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Figure 16 from: Girón JC, Short AEZ (2019) Three additional new genera of acidocerine water scavenger beetles from the Guiana and Brazilian Shield regions of South America (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Acidocerinae). ZooKeys 855: 109-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.855.33013
Figure 16 Habitat of Primocerus spp. A habitat and type locality for P.cuspidis, Venezuela, Tobogán de la Selva, collecting event AS-08-080b B habitat and type locality for P.pijiguaense, Venezuela, Los Pijiguaos, collecting event AS-07-015 C habitat and type locality for P.neutrum, Venezuela, along La Escalera, collecting event AS-08-058 D habitat and type locality for P.petilus, Brazil, Vale do Paraiso, collecting event BR18-0203-01G.
Figure 5 in Morphology of the male reproductive tract in the water scavenger beetle Tropisternus collaris Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Figure 5 Histology of the male reproductive tract of T. collaris. (A) Cross section of the confluence region of spermatic ducts and glands showing the presence of secretion (arrowhead) and spermatozoa (asterisk). (B) Cross and (C) longitudinal sections of the ejaculatory duct, indicating the cuboidal epithelium with basal nuclei (arrowhead), cuticle (arrowhead), and thick muscle layer (a = circular muscles, b = longitudinal muscles). Bars: A and B = 200 µm, C = 400 µm.
Figure 1 in Morphology of the male reproductive tract in the water scavenger beetle Tropisternus collaris Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Figure 1 Anatomy of the male reproductive tract of T. collaris. (A) Photograph of the anatomy of the male reproductive tract showing the testes (T), vasa deferentia (dd), seminal vesicles (sv), tubular accessory glands (ag), bean-shaped accessory glands (pg), and ejaculatory duct (ej). (B) Schematic drawing of the reproductive tract showing the position and direction of histological sections presented in Figures 2–5. Bars: 0.4 cm.
Figure 4 in Morphology of the male reproductive tract in the water scavenger beetle Tropisternus collaris Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Figure 4 Histology of the male reproductive tract of T. collaris. (A and B) Longitudinal section of the glandular region showing a tubular gland (ag1) with lumen full of secretion (black asterisk). The arrowhead points to the nucleus of the epithelium, and the black arrows to the opening of the common duct into the bean-shaped gland (ag2) in a region that precedes the ejaculatory duct (ej). Note the multilobed secretion (white arrow), lumen with secretion (white asterisk), and muscle layer (m) of the bean-shaped gland (ag2). (C) Cross section of the apical portion of the tubular gland showing apocrine secretion (dashed circle) and secretion granules in the lumen (asterisk). Longitudinal section of the ejaculatory duct (ej) showing the lumen (asterisk), simple cuboidal epithelium (arrow), and thick muscle layer (m). Bars: A = 200 µm, B = 150 µm, and C = 100 µm.
Figure 3 in Morphology of the male reproductive tract in the water scavenger beetle Tropisternus collaris Fabricius, 1775 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Figure 3 Histology of the male reproductive tract of T. collaris. (A and B) Cross section of the glandular region showing the tubular accessory gland (ag1) and bean-shaped gland (ag2). The arrowhead indicates the epithelial folds, and the arrows point to the region of the secretory epithelium. Note the secretion accumulated in the lumen of the beanshaped gland (asterisk). (C and D) Cross section of a seminal vesicle (sv) with simple epithelium (arrow), and lumen full of spermatozoa (asterisk). In (D) detail of the epithelium (ep) and the external muscular layer (m). Bars: A = 200 µm, B and C = 100 µm, D = 25 µm.
Fig. 1 in Trophic roles of scavenger beetles in relation to decomposition stages and seasons
Fig. 1. Mean abundance (±SE) of necrophilous beetles per decomposition stages and seasons. (A) Cadavers (c). (B) Traps (st). F, Fresh; B, Bloated; ACD, Active Decay; ADD, Advanced Decay; R, Remains.
