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6,025 results for “Science of science”
Data from: Latitudinal variation of arrival and breeding phenology of the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca using large-scale citizen science data.
<p class="gmail-">Many species have advanced the timing of annual reproductive cycles in response to climatic warming, sometimes leading to asynchrony between trophic levels, with negative population consequences. Long-distance migratory birds, reliant on short seasonal food pulses for breeding, are considered particularly susceptible to such disjunction because late arrival may preclude optimal timing of egg-laying. It is unknown whether the relative timing of arrival and egg-laying is sufficiently plastic, in time and space, to enable an adaptive response when arrival times change relative to local food resources. We used citizen science data, describing pied flycatcher <i>Ficedula hypoleuca</i> arrival and egg-laying dates, to explore temporal (2013-2016) and spatial (across Great Britain) variation in the phenology of arrival, laying and their difference. To assess the long-term trend in arrival and laying at a single location, we used data from a long-term field study. The arrival-laying interval was consistently shorter in the north, driven by the contrast between spatial variation in arrival date and spatial invariance in laying date. To understand whether a short arrival-laying interval may have consequences for productivity, we assessed the association between this interval and clutch size. We found no statistically significant correlation between these two variables. To examine long-term changes in arrival and laying dates, we focussed on a single location in southwestern England. Both dates of first male arrival and first egg laid in a season advanced since 1986, with no evidence of interval shortening. Together, our results demonstrate spatial and annual variation in the arrival-laying interval, with no detected effect on fecundity. Thus, the interval from arrival to laying is likely dictated by spatially and temporally varying local conditions, suggesting these migrant birds may have the ability to adapt this interval to align with local conditions and mitigate potential mismatch impacts.</p>
Data for degrees earned by faculty teaching in soil science preparatory programs at universities in the USA
<p>In the early 2000s some were concerned that few soil science graduate students were receiving their bachelor's degrees in soil science. However, no studies were conducted to investigate this or how it may have changed over time. Information available on university webpages for faculty in the USA was used to determine the faculty's bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree disciplines. Faculty rank was used to determine if a change had occurred in the percent of faculty who received their bachelor's degrees in soil science over time. Only 16% of faculty teaching in programs that prepare graduates to work as soil scientists received their bachelor's degrees in soil science. This percentage increased to 56% and 67% who received their master's and doctoral degrees, respectively, in soil science, but about 26% of faculty who teach in soil science preparatory programs did not have any degrees that could be identified as a "soil science" degree. The degrees that faculty received their training in also differed by their current soil science specialty area. About 13% of assistant professors and 20% of full professors received their bachelor's degrees in soil science, so the percentage of students entering soil science graduate programs with a bachelor's degree in soil science appears to have declined with time. However, a majority of soil science graduate students having bachelor's degrees from other fields also appears to have been common going back at least several decades.</p>
SAM'suffit : pour une science ouverte : film
<p>Vidéo de 10 minutes d'une présentation faite lors de l'Open Access Week 2020 au campus de Paris des Arts et Métiers.</p> <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=OJCk6jK92YA&feature=youtu.be">https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=OJCk6jK92YA&feature=youtu.be</a></p> <p> </p>
Doing Science in Times of Covid-19: A Survey
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>This NWO Corona Fast-Track Data study is a two-wave (non-panel) survey of academic researchers working at Dutch research institutions. Through this survey research we aimed to study scientists’ information gathering and spreading behaviour with regard to the latest scientific information on COVID-19. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the expertise of researchers from medicine and biology, but also social sciences, humanities and economics is urgently needed to counter misinformation. In order to gain timely and otherwise lost insights on how to improve science communication during this crisis, we collected the data in two survey waves. The first wave survey data were collected between 9 June and 31 August; the second between 26 October and 30 November 2020.</p> <p><strong>Contents:</strong></p> <p>- Covid-19 Survey Methodology: here you will find a technical report, demographic tables and some general information about the survey project.</p> <p>- Covid-19 Survey Questionnaire: here you will find the full questionnaire used for the project.</p> <p>- Covid-19 Survey Codebook: here you will find the variables names and their explanation.</p> <p>- June5_August31_2020: here you will find the Wave 1 survey data (June-August 2020)</p> <p>- Oct26_Nov30_2020: here you will find the Wave 2 survey data (October-November 2020)</p> <p><strong>Funding:</strong></p> <p>This dataset was funded under the NWO Corona Fast-Track Data scheme. Project id: 440.20.028; Project title: “Collecting systematic survey data on scientists’ information-seeking and information-spreading behaviour in a time of crisis”.</p> <p><strong>How to cite</strong></p> <p>Roex, K. & Colavizza, G. (2020). Doing Science in Times of Covid-19: A Survey. [Data set]. Zenodo. <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4313278">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4313278</a> .</p>
Concept: Open science
<p>A 4-minute video explaining open science. Available also in https://www.helsinki.fi/fi/unitube/video/6b1aa015-452a-4a97-a501-740379e6623a</p>
Dataset: Species presence, trait and philogeny database. Data from: Shift from trait convergence to divergence along old field succession. Journal of Vegetation Science.
