary mechanisms that generate local adaptation. Here, we assess patterns of population differentiation in expressed venom proteins in Northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus) from 13 locations across California. We evaluate the relative importance of major biotic (prey species community composition), abiotic (temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and genetic factors (genetic distance based on RADseq loci) as correlates of population divergence in venom phenotypes. We found that over half of the variation in venom composition is associated with among-population differentiation for genetic and environmental variables, and that this variation occurred along axes defining previously observed functional trade-offs between venom proteins that have neurotoxic, myotoxic and hemorrhagic effects. Surprisingly, genetic differentiation among populations was the best predictor of venom divergence, accounting for 46% of overall variation, whereas differences in prey community composition and abiotic factors explained smaller amounts of variation (23% and 19%, respectively). The association between genetic differentiation and venom composition could be due to an isolation by distance effect or, more likely it may reflect an isolation-by-environment effect where selection against recent migrants is strong, producing a correlation between neutral genetic differentiation and venom differentiation. Our findings suggest that even coarse estimates of prey community composition can be useful in understanding the selection pressures acting on patterns of venom protein expression. Additionally, our results suggest that factors other than adaptation to spatial variation in prey need to be considered when explaining population divergence in venom.
A common measure of prey immune function is not constrained by the cascading effects of predators
<p>Simultaneously defending against predators, stymieing competitors, and generating immune responses can impose conflicting demands for host species caught in the entanglement of a food web. Host immunity is not only shaped by direct interactions among species, but also many indirect cascading effects. By reducing competition, predators in particular can affect resource acquisition necessary for hosts to mount energetically costly immune responses. However, identifying the links between predators and host immune responses determined by resource acquisition is a complex affair, because predators can (i) reduce host density and thus competition among hosts, (ii) exert non-consumptive trait-mediated effects on host resource acquisition behavior, and (iii) generate natural selection on host resource acquisition behavior. To examine the relative contributions of these potential predator driven density- and trait-mediated effects on a key aspect of immune function (total phenoloxidase activity, total PO), we conducted mesocosm and field experiments with larval damselflies ( Enallagma signatum ) and their dominant fish predator ( Lepomis macrochirus ). Although we expected to observe declines in total PO activity with increases in damselfly density, we found no relationship between density and total PO activity. We also found no support for the prediction that total PO activity would vary as a result of either non-consumptive trait-mediated effects or selection on damselfly foraging activity underlying resource acquisition. Despite the lack of trait- or densitymediated effects, we did find that total PO activity increased with damselfly prey density among lakes, implying resource limitation for this aspect of immune function. These unexpected results point to the need to better understand the ecological conditions whereby predators and competitors constrain immune functions necessary for species to defend themselves in complex food webs.</p>
Food talk: 40-Hz fin whale calls are associated with prey biomass
<p>Animals use varied acoustic signals that play critical roles in their lives. Understanding the function of these signals may inform about key life-history processes relevant for conservation. In the case of fin whales (<em>Balaenoptera physalus</em>), that produce different call types associated with different behaviours, several hypotheses have emerged regarding call function, but the topic still remains in its infancy. Here, we investigate the potential function of two fin whale vocalizations, the song-forming 20-Hz call and the 40-Hz call, by examining their production in relation to season, year and prey biomass. Our results showed that the production of 20-Hz calls was strongly influenced by season, with a clear peak during the breeding months, and secondarily by year, likely due to changes in whale abundance. These results support the reproductive function of the 20-Hz song used as an acoustic display. Conversely, season and year had no effect on variation in 40-Hz calling rates, but prey biomass did. This is the first study linking 40-Hz call activity to prey biomass, supporting the previously suggested food-associated function of this call. Understanding the functions of animal signals can help identifying functional habitats and predict the negative effects of human activities with important implications for conservation.</p>
Figure 2 in Evaluation of prey stage preference of the predatory miteNeoseiulus longispinosus (Evans) on the spider mite pest Tetranychus neocaledonicus (André) (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae)
Figure 2 Mean consumption rate (%) of nymphs of Neoseiulus longispinosus on different life stages
Figure 1 in Evaluation of prey stage preference of the predatory miteNeoseiulus longispinosus (Evans) on the spider mite pest Tetranychus neocaledonicus (André) (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae)
Figure 1 Mean consumption rate (%) of adults of Neoseiulus longispinosus on different life stages
Figure 9 in A new species of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from nests of Cerceris fumipennis Say (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in northeastern Florida, USA, with new state records for species of Chrysobothris and a list of buprestid prey species taken by the wasp in Florida
Figure 9. Google Earth image of Pelotes Island (outlined in white) and vicinity.
