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FIGURE 2 in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 2. Branching colony forms; a) dichotomous (Iciligorgia schrammi); b) monopodial (Telesto sp.); c) whip-like branches (Leptogorgia virgulata); d) rod-like branches (Titanideum frauenfeldii); e) open, irregularly pinnate (Muricea pendula) f) planar (Leptogorgia hebes); g) lobed, with clusters of polyps (Pseudodrifa nigra).

FIGURE 10. a in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 10. a) Sclerobelemnon theseus peduncle indicated; b) Renilla reniformis, peduncle indicated; c) Virgularia presbytes, leaf-like structures indicated; d) Stylatula elegans, showing two polyp leaves (modified from Bayer, 1958).

FIGURE 6. Pennatulaceans A in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 6. Pennatulaceans A, Virgularia presbytes and B, Stylatula elegans, indicating autozooids (Au), polyp leaves (Pol. le.) and needles (Ne) (scale bar for A = 5 mm; B = 1mm).

FIGURE 7. A in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 7. A, Transverse and B, longitudinal cross-sections of scleraxonian octocoral axis (Diodogorgia nodulifera), showing inner cortex (In. cor.), outer cortex (Ou. cor.), spiculated medulla (Me), polyps (Pol), and ring of boundary canals (Bo. ca.).

FIGURE 1 in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 1. The South Atlantic Bight, which includes coastal waters between Cape Hatteras and Cape Canaveral, USA. The 200 m isobath is shown.

FIGURE 9. a in Identification guide to the shallow water (0-200 m) octocorals of the South Atlantic Bight 2599

FIGURE 9. a) Pseudodrifa nigra, basal disc indicated; b) holdfast of Muricea pendula; c) encrusting colony of Scleranthelia rugosa (from Bayer 1981a).

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

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Deep reefs are not refugium for shallow-water fish communities in the southwestern Atlantic

1. The deep reef refugia hypothesis (DRRH) predicts that deep reef ecosystems may act as refugium for the biota of disturbed shallow waters. Because deep reefs are amongst the most understudied habitats on Earth, formal tests of the DRRH remain scarce. If the DRRH is valid at the community level, the diversity of species, functions and lineages of fish communities of shallow reefs should be encapsulated in deep reefs. 2. We tested the DRRH by assessing the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of 22 Brazilian fish communities between 2 and 62m depth. We partitioned the gamma diversity of shallow (<30m) and deep reefs (>30m) into independent alpha and beta components, accounted for species' abundance, and assessed if beta patterns were mostly driven by spatial turnover or nestedness. 3. We recorded 3821 fishes belonging to 85 species and 36 families. Contrary to DRRH expectations, only 48% of the species occurred in both shallow and deep reefs. Alpha diversity of rare species was higher in deep reefs as expected, but alpha diversity of typical and dominant species did not vary with depth. Alpha functional diversity was higher in deep reefs only for rare and typical species, but not for dominant species. Alpha phylogenetic diversity was consistently higher in deep reefs, supporting DRRH expectations. 4. Profiles of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic beta diversity indicated that deep reefs were not more heterogeneous than shallow reefs, contradicting expectations of biotic homogenization near sea surface. Furthermore, pairwise beta diversity analyses revealed that the patterns were mostly driven by spatial turnover rather than nestedness at any depth. 5. Conclusions: Although some results support the DRRH, most indicate that the shallow-water reef fish diversity are not fully encapsulated in deep reefs. Every reef contributes significantly to the regional diversity and must be managed and protected accordingly.

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Does stress mess with rodents' heads? Influence of habitat availability and genetic factors in mandible fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in South American water rats (Nectomys squamipes, Sigmodontinae) from Brazilian Atlantic rainforest remnants

Loss of developmental stability can lead to deviations from bilateral symmetry (i.e. Fluctuating Asymmetry -FA), and is thought to be caused by environmental and genetic factors associated with habitat loss and stress. Therefore, levels of FA might be a valuable tool to monitor wild populations if FA serves an indicator of exposure to stress due to impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation. In studies examining FA and habitat fragmentation, FA levels are often explained by loss of genetic variation, though few studies have addressed FA's use as indicator of environmental impact. Here we investigated whether habitat loss, genetic variation and/or inbreeding affect the developmental instability in Brazilian Atlantic rainforest populations of a Neotropical water rat (Nectomys squamipes). We sampled individuals from eight forest remnants with different amounts of available habitat and assessed FA levels with geometric morphometric techniques using adult mandibles. We used observed heterozygosity (Ho) and inbreeding coefficient (Fis), from seven microsatellite markers, as a proxy of genetic variation at individual and population levels. Populations were not significantly different for shape or size FA levels. Furthermore inter-individual variation in both shape and size FA levels, as well as inter-populational differences in size FA levels, were best explained by chance. However, habitat availability was negatively associated with both inter-populational variance and average shape FA levels. This association was stronger in populations living in areas with less than 20% of habitat available, which presented higher variance and higher average of FA, suggesting that Nectomys squamipes might have a tolerance threshold to small availability of habitat. Our work was one of the first to use FA to address environmental stress caused by reduced habitat availability in small mammal populations from a Neotropical biome. We suggest that shape FA might serve as a conservation tool to monitor human impact on natural animal populations.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

FIGURE 4 in Thesea pyrrha sp. nov., a new shallow-water octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from southwestern Atlantic, and implications on the systematics of the genus

FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic reconstruction with Maximum likelihood (left) and Bayesian Inference (right) of the families Gorgoniidae and Plexauridae based on the concatenated dataset (mtMutS + COI+ 28S), including (purple) Thesea pyrrha sp. nov.

