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Subspecies and Distribution. C. c. caracal Schreber, 1776 — E & S Africa. C.c.algira Wagner, 1841 — N Africa. C.c. damarensis Roberts, 1926 — Namibia. C.c. limpopoensis Roberts, 1926 — N Transvaal. C.c. lucani Rochebrune, 1885 — grasslands of SE Gabon. C. c. michaelis Heptner, 1945 — deserts of Caspian Sea region, E to Amu Darya River. C. c. nubica Fischer, 1829 — Cameroon E and N to Nubian Desert. C. c. poecilotis Thomas & Hinton, 1921 — W Africa. C. c. schmitzi Matschie, 1912 — Turkey, Palestine E to India. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C. c. caracal Schreber, 1776 — E & S Africa. C.c.algira Wagner, 1841 — N Africa. C.c. damarensis Roberts, 1926 — Namibia. C.c. limpopoensis Roberts, 1926 — N Transvaal. C.c. lucani Rochebrune, 1885 — grasslands of SE Gabon. C. c. michaelis Heptner, 1945 — deserts of Caspian Sea region, E to Amu Darya River. C. c. nubica Fischer, 1829 — Cameroon E and N to Nubian Desert. C. c. poecilotis Thomas & Hinton, 1921 — W Africa. C. c. schmitzi Matschie, 1912 — Turkey, Palestine E to India.

Subspecies and Distribution. L. w. wiedit Schinz, 1821 — SE Brazil to NE Argentina. L. w. amazonicus Cabrera, 1917 — upper Amazonas, Brazil. L. w. boliviae Pocock, 1941 — Andean slopes. L. w. cooperi Goldman, 1943 — SE Texas to N Mexico border (could be extinct). L. w. glauculus Thomas, 1903 — dry country of Mexico. L. w. nicaraguaeJ. A. Allen, 1919 — Central America. L. w. vigens Thomas, 1904 — NE Brazil to the Guyanas. L. w. yucatanicus Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — rainforest regions of Mexico. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. L. w. wiedit Schinz, 1821 — SE Brazil to NE Argentina. L. w. amazonicus Cabrera, 1917 — upper Amazonas, Brazil. L. w. boliviae Pocock, 1941 — Andean slopes. L. w. cooperi Goldman, 1943 — SE Texas to N Mexico border (could be extinct). L. w. glauculus Thomas, 1903 — dry country of Mexico. L. w. nicaraguaeJ. A. Allen, 1919 — Central America. L. w. vigens Thomas, 1904 — NE Brazil to the Guyanas. L. w. yucatanicus Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — rainforest regions of Mexico.

Subspecies and Distribution. F. s. silvestris Schreber, 1777 — Europe E to the Carpathian Mts and the River Dnieper N of the Black Sea. F.s. brockmani Pocock, 1944 — Somalia. F. s. cafra Desmarest, 1822 — Zimbabwe, S Mozambique and South Africa. F. s. caucasica Satunin, 1905 — Caucasus Mts and Turkey. F.s. caudata Gray, 1874 — deserts E Caspian Sea to NW China (Xinjiang) and Mongolia. F. s. foxi Pocock, 1944 — Senegal to Lake Chad. F.s. gordoni Harrison, 1968 — Batinah coast of Oman. F.s. grampia G. S. Miller, 1907 — N Scotland. F. s. griselda Thomas, 1926 — Kalahari region to S Angola. F. s. iraki Cheesman, 1920 — Arabian Desert regions. F. s. lybica Forster, 1780 — desert regions of N Africa to Sudan and N Niger. F.s. melland: Schwann, 1904 — SC Africa. F.s. nesterovi Biurla, 1916 — Mesopotamian region to SW Iran. F. s. ocreata Gmelin, 1791 — Ethiopian highlands. F. s. ornata Gray, 1830 — India. Probably W through Iran. F.s. pyrrhus Pocock, 1944 — N Angola and SW Zaire. F. s. sarda Lataste, 1885 — coastal Maghreb region of Morocco and Algeria. F.s. tristrami Pocock, 1944 — Palestine and Red Sea coast of Arabia. F.s. ugandae Schwann, 1904 — E Africa. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. F. s. silvestris Schreber, 1777 — Europe E to the Carpathian Mts and the River Dnieper N of the Black Sea. F.s. brockmani Pocock, 1944 — Somalia. F. s. cafra Desmarest, 1822 — Zimbabwe, S Mozambique and South Africa. F. s. caucasica Satunin, 1905 — Caucasus Mts and Turkey. F.s. caudata Gray, 1874 — deserts E Caspian Sea to NW China (Xinjiang) and Mongolia. F. s. foxi Pocock, 1944 — Senegal to Lake Chad. F.s. gordoni Harrison, 1968 — Batinah coast of Oman. F.s. grampia G. S. Miller, 1907 — N Scotland. F. s. griselda Thomas, 1926 — Kalahari region to S Angola. F. s. iraki Cheesman, 1920 — Arabian Desert regions. F. s. lybica Forster, 1780 — desert regions of N Africa to Sudan and N Niger. F.s. melland: Schwann, 1904 — SC Africa. F.s. nesterovi Biurla, 1916 — Mesopotamian region to SW Iran. F. s. ocreata Gmelin, 1791 — Ethiopian highlands. F. s. ornata Gray, 1830 — India. Probably W through Iran. F.s. pyrrhus Pocock, 1944 — N Angola and SW Zaire. F. s. sarda Lataste, 1885 — coastal Maghreb region of Morocco and Algeria. F.s. tristrami Pocock, 1944 — Palestine and Red Sea coast of Arabia. F.s. ugandae Schwann, 1904 — E Africa.

