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574 results for “soldier”
Datatset to article: Batch-to-batch variation in nutrient digestibility of black soldier fly larvae meals in rainbow trout
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Raw data Evaluation of black soldier fly larvae meal as a functional feed ingredient in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) under farm-like conditions.
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Beyond Hermetia illucens: The garden soldier fly Exaireta spinigera as a potential bioconverter of food waste
<p>Using insects to convert food waste into useable products, such as livestock feed, is an elegant solution to the twin crises of waste disposal and food production. To date, the black soldier fly (<i>Hermetia illucens)</i> has garnered intense research interest as an excellent bioconverter that consumes wastes and converts them into high protein larval biomass that can be fed to livestock or converted into biodiesel. However, other members of the soldier fly family (Stratiomyidae) have received far less attention despite similar life history traits. Here we examine the seasonality and performance (protein content and protein conversion efficiency) of larval Australian garden soldier flies, <i>Exaireta spinigera</i>.</p> <p> We first examined the state of knowledge about <i>E. spinigera's</i> biology and life history via a literature search. Next, we used a global biodiversity database to infer the seasonality of <i>E. spinigera </i>in Australia. Finally, we conducted outdoor feeding experiments to investigate protein content and protein conversion efficiency of larvae fed wastes ranging from 100% fruit and vegetable waste (low protein) to 100% poultry feed (higher protein).</p> <p><i>Exaireta spinigera</i> appears to be a winter active species, with reported sightings peaking during cooler months of the year. <i>Exaireta spinigera</i> larvae also dominated outdoor bucket traps during the winter, when <i>H. illucens</i> was otherwise inactive. <i>Exaireta spinigera</i> larvae had decreased protein content and decreased protein conversion efficiency when fed foods that contained a high proportion of low-protein food waste. However even in the 100% food waste treatment, the protein content of <i>E. spinigera</i> was relatively high at 38.6% crude protein.</p> <p>We suggest that <i>E. spinigera</i> is an excellent candidate for further research as it can convert low quality food waste into high protein larvae at colder temperatures than <i>H. illucens</i>. Our results highlight the benefits of investigating a wider range of dipteran species for their bioconversion abilities.</p>
Figure 6. Left mandible EES plots. A, axis 2 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 6. Left mandible EES plots. A, axis 2 vs. axis 1. B, axis 2 vs. axis 3. C, modelled mode of mandible shape change along axes 1, 2 and 3.
Figure 7. Right mandible EES plots. A, axis 2 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 7. Right mandible EES plots. A, axis 2 vs. axis 1. B, axis 2 vs. axis 3. C, modelled mode of mandible shape change along axes 1, 2 and 3
Figure 8. Labrum EES plots. A, axis 2 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 8. Labrum EES plots. A, axis 2 vs. axis 1. B, axis 2 vs. axis 3. C, modelled mode of labrum shape change along axes 1, 2 and 3.
Figure 47 from: MASON F (2013) Updated Italian checklist of Soldier Flies (Diptera, Stratiomyidae). ZooKeys 336: 61-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.336.6016
Figure 47 - Number of species of the Stratiomyidae in the Italian administrative regions. N = Northern Italy: Em = Emilia-Romagna, FVG = Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Li = Liguria, Lo = Lombardy, Pi = Piedmont, TAA = Trentino-Alto Adige, V = Venetia, Va = Val Val d'Aosta. S = Peninsular Italy: Abr = Abruzzo, Ba = Basilicata, Ca = Calabria, Cp = Campania, La = Latium, Ma = Marches, Mo = Molise, Pu = Apulia, To = Tuscany, Um = Umbria. Si = Sicily and small circum-Sicilian islands. Sa = Sardinia and small circum-Sardinian islands.
Figures 21-31 from: MASON F (2013) Updated Italian checklist of Soldier Flies (Diptera, Stratiomyidae). ZooKeys 336: 61-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.336.6016
Figures 21-31 - Chorisops caroli: 21 Genital capsule 22 Genital capsule (lateral view)23 Aedeagal complex 24 Aedeagal complex (lateral view) 25–27 Chorisops masoni: 25 Genital capsule 26 Genital capsule (lateral view) 27 Aedeagal complex (ventral view) 28–31 Chorisops nagatomii: 28 Genital capsule 29 Genital capsule (lateral view) 30 Aedeagal complex (ventral view) 31 Aedeagal complex (lateral view); (redrawn from Rozkošný (1982) Troiano (1995) and Troiano and Toscano (1995).
Figures 11-20 from: MASON F (2013) Updated Italian checklist of Soldier Flies (Diptera, Stratiomyidae). ZooKeys 336: 61-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.336.6016
Figures 11-20 - 11 Thorax in lateral view of Chorisops nagatomii Rozkošný 12 Thorax in lateral view of Chorisops tunisiae (Becker) 13 Wing pterostigma: A Chorisops tunisiae (Becker) B Chorisops tibialis (Meigen) 14–18 Male abdomen (dorsal view) of: 14 Chorisops caroli Troiano 15 Chorisops masoni Troiano & Toscano 16 Chorisops nagatomii Rozkošný 17 Chorisops tibialis (Meigen) 18 Chorisops tunisiae (Becker) 19–20 Male abdomen (ventral view) of: 19 Chorisops tibialis (Meigen) 20 Chorisops tunisiae (Becker).
