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FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections

FIGURE 6. Lectotype male of Melolontha cicatricosus Gyllenhal, 1817. A, Dorsal habitus; B, ventral habitus; C, lateral habitus; D, frontal view; E, aedeagus, dorsal view; F, pygidium.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections

FIGURE 5. Male lectotype (A–F) and female paralectotype (G–J) of Rutela analis Dalman, 1817. A, H, Dorsal habitus; B, I, ventral habitus; C, J, lateral habitus; D, aedeagus, frontal view; E, aedeagus, lateral view; F, G, frontal view.

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections

FIGURE 4. Male paralectotypes (A–F), and female lectotype (G) of Rutela latreillei Schönherr & Gyllenhal, 1817. A, F–G, Dorsal habitus; B, ventral habitus; C, frontal view; D, aedeagus, frontal view; E, aedeagus, lateral view.

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections

FIGURE 3. Lectotype females of Rutela olivieri Schönherr & Dalman, 1817 (A–D), Rutela lacunosa Thunberg, 1822 (E–H), and Rutela porosus Dalman, 1817 (I–L). A, E, I, Dorsal habitus; B, F, J, ventral habitus; C, G, K, lateral habitus; D, H, L, frontal view.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections

FIGURE 1. Lectotype females of Anoplognathus brunnipennis (Gyllenhal, 1817) (A–D) and Rutela chloropyga Thunberg, 1822 (E–H). A, E, Dorsal habitus; B, F, ventral habitus; C, G, lateral habitus; D, H, frontal view.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic changes resulting from a review of the types of Australian Anoplognathini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) housed in Swedish natural history collections

FIGURE 2. Lectotype male (A–D) and paralectotype females (E–P) of Anoplognathus flavipennis Boisduval, 1835 [photographs courtesy of MNHN]. A, E, I, M, Dorsal habitus; B, F, J, N, ventral habitus; C, G, K, O, caudal view; D, H, L, P, labels.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Tropical tree height and crown allometries for the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Panama: a comparison of alternative hierarchical models incorporating interspecific variation in relation to life history traits

Tree allometric relationships are widely employed for estimating forest biomass and production and are basic building blocks of dynamic vegetation models. In tropical forests, allometric relationships are often modeled by fitting scale-invariant power functions to pooled data from multiple species, an approach that fails to capture changes in scaling during ontogeny and physical limits to maximum tree size and that ignores interspecific differences in allometry. Here, we analyzed allometric relationships of tree height (9884 individuals) and crown area (2425) with trunk diameter for 162 species from the Barro Colorado Nature Monument, Panama. We fit nonlinear, hierarchical models informed by species traits – wood density, mean sapling growth, or sapling mortality – and assessed the performance of three alternative functional forms: the scale-invariant power function and the saturating Weibull and generalized Michaelis–Menten (gMM) functions. The relationship of tree height with trunk diameter was best fit by a saturating gMM model in which variation in allometric parameters was related to interspecific differences in sapling growth rates, a measure of regeneration light demand. Light-demanding species attained taller heights at comparatively smaller diameters as juveniles and had shorter asymptotic heights at larger diameters as adults. The relationship of crown area with trunk diameter was best fit by a power function model incorporating a weak positive relationship between crown area and species-specific wood density. The use of saturating functional forms and the incorporation of functional traits in tree allometric models is a promising approach for improving estimates of forest biomass and productivity. Our results provide an improved basis for parameterizing tropical plant functional types in vegetation models.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: A redescription of the leggiest animal, the millipede Illacme plenipes, with notes on its natural history and biogeography (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae)

With up to 750 legs, the millipede Illacme plenipes Cook and Loomis, 1928 is the leggiest animal known on Earth. It is endemic to the northwestern foothills of the Gabilan Range in San Benito County, California, where it is the only known species of the family Siphonorhinidae in the Western Hemisphere. Illacme plenipes is only known from 3 localities in a 4.5 km2 area; the 1926 holotype locality is uncertain. Individuals of the species are strictly associated with large arkose sandstone boulders, and are extremely rare, with only 18 specimens known to exist in natural history collections. In contrast with its small size and unassuming outward appearance, the microanatomy of the species is strikingly complex. Here we provide a detailed redescription of the species, natural history notes, DNA barcodes for I. plenipes and similar-looking species, and a predictive occurrence map of the species inferred using niche based distribution modeling. Based on functional morphology of related species, the extreme number of legs is hypothesized to be associated with a life spent burrowing deep underground, and clinging to the surface of sandstone boulders.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: The natural history of the South Hills crossbill in relation to its impending extinction