<p>This dataset was use in the manuscript "Shift from trait convergence to divergence along old field succession" publish at Journal of Vegetation Science. It contains the data of species presence at three different plots and species trait values (SLA, LDMC, height, seed weight and Phylogeny). We show that at the initial stage of succession, there is a scale-invariant pattern of trait convergence. On the contrary, in the late and intermediate stages of succession we observed that trait divergence became frequent at smaller grains and extents. The trend along the chronosequence is consistent with the theoretical hypothesis that predicts a shift from convergence to divergence along succession.</p>
Koranic Science, a Copy of Kashshâf [IO Bijapur 280]
<ul> <li>al-Qurʼān القرآن الكريم</li> <li><strong>This manuscript is now IO Bijapur 280 in the India Office collections.</strong></li> <li><strong>[metadata:</strong><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Loth"> <strong>Otto Loth, </strong></a><strong><em><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3923636">A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office</a></em>, (volume 1), no. 55 here with further notations and hyperlinks]</strong>.</li> </ul> <p>55.</p> <p>B 280. Size 11<sup>1/4</sup> in. by 8<sup>1/4</sup> in.; foll. 237. Thirty-one lines in a page.</p> <p>The First Part of the <em>Kashshâf</em>, imperfect both at the beginning and end. The first words are والکشف (=p. ٢١ Lees), and it ends with Sû. 8, 54.</p> <p>Written in two different hands. Coloured lines round the pages. Many illegible glosses in the first portion.</p> <p> </p>
Koranic Science, a Commentary [IO Bijapur 304] تفسیر الجلالین
<ul> <li>al-Qurʼān القرآن الكريم</li> <li><strong>This manuscript is now IO Bijapur 304 in the India Office collections.</strong></li> <li><strong>[metadata:</strong><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Loth"> <strong>Otto Loth, </strong></a><strong><em><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3923636">A Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office</a></em>, (volume 1), no. 99 here with further notations and hyperlinks]</strong>.</li> </ul> <p>99.</p> <p>B 304. Size 9<sup>1/2</sup> in. by 6 in.; foll. 315. Twenty-three lines in a page.</p> <p>کتاب تفسیر القران الکریم تالیف الشیخین الامامین العالمین العارفین الکاملین هما سیدنا و شیخنا جلال الدین السیوطی الشافعی مولف النصف الاول و الشیخ جلال الدین المحلّی الشافعی مولف النصف الثانی من اول سورة الکهف الی آخر سورة الفاتحة نفعنا الله تعالی بهما آمین.</p> <p>A concise Commentary on the Koran, commonly called تفسیر الجلالین, by Jalâl al-dîn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad MAḤALLÎ (d. A. H. 864) and Jalâl al-dîn ‘Abd al-raḥmân <a href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80081636.html">SUYÛṬÎ </a>(d. A. H. 911). Cf. De Jong, Codd. Bibl. Acad. 161; Cat. Bodl. ii. 64, etc. Printed A. H. 1257, at Calcutta, and many times afterwards.</p> <p>The share of each author in the work is correctly defined in the above inscription.<sup>1</sup> This appears from Suyûṭî’s epilogue, at the end of Sû. 17, هذا آخر ما کمّلتُ به تفسیر القران العظیم الذی الّفه الامام العلامة المحقق جلال الدین المحلی الخ</p> <p>Maḥallî began with Sû. 18, and when he had come to the end of the Koran, he turned to the first part, but never finished more than the first Sûrah. The rest, from Sû. 2 to 17, was afterwards done by Suyûṭî. He relates in the same epilogue that he was engaged on this task from Wednesday, 1<sup>st</sup> Ramaḍân, to Sunday, 10<sup>th</sup> Shawwâl, 870, and completed the first clean copy on Wednesday, 6<sup>th</sup> Ṣafar, 871. His work is naturally placed at the beginning, and the commentary to Sû. 1, as belonging still to Maḥallî’s share, is put at the end of the whole.</p> <p>Plainly written. The colophon runs as follows:</p> <p>تم التفسیر و وقع الفراغ من نساخته و کتابته علي ید الفقیر علوی بن السید عبدالله بروم با علوی لطف الله به فی ثلثی نهار الجمعة و تسعة (sic) عشر خلت من شهر رجب المرجب المبارک سنة ست و ثلاثین و مائة بعد الالف من الهجرة النبویة... فی البلدة المسمی بعرکات من قریب جندی فی دولة العزیز سعادت خان اسعد الله صباحه و مساءه و احسن عاقبته آمین.</p> <p>Frequent extracts from Baiḍâwî on the margin. Used and stained.</p> <p>Catal. p. 222, iv.</p> <p> </p> <p><sup>1</sup> Ḥ. Kh. ii. 358, is wrong.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Shifting milestones of natural sciences: the ancient Egyptian discovery of Algol's period confirmed