Data from: Vertebrate scavenging dynamics differ between carnivore and herbivore carcasses in the northern boreal forest
<p>Vertebrate scavenging can impact food web dynamics, but our understanding of this process stems predominantly from monitoring herbivore carrion and extrapolating results across carcass types. Recent evidence suggests carnivores may avoid intraguild scavenging to reduce parasite transmission. If this behavior is widespread across diverse ecosystems, estimation of nutrient cycling and community scavenging rates are likely biased to a currently unknown degree. We examined whether the time to initiate scavenging, carcass persistence, or the richness of species scavenging in the boreal forest of Yukon, Canada, differed between carnivore and herbivore carcasses. Vertebrates took longer to initiate scavenging on carnivore carcasses (3.2 days) relative to herbivore carcasses (1.1 days), and carnivore carcasses persisted on the landscape for over a month longer (48.4 days and 5.5 days, respectively). The longer persistence times were due to the reduction in scavenging by carnivores such as Canada lynx (<i>Lynx canadensis</i>). Decreased scavenging was caused by changes in the propensity to consume carnivore carrion, as the number of species detecting a carcass within the first week did not differ between carnivore and herbivore carcasses. These results have ramifications for our understanding of nutrient cycling and food web dynamics in the boreal forest, and provide further support that carcass type should be included in future studies.</p>
Figure 1 in Stephonyx californiensis sp. nov. (Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea: Uristidae), a new bathyal scavenger species from the Central Gulf of California, Mexico, and comments on the bathymetric and geographic distribution of the Stephonyx species group
Figure 1. Map of western Mexico, East Pacific, showing the sampling locality.
Secondary sexual trait melanization in black scavenger flies: nutritional plasticity and its evolution
<p>The black scavenger fly <em>Sepsis thoracica</em> exhibits polyphenic development resulting in alternate small black and large amber male morphs. Although the behavior, ecology, and physiology of both morphs are being scrutinized, the evolutionary origins of the nutritional polyphenism remain poorly understood. I here use a comparative approach to study variation in the degree of melanization of the forefemur —a secondary sexual trait. Melanization showed nutritional plasticity in all species and character mapping suggests polyphenic development to represent the ancestral character state that was lost repeatedly. That is, interspecific variation among the studied species is mainly caused by the loss and not the gain of polyphenic development. Coevolution between male melanization and mating system differences further implicates sexual selection in the evolution of male melanization. These findings highlight the usefulness of comparative and natural history data in shedding new light on the evolution of phenotypic variation.</p>
Fig. 1 in Biology, Distribution, and Phylogenetic Placement of the California Endemic Water Scavenger Beetle Hydrochara rickseckeri (Horn) (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 1. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral habitus of Hydrochara rickseckeri.
Carcass scavenging relaxes chemical-driven female interference competition in flour beetles
<p>Female-female nonsexual interference competition is a major fitness determinant of biased sex-ratio groups with high female density. <span>What strategies can females use to overcome the negative impact of this competition? </span><span>We used flour beetle <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> </span>to answer this question, where competing females <span>from female-biased groups were already known to suppress each other's fecundity by secreting toxic quinones from their stink glands, indicating a unique chemical-driven interference competition. Surprisingly, </span><span>increasing resources</span><span> did not alleviate these fitness costs. Females also did not </span>disperse more from the site of interference competition. Hence, the <span>competition was neither influenced by the total resource availability nor the lack of opportunity to </span>avoid chemical interference<span>. Instead, protein sequestered via scavenging of nutrient-rich carcasses relaxed female competition, by increasing their fecundity and reducing the quinone content. Finally, stink gland components themselves triggered carcass-scavenging and increased fecundity, indicating the possibility of a novel chemical-driven feedback loop</span> to reduce the competition. Taken together, in the present work, we could provide the rare analyses where multiple competing hypotheses were jointly tested to establish carcass-scavenging as an important potential strategy to overcome the fitness costs of intrasexual female interference competition.</p>
Figure 5 from: Darilmaz M, Kıyak S, Short A (2010) Discovery of the water scavenger beetle genus Brownephilus Mouchamps in Turkey (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Hydrophilini). ZooKeys 53: 13-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.53.455
Figure 5 - Known distribution of Brownephilus species: Brownephilus major (●); Brownephilus levantinus (■).
Figure 1-4 from: Darilmaz M, Kıyak S, Short A (2010) Discovery of the water scavenger beetle genus Brownephilus Mouchamps in Turkey (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Hydrophilini). ZooKeys 53: 13-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.53.455
Figure 1-4 - 1 Brownephilus major, dorsal habitus 2 Brownephilus major, aedeagus 3 Brownephilus levantinus, aedeagus (holotype) 4 Karakuyu Lake, Turkey, habitat of Brownephilus major.