FIGURE 2 in Thesea pyrrha sp. nov., a new shallow-water octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from southwestern Atlantic, and implications on the systematics of the genus

FIGURE 2. Sclerites of Thesea pyrrha sp. nov. (USNM 73349, holotype). A, B: Double-faced sclerites of the outer coenenchymal layer; C: spindles of the calyces; D: spindles-like sclerites of the outer coenenchymal layer; E: spindles of the inner coenenchymal layer; F: polypar sclerites.

FIGURE 3. Images A and B in Thesea pyrrha sp. nov., a new shallow-water octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from southwestern Atlantic, and implications on the systematics of the genus

FIGURE 3. Images A and B shows Thesea pyrrha sp. nov. in situ. All photographed in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Photos: Edson Faria Júnior.

FIGURE 1 in Thesea pyrrha sp. nov., a new shallow-water octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from southwestern Atlantic, and implications on the systematics of the genus

FIGURE 1. Thesea pyrrha sp. nov. (USNM 73349, holotype). A: colony in stereo view; B: Large two-faced sclerite in stereo view; C, D: details of the calyces in stereo view.

Distribution. Cold-temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere, mainly at 20-60° S except on both coasts of South America, where they occur at most lower latitudes. Concentrated in winter near the coastlines off S Australia, New Zealand, Atlantic coast of South America (Argentina, Brazil), and S Africa (mainly South Africa), but also off Chile, Peru, Tristan da Cunha Is and the E coast of Madagascar; in summer they are found mainly in latitudes of 40-50° S but have been seen in the Antarctic as far as 65° S and around South Georgia Is. in Balaenidae

Distribution. Cold-temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere, mainly at 20-60° S except on both coasts of South America, where they occur at most lower latitudes. Concentrated in winter near the coastlines off S Australia, New Zealand, Atlantic coast of South America (Argentina, Brazil), and S Africa (mainly South Africa), but also off Chile, Peru, Tristan da Cunha Is and the E coast of Madagascar; in summer they are found mainly in latitudes of 40-50° S but have been seen in the Antarctic as far as 65° S and around South Georgia Is.

Distribution. Cosmopolitan in temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans; concentrations of stranding records occur along E USA, South Africa, and New Zealand and to a lesser degree on French and Spanish coasts; precise at-sea distribution is unknown. in Kogiidae

Distribution. Cosmopolitan in temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans; concentrations of stranding records occur along E USA, South Africa, and New Zealand and to a lesser degree on French and Spanish coasts; precise at-sea distribution is unknown.

Distribution. Apparently mainly tropical, but also temperate waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans; stranding records concentrated on Atlantic and Pacific coasts of S USA, South Africa, and S coast of the Arabian Peninsula; a single record exists for the Mediterranean (Italy). Precise atsea distribution is unknown. in Kogiidae

Distribution. Apparently mainly tropical, but also temperate waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans; stranding records concentrated on Atlantic and Pacific coasts of S USA, South Africa, and S coast of the Arabian Peninsula; a single record exists for the Mediterranean (Italy). Precise atsea distribution is unknown.

Distribution. Widespread in subantarctic waters, primarily waters N of the Antarctic Convergence from the S Atlantic and Indian oceans to SW Pacific Ocean. Breeding takes place almost entirely N of the Antarctic polar front. in Otariidae

Distribution. Widespread in subantarctic waters, primarily waters N of the Antarctic Convergence from the S Atlantic and Indian oceans to SW Pacific Ocean. Breeding takes place almost entirely N of the Antarctic polar front.

Distribution. Endemic to subtropical and tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean in an area ranging from N USA to Brazil and from Ireland to Guinea-Bissau; its distribution may continue as far S as Uruguay in the W, and possibly as far S as Angola in the E. It is occasionally recorded stranding in temperate waters, but these may represent vagrant individuals. in Ziphiidae

Distribution. Endemic to subtropical and tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean in an area ranging from N USA to Brazil and from Ireland to Guinea-Bissau; its distribution may continue as far S as Uruguay in the W, and possibly as far S as Angola in the E. It is occasionally recorded stranding in temperate waters, but these may represent vagrant individuals.

Distribution. Occurs from the temperate waters of S Atlantic, Indian, and S Pacific oceans to the waters of Antarctica. A record from Burma (= Myanmar) is thought to represent a vagrant individual. in Ziphiidae

Distribution. Occurs from the temperate waters of S Atlantic, Indian, and S Pacific oceans to the waters of Antarctica. A record from Burma (= Myanmar) is thought to represent a vagrant individual.

Distribution. Throughout the warmest waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans, it has a cross-equatorial distribution occurring from as far N as the Arabian Sea, S India, Japan, and Mexico to as far S as South Africa and Australia; its occurrence appears to be relatively continuous within its distribution; it has not been recorded in the Atlantic Ocean. in Ziphiidae

Distribution. Throughout the warmest waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans, it has a cross-equatorial distribution occurring from as far N as the Arabian Sea, S India, Japan, and Mexico to as far S as South Africa and Australia; its occurrence appears to be relatively continuous within its distribution; it has not been recorded in the Atlantic Ocean.

Distribution. Ranges from temperate waters of the S Atlantic, Indian, and S Pacific oceans to waters of Antarctica. A single specimen stranded on the Dutch coast is thought to have been a vagrant individual. in Ziphiidae

Distribution. Ranges from temperate waters of the S Atlantic, Indian, and S Pacific oceans to waters of Antarctica. A single specimen stranded on the Dutch coast is thought to have been a vagrant individual.