Subspecies and Distribution. O. m. manul Pallas, 1776 — Lake Baikal region S through Mongolia to N & NW China. O. m. ferrugineus Ognev, 1928 — Kazakhstan S to Iran and Pakistan, including lowlands S of the Caucasus and W of the Caspian Sea to Armenia. O. m. nigripectus Hodgson, 1842 — Kashmir to Nepal, the Tibetan highlands, and E to C & SW China. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. O. m. manul Pallas, 1776 — Lake Baikal region S through Mongolia to N & NW China. O. m. ferrugineus Ognev, 1928 — Kazakhstan S to Iran and Pakistan, including lowlands S of the Caucasus and W of the Caspian Sea to Armenia. O. m. nigripectus Hodgson, 1842 — Kashmir to Nepal, the Tibetan highlands, and E to C & SW China.

Subspecies and Distribution. C. t. temminckii Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 — Sub-Himalayan region from Nepal, India and Bhutan S to Malaysia and Sumatra. C. t. dominicanorum Sclater, 1898 — S China. C. t. tnistis Milne-Edwards, 1872 — highlands of SW China. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C. t. temminckii Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 — Sub-Himalayan region from Nepal, India and Bhutan S to Malaysia and Sumatra. C. t. dominicanorum Sclater, 1898 — S China. C. t. tnistis Milne-Edwards, 1872 — highlands of SW China.

Subspecies and Distribution. P.m. marmorata Martin, 1837 — Continental SE Asia, from SW China to Malaysia, and islands of Sumatra and Borneo. P.m. charltoni Gray, 1846 — Sub-Himalayan region, from Nepal to Mynamar. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.m. marmorata Martin, 1837 — Continental SE Asia, from SW China to Malaysia, and islands of Sumatra and Borneo. P.m. charltoni Gray, 1846 — Sub-Himalayan region, from Nepal to Mynamar.

Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. nebulosa Griffith, 1821 — Indochinese region and S China. N. n. macrosceloides Hodgson, 1853 — Sub-Himalayan zone from Nepal to Myanmar. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. nebulosa Griffith, 1821 — Indochinese region and S China. N. n. macrosceloides Hodgson, 1853 — Sub-Himalayan zone from Nepal to Myanmar.

Subspecies and Distribution. P. t. tigris Linnaeus, 1758 — Indian subcontinent. P. t. altaica Temminck, 1844 — Russian Far East, N Korean Peninsula and NE China. P. t. amoyensis Hilzheimer, 1905 — SC China (could be extinct in the wild). P. t. corbetti Mazak, 1968 — S China (Yunnan), S to Indochinese region, and S to the Malay Peninsula. P. t. sumatrae Pocock, 1929 — Sumatra. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P. t. tigris Linnaeus, 1758 — Indian subcontinent. P. t. altaica Temminck, 1844 — Russian Far East, N Korean Peninsula and NE China. P. t. amoyensis Hilzheimer, 1905 — SC China (could be extinct in the wild). P. t. corbetti Mazak, 1968 — S China (Yunnan), S to Indochinese region, and S to the Malay Peninsula. P. t. sumatrae Pocock, 1929 — Sumatra.