Increasingly, the species that we discover will be uncommon, area restricted, and vulnerable to extinction. I describe the natural history of a newly discovered seed-eating finch from the Rocky Mountain region, the South Hills crossbill (Loxia curvirostra complex). It relies on seeds in the closed cones of the fire-adapted Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta latifolia) and is found only in the higher elevations of two small mountain ranges in southern Idaho. Here crossbills and pine are engaged in a coevolutionary arms race. Although most of the seeds remain secured within the cones for decades until the heat of a stand-replacing fire causes the cone scales to separate, seeds become accessible to crossbills slowly as cones weather and gaps form between some of the scales. However, hot days (≥32°C), especially four or more hot days, seem to mimic the effect of fire, apparently causing the immediate release of a fraction of the seeds. Such events caused a 20% annual decline in crossbills that lasted up to 4 years and an 80% decline in the population between 2003 and 2011. This is an example of a novel trophic mismatch between a consumer and its resource caused by a shift in the phenology of the resource arising from climate change. Not only do these phenological shifts have the potential to cause seed consumers to decline, these shifts are also likely to cause reduced recruitment of the plants. The South Hills crossbill is especially vulnerable and will likely go extinct this century before lodgepole pine is extirpated from the South Hills.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Natural history and survival in stage 1 Val30Met transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy

Objectives: To assess natural history and treatment effect on survival among transthyretin-associated familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP) Val30Met patients. Methods: Multi-institutional, hospital-based study of TTR-FAP Val30Met patients prospectively followed-up until December 2016, grouped into untreated (n = 1,771), liver transplant (LTx) (n = 957) or tafamidis-treated (n = 432) cohorts. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR), Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods were used to estimate excess mortality, survival probabilities and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality, respectively. Results: Disease-modifying treatments decreased TTR-FAP excess mortality from ten to four (SMR 3.92, 95% CI 2.64–5.59). Median overall survival of untreated and LTx-treated cohorts was 11.61 (95% CI 11.14–11.87) and 24.73 years (95% CI 22.90-27.09), respectively, and was not reached in the tafamidis-treated cohort (maximum follow-up, 10 years). Both disease-modifying treatments improved survival. Among early-onset patients (<50 years of age) tafamidis reduced the mortality risk compared with untreated patients by 91% (HR 0.09, 95% CI 0.03–0.25, p < 0.001) and with LTx-treated patients by 63% (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.14–1.00, p = 0.050). Previous tafamidis treatment did not affect mortality risk after LTx (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.25-2.78, p = 0.763). Among late-onset patients (≥50 years), tafamidis reduced mortality risk by 82% compared with untreated patients (HR 0.18, 95% CI 0.06-0.49, p = 0.001). Conclusions: LTx and tafamidis convey substantial survival benefits, but TTR-FAP mortality remains higher than in the general population. These results strongly reinforce the importance of timely diagnosis and earlier treatment, boosting the pursuit for an increased life expectancy.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Differentiating the evolution of female song and male-female duets in the New World blackbirds: can tropical natural history traits explain duet evolution?

Female bird song and combined vocal duets of mated pairs are both frequently associated with tropical, monogamous, sedentary natural histories. Little is known, however, about what selects for duetting behavior versus female song. Female song likely preceded duet evolution and could drive apparent relationships between duets and these natural histories. We compared the evolution of female song and male-female duets in the New World blackbirds (Icteridae) by investigating patterns of gains and losses of both traits and their relationships with breeding latitude, mating system, nesting pattern, and migratory behavior. We found that duets evolved only in lineages in which female song was likely ancestral. Both female song and duets were correlated with tropical breeding, social monogamy, territorial nesting, and sedentary behavior when all taxa were included; however, correlations between duets and these natural history traits disappeared when comparisons were limited to taxa with female song. Also, likelihood values supported stronger relationships between the natural history traits and female song than between these traits and duets. Our results suggest that the natural histories thought to favor the evolution of duetting may in fact be associated with female song and that additional selection pressures are responsible for the evolution of duets.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of Mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data

We combine mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data with non-molecular (morphological and natural history) data to conduct phylogenetic analyses and generate an evolutionary hypothesis for the relationships among nearly every species of Mesoamerican bufonid in the genus Incilius. We collected a total of 5,898 aligned base-pairs (bp) of sequence data from mitochondrial (mtDNA: 12S–16S, cyt b, ND2–CO1, including tRNAsTRP–TYR and the origin of light strand replication; total 4,317 bp) and nuclear (CXCR4 and RAG1; total 1,581 bp) loci from 52 individuals representing 37 species. For the non-molecular data, we collected 44 characters from 29 species. We also include Crepidophryne, a genus that has not previously been included in molecular analyses. We present results of parsimony and Bayesian analyses for these data separately and combined. Relationships based on the non-molecular data were poorly supported and did not resolve a monophyletic Incilius (Rhinella marina was nested within). Our molecular data provide significant support to most of the relationships. Our combined analyses demonstrate that inclusion of a considerably smaller dataset (44 vs. 5,898 characters) of non-molecular characters can provide significant support where the molecular relationships were lacking support. Our combined results indicate that Crepidophryne is nested within Incilius; therefore, we place the former in the synonymy of the latter taxon. Our study provides the most comprehensive evolutionary framework for Mesoamerican bufonids (Incilius), which we use as a starting point to invoke discussion on the evolution of their unique natural history traits.