The Ancient Egyptians wrote Calendars of Lucky and Unlucky Days that assigned astronomically influenced prognoses for each day of the year. The best preserved of these calendars is the Cairo Calendar (hereafter CC) dated to 1244–1163 B.C. We have presented evidence that the 2.85 days period in the lucky prognoses of CC is equal to that of the eclipsing binary Algol during this historical era. We wanted to find out the vocabulary that represents Algol in the mythological texts of CC. Here we show that Algol was represented as Horus and thus signified both divinity and kingship. The texts describing the actions of Horus are consistent with the course of events witnessed by any naked eye observer of Algol. These descriptions support our claim that CC is the oldest preserved historical document of the discovery of a variable star. The period of the Moon, 29.6 days, has also been discovered in CC. We show that the actions of Seth were connected to this period, which also strongly regulated the times described as lucky for Heaven and for Earth. Now, for the first time, periodicity is discovered in the descriptions of the days in CC. Unlike many previous attempts to uncover the reasoning behind the myths of individual days, we discover the actual rules in the appearance and behaviour of deities during the whole year.
Data from: The assessment of science: the relative merits of post-publication review, the impact factor and the number of citations
Background: The assessment of scientific publications is an integral part of the scientific process. Here we investigate three methods of assessing the merit of a scientific paper: subjective post-publication peer review, the number of citations gained by a paper and the impact factor of the journal in which the article was published. Methodology/principle findings: We investigate these methods using two datasets in which subjective post-publication assessments of scientific publications have been made by experts. We find that there are moderate, but statistically significant, correlations between assessor scores, when two assessors have rated the same paper, and between assessor score and the number of citations a paper accrues. However, we show that assessor score depends strongly on the journal in which the paper is published, and that assessors tend to over-rate papers published in journals with high impact factors. If we control for this bias, we find that the correlation between assessor scores and between assessor score and the number of citations is weak, suggesting that scientists have little ability to judge either the intrinsic merit of a paper or its likely impact. We also show that the number of citations a paper receives is an extremely error-prone measure of scientific merit. Finally, we argue that the impact factor is likely to be a poor measure of merit, since it depends on subjective assessment. Conclusions: We conclude that the three measures of scientific merit considered here are poor; in particular subjective assessments are an error-prone, biased and expensive method by which to assess merit. We argue that the impact factor may be the most satisfactory of the methods we have considered, since it is a form of pre-publication review. However, we emphasise that it is likely to be a very error-prone measure of merit that is qualitative, not quantitative.