Data from: Match and mismatch: integrating consumptive effects of predators, prey traits, and habitat selection in colonizing aquatic insects
<p>Predators are a particularly critical component of habitat quality, as they affect survival, morphology, behavior, population size, and community structure through both consumptive and non-consumptive effects. Non-consumptive effects can often exceed consumptive effects, but their relative importance is undetermined in many systems. Our objective was to determine the consumptive and non-consumptive effects of a predaceous aquatic insect, <em>Notonecta irrorata</em>, on colonizing aquatic beetles. We tested how <em>N. irrorata </em>affected survival and habitat selection of colonizing aquatic beetles, how beetle traits contributed to their vulnerability to predation by <em>N. irrorata,</em> and how combined consumptive and non-consumptive effects affected populations and community structure. Predation vulnerabilities ranged from 0–95% mortality, with size, swimming, and exoskeleton traits generating species-specific vulnerabilities. Habitat selection ranged from predator avoidance to preferentially colonizing predator patches. Attraction of Dytiscidae to <em>N. irrorata</em> may be a natural ecological trap given similar cues produced by these taxa. Hence, species-specific habitat selection by prey can be either predator-avoidance responses that reduce consumptive effects, or responses that magnify predator effects. <em>Notonecta irrorata</em> had both strong consumptive and non-consumptive effects on populations and communities, while combined effects predicted even more distinct communities and populations across patches with or without predators. Our results illustrate that an aquatic invertebrate predator can have functionally-unique consumptive effects on prey, attracting and repelling prey, while prey have functionally-unique responses to predators. Determining species-specific consumptive and non-consumptive effects is important to understand patterns of species diversity across landscapes.</p>
Fig. 19 in Species inventory, preys and host plants of Anthocoridae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Shiraz and its environs (Iran, Fars province)
Fig. 19. Map of the Fars Province with the positions of the sampling sites.
Fig. 2 in Spatio-temporal correlations of large predators and their prey in western Thailand
Fig. 2. Camera trap locations in Thung Yai Naresuan (East) Wildlife Sanctuary.
Fig. 1 in Spatio-temporal correlations of large predators and their prey in western Thailand
Fig. 1. Thung Yai Naresuan (East) Wildlife Sanctuary (TYNE), Thailand.
FIGURE 1 in Does The Ability Of Blattisocius Species To Prey On Mites And Insects Vary According To The Relative Length Of The Cheliceral Digits?
FIGURE 1: Chelicerae of Blattisocius keegani A – photo; B – line drawing and Blattisocius everti C – photo; D – line drawing; a – fixed digit; b – movable digit; bar = 20 µm.
FIGURE 3 in Attack and defense in a gamasid-oribatid mite predator-prey experiment - sclerotization outperforms chemical repellency
FIGURE 3: Body size and mass of adults and tritonymphs of Archegozetes longisetosus. Stars indicate significant differences (Welch two-sample t-test, ***p<0.001).
FIGURE 1 in Attack and defense in a gamasid-oribatid mite predator-prey experiment - sclerotization outperforms chemical repellency
FIGURE 1: Consumption [%] of the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps miles feeding on differently treated adults and tritonymphs of Archegozetes longisetosus (armed= control group; disarmed= hexane treated specimens). Stars indicate significant differences (Mann-Whitney-U-test, ***p<0.001).
FIGURE 2 in Attack and defense in a gamasid-oribatid mite predator-prey experiment - sclerotization outperforms chemical repellency
FIGURE 2: Normalized amount of defensive secretion of attacked and control group Archegozetes longisetosus. Stars indicate significant differences (Mann-Whitney-U-test, ***p<0.001).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.