Figure 5 in Natural history of the fireflies of the Serra dos Órgãos mountain range (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro) - one of the 'hottest' firefly spots on Earth, with a key to genera (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

Figure 5. Diversity of Photurinae fireflies of the Serra dos Órgãos. A – Bicellonycha albilatera, B – Bicellonycha tenuicornis, C – Photuris velox, D – Photuris elliptica, E – Photuris femoralis (modified from Souto et al. 2019), F – Photuris lugubris, G – Pyrogaster moestus, H – Pyrogaster lunifer, I – Pyrogaster vestitus, J – Pyrogaster elongatior, K – Pyrogaster aureus, L – Pyrogaster angustatus, M – Pyrogaster nigrolineatus, N – Pyrogaster telephorinus, O – Pyrogaster margipallens, P – Pyrogaster atrocinctus, Q – Pyrogaster coxalis. Scale bar: 2 mm.

Figure 2 in Natural history of the fireflies of the Serra dos Órgãos mountain range (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro) - one of the 'hottest' firefly spots on Earth, with a key to genera (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

Figure 2. Regional climate at the study area is marked by a warm season between October‒April, and a cool season between May‒September. Lines represent the monthly mean, and the shaded area represents the range between the monthly maximum and minimum, from 2007–2017. Inter-annual variation in precipitation is higher in the warm than in the cool season. Data were obtained from an automated weather station at the PNSO at 991 m, Latitude: −22.448922º, Longitude: −42.987146º.

Figure 3 in Natural history of the fireflies of the Serra dos Órgãos mountain range (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro) - one of the 'hottest' firefly spots on Earth, with a key to genera (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

Figure 3. Diversity of fireflies of the Serra dos Órgãos, including Amydetinae, Psilocladinae, Lampyrinae, and Incertae sedis taxa. A – Amydetes fastigiata, B – Magnoculus obscurus, C – Cladodes pauper, D – Cladodes illigeri, E – Cladodes stellata, F – Vesta thoracica, G – Araucariocladus hiems (modified from Silveira and Mermudes 2017), H – Psilocladus grandis, I – Psilocladus sigillatus, J – Psilocladus pulcher, K – Scissicauda disjuncta (modified from Silveira et al. 2016a), L – Ethra axillaris, M – Ethra marginata, N – Ethra addita, O – Ethra inculta. Scale bar: 2 mm.

Figure 4 in Natural history of the fireflies of the Serra dos Órgãos mountain range (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro) - one of the 'hottest' firefly spots on Earth, with a key to genera (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

Figure 4. Diversity of Lampyrinae fireflies of the Serra dos Órgãos. A – Aspisoma sticticum, B – Aspisoma lineatum, C – Aspisoma pallens, D – Cratomorphus besckei, E – Cratomorphus cossyphinus (modified from Campos et al. 2018), F – Cratomorphus splendidus, G – Cratomorphus distinctus, H – Lucernuta savignii (modified from Silveira et al. 2019), I – Lychnacris flabellata subopaca, J – Phaenolis basalis, K – Luciuranus takiyae (modified from Silveira et al. 2018), L – Luciuranus desideratus (modified from Silveira et al. in 2018), M – Luciuranus josephi (modified from Silveira et al. 2016b), N – Luciuranus jameshooki (modified from Silveira et al. 2016b), O – Lucidota flabellicornis, P – Lucidota tricolor, Q – Photinus infuscatus, R – Photinus laticollis, S – Macrolampis varicollis, T – Photinus succensus, U – Photinus augustalisi, V – Macrolampis frater, W – Photinus nodieri, X – Ybytyramoan praeclarum (modified from Silveira and Mermudes 2014b), Y – Ybytyramoan diasi (modified from Silveira and Mermudes 2014b), Z – Ybytyramoan monteirorum (modified from Silveira and Mermudes 2014b). Scale bar: 2 mm.

Figure 1 in Natural history of the fireflies of the Serra dos Órgãos mountain range (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro) - one of the 'hottest' firefly spots on Earth, with a key to genera (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

Figure 1. The Serra dos Órgãos National Park (blue) and the Guapiaçu Ecological Reserve (red), in the Rio de Janeiro State (Southeastern Brazil) are protected areas within the domains of the Serra do Mar Mountain Range (green), Southeastern Brazil.

opennotspecifiedApr 2020View details →

Figure 3 in Natural history and ecological niche modelling of coastal Atyphella Olliff Larvae (Lampyridae: Luciolinae) in Vanuatu

Figure 3. Distributions of pronotal widths and resulting predicted instars in two species of coastal Atyphella.

opennotspecifiedApr 2020View details →

Figure 2 in Natural history and ecological niche modelling of coastal Atyphella Olliff Larvae (Lampyridae: Luciolinae) in Vanuatu

Figure 2. (a) Collection site of coastal Atyphella. Yellow dots indicate locations specimens were collected in 2018. (b) Predictive model for possible localities of coastal Atyphella in Vanuatu. White squares indicate locations Atyphella was collected in 2018.