Figure 9 from: Fossen EI, Ekrem T, Nilsson AN, Bergsten J (2016) Species delimitation in northern European water scavenger beetles of the genus Hydrobius (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). ZooKeys 564: 71-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6558
Figure 9 - Male genitalia of Hydrobius morphotypes in dorsal view. A Hydrobius fuscipes fuscipes B Hydrobius fuscipes subrotundus C Hydrobius fuscipes rottenbergii D Hydrobius arcticus.
Figure 8 from: Fossen EI, Ekrem T, Nilsson AN, Bergsten J (2016) Species delimitation in northern European water scavenger beetles of the genus Hydrobius (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). ZooKeys 564: 71-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6558
Figure 8 - Species tree with the largest posterior probability from BPP v3.0 analyses conducted on Hydrobius specimens. Multi-locus data (COI, H3 and ITS2) used with Hydrobius convexus included as outgroup. Values above branches indicate range of split posterior probabilities, i.e. the probability for the node representing a speciation event, from four different prior-combinations. Values in red have split probabilities < 1.0. *Clade VII only delimited when specimens from Clade VII were a priori assigned as a potential species separate from Hydrobius arcticus and Hydrobius fuscipes rottenbergii.
Figure 17 from: Fossen EI, Ekrem T, Nilsson AN, Bergsten J (2016) Species delimitation in northern European water scavenger beetles of the genus Hydrobius (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). ZooKeys 564: 71-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6558
Figure 17 - Habitus of Hydrobius morphotypes in dorsal view. A Hydrobius arcticus B Hydrobius fuscipes rottenbergii C Hydrobius fuscipes fuscipes D Hydrobius fuscipes subrotundus.
Figure 16 from: Fossen EI, Ekrem T, Nilsson AN, Bergsten J (2016) Species delimitation in northern European water scavenger beetles of the genus Hydrobius (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). ZooKeys 564: 71-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6558
Figure 16 - Morphometric differences between morphotypes and effect of body size on Elytral Index (EI) of Hydrobius. EI = length of the elytra / maximum width of elytra. 113 specimens measured. Independently fitted lines for each morphotype are shown, slopes not significantly different. Type specimens and specimens of Hydrobius fuscipes subrotundus and Hydrobius fuscipes fuscipes collected in sympatry (Rinn = locality Rinnleiret (Norway), Mot = Motzen (Germany) and Ola = Öland (Sweden)) are labeled.
Figure 10 from: Fossen EI, Ekrem T, Nilsson AN, Bergsten J (2016) Species delimitation in northern European water scavenger beetles of the genus Hydrobius (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). ZooKeys 564: 71-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6558
Figure 10 - Male genitalia of Hydrobius morphotypes in lateral view. A Hydrobius arcticus B Hydrobius fuscipes rottenbergii C Hydrobius fuscipes fuscipes D Hydrobius fuscipes subrotundus.
Figure 13 from: Fossen EI, Ekrem T, Nilsson AN, Bergsten J (2016) Species delimitation in northern European water scavenger beetles of the genus Hydrobius (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). ZooKeys 564: 71-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6558
Figure 13 - Box- and whisker-plot showing morphometric differences between morphotypes of Hydrobius. Top and bottom of boxes represent first and third quartile; dark bands represent the second quartile (median); whiskers show the maximum and minimum values not including outliers (white points). a Shape of mesoventral process. Hydrobius arcticus is the only morphotype with a blunt process (indicated by the higher values) b Relative position of trichobothria in relation to the 3rd and 5th row of elytral serial punctures. The trichobothria of Hydrobius fuscipes rottenbergii are positioned closer to the serial punctures than in other morphotypes (indicated by lower values).
Figure 1 from: Fossen EI, Ekrem T, Nilsson AN, Bergsten J (2016) Species delimitation in northern European water scavenger beetles of the genus Hydrobius (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). ZooKeys 564: 71-120. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.6558
Figure 1 - Measurements of Hydrobius male genitalia. a Paramere in lateral view. A: width of paramere (character 1.5). Curvature of paramere tip (character 1.6) = A+B b Genitalia in dorsal view. 1: Length of sclerotized part of penis. 2: Width of narrowest part of paramere (character 1.2). 3: Length of paramere (character 1.1). Robustness of paramere (character 1.3) = 3 / 2. Paramere length relative penis length (character 1.4) = 3/1. Images of Hydrobius fuscipes rottenbergii.
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