Subspecies and Distribution. P. o. onca Linnaeus, 1758 — Amazon and Orinoco basin rainforests. P.o. arizonensis Goldman, 1932 — SW USA (Arizona) to NW Mexico (Sonora). P. o. centralis Mearns, 1901 — Nicaragua to Colombia. P. o. goldmani Mearns, 1901 — Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico S to Belize and N Honduras. P. o. hernandesi Gray, 1857 — W Mexico (S Sonora to Oaxaca). P. o. palustris Ameghino, 1888 — S Brazil S through Uruguay to N Argentina (the Rio Negro in Chaco province). P. o. paraguensis Hollister, 1914 — Paraguay. P. o. peruviana de Blainville, 1843 — coastal regions of Ecuador and Peru. P.o. veraecrucis Nelson & Goldman, 1933 — S USA (C Texas, now extinct) to SE Mexico (Chiapas). in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P. o. onca Linnaeus, 1758 — Amazon and Orinoco basin rainforests. P.o. arizonensis Goldman, 1932 — SW USA (Arizona) to NW Mexico (Sonora). P. o. centralis Mearns, 1901 — Nicaragua to Colombia. P. o. goldmani Mearns, 1901 — Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico S to Belize and N Honduras. P. o. hernandesi Gray, 1857 — W Mexico (S Sonora to Oaxaca). P. o. palustris Ameghino, 1888 — S Brazil S through Uruguay to N Argentina (the Rio Negro in Chaco province). P. o. paraguensis Hollister, 1914 — Paraguay. P. o. peruviana de Blainville, 1843 — coastal regions of Ecuador and Peru. P.o. veraecrucis Nelson & Goldman, 1933 — S USA (C Texas, now extinct) to SE Mexico (Chiapas).

Subspecies and Distribution. L. g. geoffroyi d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844 — Argentina (Pampas grasslands from Buenos Aires Province S to Patagonia). L. g. euxanthus Pocock, 1940 — Bolivian highlands. L. g. paraguae Pocock, 1940 — S Paraguay, S Brazil, Uruguay, and N Argentina. L. g. salinarum Thomas, 1903 — Chaco region (Paraguay-Bolivia border). in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. L. g. geoffroyi d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844 — Argentina (Pampas grasslands from Buenos Aires Province S to Patagonia). L. g. euxanthus Pocock, 1940 — Bolivian highlands. L. g. paraguae Pocock, 1940 — S Paraguay, S Brazil, Uruguay, and N Argentina. L. g. salinarum Thomas, 1903 — Chaco region (Paraguay-Bolivia border).

Subspecies and Distribution. F. c. chaus Schreber, 1777 — SE Turkey, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Irak, Syria, Iran, and N to the Caucasus Mountains, adjoining Russia, and E through region of Caspian and Aral Seas to W China. F. c. affinus Gray, 1830 — Sub-Himalayan region. F. c. fulvidina Thomas, 1929 — Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, also Myanmar and Thailand. F. c. kelaarti Pocock, 1939 — S India & Sri Lanka. F. c. kutas Pearson, 1832 — N India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. F. c. nilotica de Winton, 1898 — Egypt. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. F. c. chaus Schreber, 1777 — SE Turkey, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Irak, Syria, Iran, and N to the Caucasus Mountains, adjoining Russia, and E through region of Caspian and Aral Seas to W China. F. c. affinus Gray, 1830 — Sub-Himalayan region. F. c. fulvidina Thomas, 1929 — Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, also Myanmar and Thailand. F. c. kelaarti Pocock, 1939 — S India & Sri Lanka. F. c. kutas Pearson, 1832 — N India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. F. c. nilotica de Winton, 1898 — Egypt.

Distribution. SC & S Europe (including Sicily, Cyprus, Crete, and smaller Mediterranean Is), SW Asia from Asia Minor, the Caucasus region, Palestine, and N Jordan to Kashmir, the Altai Mts, Nepal, N India, and N & C China. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. SC & S Europe (including Sicily, Cyprus, Crete, and smaller Mediterranean Is), SW Asia from Asia Minor, the Caucasus region, Palestine, and N Jordan to Kashmir, the Altai Mts, Nepal, N India, and N & C China.

Subspecies and Distribution. M. n. nattereriKuhl, 1817 — broadly extended in N, C & E Europe until 60° N and W Turkey. M.n.hoveliD.L.Harrison,1964—SCTurkey,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,andWJordan. M. n. tschuliensis Kuzyakin, 1935 — Crimea S to Caucasus region. Isolated populations from W Russia, Crete, Cyprus, and Iraq, Iran, and Turkmenistan are not currently assigned to a subspecies. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. n. nattereriKuhl, 1817 — broadly extended in N, C & E Europe until 60° N and W Turkey. M.n.hoveliD.L.Harrison,1964—SCTurkey,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,andWJordan. M. n. tschuliensis Kuzyakin, 1935 — Crimea S to Caucasus region. Isolated populations from W Russia, Crete, Cyprus, and Iraq, Iran, and Turkmenistan are not currently assigned to a subspecies.

Distribution. Europe, from S Sweden, S of Britain, and Iberian Peninsula to Ukraine, Greece, and Thrace (including Corsica and Sicily Is in the Mediterranean), isolated areas in SW Asia including Turkey (Anatolia) and the Caucasus region. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Europe, from S Sweden, S of Britain, and Iberian Peninsula to Ukraine, Greece, and Thrace (including Corsica and Sicily Is in the Mediterranean), isolated areas in SW Asia including Turkey (Anatolia) and the Caucasus region.