Data from: Integrating regulatory surveys and citizen science to map outbreaks of forest diseases: acute oak decline in England and Wales
The number of emerging tree diseases has increased rapidly in recent times, with severe environmental and economic consequences. Systematic regulatory surveys to detect and establish the distribution of pests are crucial for successful management efforts, but resource intensive and costly. Volunteers who identify potential invasive species can form an important early warning network in tree health, however, what these data can tell us and how they can be best used to inform and direct official survey effort is not clear. Here we use an extensive dataset on Acute Oak Decline (AOD) as an opportunity to ask how verified data received from the public can be utilised. Information on the distribution of AOD was available as (i) systematic regulatory surveys conducted throughout England and Wales (ii) ad-hoc sightings reported by land owners, land managers and members of the public (i.e. 'self-reported' cases). By using the available self-reported cases at the design stage the systematic survey could focus on defining the boundaries of the affected area. This maximised the use of available resources and highlights the benefits to be gained by developing strategies to enhance volunteer efforts in future programs.
Data from: Beyond the print - virtual paleontology in science publishing, outreach and education
Virtual paleontology unites a variety of computational techniques and methods for the visualization and analysis of fossils. Due to their great potential and increasing availability, these methods have become immensely popular in the last decade. However, communicating the wealth of digital information and results produced by the various techniques is still exacerbated by traditional methods of publication. Transferring and processing three-dimensional information, such as interactive models or animations, into scientific publications still poses a challenge. Here, we present different methods and applications to communicate digital data in academia, outreach and education. Three-dimensional PDFs, QR codes, anaglyph stereo imaging, and rapid prototyping—methods routinely used in the engineering, entertainment, or medical industries—are outlined and evaluated for their potential in science publishing and public engagement. Although limitations remain, these are simple, mostly cost-effective, and powerful tools to create novel and innovative resources for education, public engagement, or outreach.
Researcher views on Open Science
<p>Responses to a questionaire from a group of researchers on Open Science</p>
Data from: Prolific observer bias in the life sciences: why we need blind data recording
Observer bias and other "experimenter effects" occur when researchers' expectations influence study outcome. These biases are strongest when researchers expect a particular result, are measuring subjective variables, and have an incentive to produce data that confirm predictions. To minimize bias, it is good practice to work "blind," meaning that experimenters are unaware of the identity or treatment group of their subjects while conducting research. Here, using text mining and a literature review, we find evidence that blind protocols are uncommon in the life sciences and that nonblind studies tend to report higher effect sizes and more significant p-values. We discuss methods to minimize bias and urge researchers, editors, and peer reviewers to keep blind protocols in mind.
FIGURE 2 in The Types of Phasmida in the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (ZMAS)
FIGURE 2. Necroscia albofasciata Redtenbacher – holotype female, lateral view showing data labels.
FIGURE 1. Acanthaxius clevai n in Three species of Acanthaxius Sakai & de Saint Laurent, 1989, including two new to science, from the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia (Crustacea, Thalassinidea, Axiidae)
FIGURE 1. Acanthaxius clevai n. sp., holotype, male (MNHN Th 1491). Lateral view. Scale line: 5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)
FIGURE 1. Map of the sites sampled from the GBR seabed as part of the Seabed Biodiversity Project.
FIGURE 92. Holotype 30549 in Catalogue of the type specimens in the fish collection of the National Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
FIGURE 92. Holotype 30549 and localities of holotype and paratypes of Callionymus monofilispinnus.
FIGURE 96. Paratype 70029 in Catalogue of the type specimens in the fish collection of the National Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
FIGURE 96. Paratype 70029 and type locality of Channa nox.
FIGURE 89. Holotype 22014 in Catalogue of the type specimens in the fish collection of the National Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
FIGURE 89. Holotype 22014 and type locality of Siniperca szechuanensis.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.