Figures 32-45 from: MASON F (2013) Updated Italian checklist of Soldier Flies (Diptera, Stratiomyidae). ZooKeys 336: 61-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.336.6016
Figures 32-45 - Chorisops tibialis: 32 Genital capsule 33 Genital capsule (lateral view) 34 Aedeagal complex 35 Aedeagal complex (lateral view) 36–39 Chorisops tunisiae: 36 Genital capsule 37 Genital capsule (lateral lateral view) 38 Aedeagal complex 39 Aedeagal complex (lateral view) 40–44 Genital furca of: 40 Chorisops caroli 41 Chorisops masoni 42 Chorisops nagatomii 43 Chorisops tibialis 44 Chorisops tunisiae 45 Sugenital plate of Chorisops tunisiae; (redrawn from Rozkošný (1982) Troiano (1995) and Troiano and Toscano (1995).
Figures 7-10 from: MASON F (2013) Updated Italian checklist of Soldier Flies (Diptera, Stratiomyidae). ZooKeys 336: 61-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.336.6016
Figures 7-10 - 7 Spermathecae of Chorisops tunisiae (Becker)8 Spermathecae of Chorisops tibialis (Meigen) 9 Antenna of Chorisops tunisiae (Becker) 10 External side of the first (basal) flagellomere of Chorisops tunisiae (Becker). Antennal sensilla: A finger-like B sunken finger-like C subconical D stick-like.
Figures 1-6 from: MASON F (2013) Updated Italian checklist of Soldier Flies (Diptera, Stratiomyidae). ZooKeys 336: 61-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.336.6016
Figures 1-6 - Chorisops, habitus: 1 Chorisops caroli Troiano, 1995 ♂ 2 Chorisops masoni Troiano & Toscano, 1995 ♂ 3 Chorisops nagatomii Rozkošný, 1979 ♂ 4 Chorisops tibialis (Meigen, 1820) ♂ 5 Chorisops tunisiae (Becker, 1915) ♂ 6 Chorisops tunisiae ♀, (drawns by Mason F). Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 9 from: Thorne B, Johnson S, Breisch N, Momen B (2011) Morphology and gonad development of normal soldiers and reproductive soldiers of the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis nevadensis (Isoptera, Archotermopsidae). ZooKeys 148: 15-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1672
Figure 9 - Male reproductive soldier (top) and male soldier (bottom). Note coloration of abdomen, shape of head capsule, and ratio of mandible to labrum length.
Figure 8 from: Thorne B, Johnson S, Breisch N, Momen B (2011) Morphology and gonad development of normal soldiers and reproductive soldiers of the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis nevadensis (Isoptera, Archotermopsidae). ZooKeys 148: 15-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1672
Figure 8 - Ovaries of a a female reproductive soldier and b a female soldier. The female reproductive soldier ovarioles are much more developed and contain several eggs, while the female soldier ovarioles are reduced, with no evidence of egg development.
Figure 5 from: Thorne B, Johnson S, Breisch N, Momen B (2011) Morphology and gonad development of normal soldiers and reproductive soldiers of the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis nevadensis (Isoptera, Archotermopsidae). ZooKeys 148: 15-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1672
Figure 5 - Correlation between ovary length and the ratio of mandible length to labrum length in female soldier morphs (soldiers and reproductive soldiers).
Figure 4 from: Thorne B, Johnson S, Breisch N, Momen B (2011) Morphology and gonad development of normal soldiers and reproductive soldiers of the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis nevadensis (Isoptera, Archotermopsidae). ZooKeys 148: 15-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1672
Figure 4 - Comparison of means for ratio of mandible length to labrum length of male and female soldiers and reproductive soldiers. Within sex, soldiers had statistically significantly different mean ratios than reproductive soldiers (p < 0.01). Error bars indicate standard errors. Source data for the figure are listed in a table in the Supplementary Material.
Figure 2 from: Thorne B, Johnson S, Breisch N, Momen B (2011) Morphology and gonad development of normal soldiers and reproductive soldiers of the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis nevadensis (Isoptera, Archotermopsidae). ZooKeys 148: 15-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1672
Figure 2 - Correlation between testis width and ratio of mandible length to labrum length in male soldiers and new and mature reproductive soldiers.
Figure 3 from: Thorne B, Johnson S, Breisch N, Momen B (2011) Morphology and gonad development of normal soldiers and reproductive soldiers of the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis nevadensis (Isoptera, Archotermopsidae). ZooKeys 148: 15-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1672
Figure 3 - Comparison of means for testis width (mm) of male soldiers, reproductive soldiers and new and mature kings. Means with the same letter are not significantly different. Error bars indicate standard errors.
Figure 1 from: Thorne B, Johnson S, Breisch N, Momen B (2011) Morphology and gonad development of normal soldiers and reproductive soldiers of the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis nevadensis (Isoptera, Archotermopsidae). ZooKeys 148: 15-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1672
Figure 1 - Comparison of means for live weight (g) of male soldiers, reproductive soldiers and primary reproductives (new and mature kings). Means with the same letter are not significantly different. Error bars indicate standard errors.
Figure 6 from: Thorne B, Johnson S, Breisch N, Momen B (2011) Morphology and gonad development of normal soldiers and reproductive soldiers of the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis nevadensis (Isoptera, Archotermopsidae). ZooKeys 148: 15-30. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1672
Figure 6 - Correlation between testis diameter at the widest point and the ratio of mandible length to labrum length in male soldier morphs (soldiers and reproductive soldiers).
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