Distribution. Most of Europe and W Asia, from S Fennoscandia, British Is, and Iberian Peninsula E to W Russia (E to Omsk region), the Caucasus, and N Turkey; disrupted distribution in Mediterranean areas. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Most of Europe and W Asia, from S Fennoscandia, British Is, and Iberian Peninsula E to W Russia (E to Omsk region), the Caucasus, and N Turkey; disrupted distribution in Mediterranean areas.

Subspecies and Distribution. M.m.macrotarsusWaterhouse,1845—Phil-ippines,includingPalawanandSuluAr-chipelago(Tawi-Tawi).ItprobablyoccursthroughoutthePhilippines. M. m. saba D. D. Davis, 1962 — N Borneo, on Banggi and Belambangan Is and Madai Caves in Sabah. May be more widespread on coastal region of Sabah. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.m.macrotarsusWaterhouse,1845—Phil-ippines,includingPalawanandSuluAr-chipelago(Tawi-Tawi).ItprobablyoccursthroughoutthePhilippines. M. m. saba D. D. Davis, 1962 — N Borneo, on Banggi and Belambangan Is and Madai Caves in Sabah. May be more widespread on coastal region of Sabah.

Distribution. Recorded from several localities in Myanmar (Bago Region), Thailand (Kamphaeng Phet, Loei, Ratchaburi, and Surat Thani provinces), N Laos (Phongsaly Province), and Vietnam (Son La, Nghe An, Kon Tum, Binh Phuoc, and Dong Nai provinces). in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Recorded from several localities in Myanmar (Bago Region), Thailand (Kamphaeng Phet, Loei, Ratchaburi, and Surat Thani provinces), N Laos (Phongsaly Province), and Vietnam (Son La, Nghe An, Kon Tum, Binh Phuoc, and Dong Nai provinces).

Distribution. Verified records based on analyzed specimens are from NE Afghanistan, N Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab), and NW & N India (Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Sikkim), but distribution likely includes other regions of NW India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand) and SW China (S Tibet [= Xizang]); it probably also occurs in Nepal, although further sample comparison is needed. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Verified records based on analyzed specimens are from NE Afghanistan, N Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab), and NW & N India (Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Sikkim), but distribution likely includes other regions of NW India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand) and SW China (S Tibet [= Xizang]); it probably also occurs in Nepal, although further sample comparison is needed.

Subspecies and Distribution. C. t. townsendii Cooper, 1837 — broadly distributed from SW Canada (British Columbia including Vancouver I) S along Pacific coast of USA to coastal regions of Sonoran Desert in Mexico, and E to Colorado Plateau and Black Hills. C. t. australis Handley, 1955 — SC USA (W Texas) S across mountains of N & C Mexico and Chihuahuan Desert to Oaxaca. C. t. ingens Handley, 1955 — S Missouri, E Oklahoma, and NW Arkansas (C USA). C. t. pallescens G. S. Miller, 1897 — S Wyoming or N Colorado S to New Mexico (USA). C. t. virgitnianus Handley, 1955 — C Appalachian Highlands in E Kentucky, W Virginia, and West Virginia (E USA). in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C. t. townsendii Cooper, 1837 — broadly distributed from SW Canada (British Columbia including Vancouver I) S along Pacific coast of USA to coastal regions of Sonoran Desert in Mexico, and E to Colorado Plateau and Black Hills. C. t. australis Handley, 1955 — SC USA (W Texas) S across mountains of N & C Mexico and Chihuahuan Desert to Oaxaca. C. t. ingens Handley, 1955 — S Missouri, E Oklahoma, and NW Arkansas (C USA). C. t. pallescens G. S. Miller, 1897 — S Wyoming or N Colorado S to New Mexico (USA). C. t. virgitnianus Handley, 1955 — C Appalachian Highlands in E Kentucky, W Virginia, and West Virginia (E USA).

Subspecies and Distribution. R.n.nasutusDobson,1877—EAfghanistan,SEIran,andSPakistan. R.n.batinensisD.L..Harrison,1968—ESaudiArabia,UnitedArabEmirates,andOman;possiblyalsoQatarandBahrain. R.n.matschietThomas,1905—SWSaudiArabiaandYemen. R. n. pellucens Thomas, 1906 — Mesopotamian region of S Iraq and Iran; possibly Kuwait. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. R.n.nasutusDobson,1877—EAfghanistan,SEIran,andSPakistan. R.n.batinensisD.L..Harrison,1968—ESaudiArabia,UnitedArabEmirates,andOman;possiblyalsoQatarandBahrain. R.n.matschietThomas,1905—SWSaudiArabiaandYemen. R. n. pellucens Thomas, 1906 — Mesopotamian region of S Iraq and Iran; possibly Kuwait.