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Fig. 9 in Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopod faunas and turnover on the South China shelf

Fig. 9. Transverse serial sections of Desquamatia qiziqiaoensis sp. nov. Specimen PUM05017 (24.3 mm wide, 24.6 mm long, and 11.8 mm thick), acetate peel number: 05B, sample QZQ3, Qiziqiao section, Middle Frasnian. Numbers refer to distance in mm from the ventral apex.

Fig. 7 in Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopod faunas and turnover on the South China shelf

Fig. 7. Photographs of acetate peels of Desquamatia cf. kimberleyensis (Coleman, 1951) from the Middle Frasnian of the Panxi section, PUM05008, sample PY4 (same specimen as Fig. 5C). A. Left side at 0.8 mm. B. Left inner socket ridge at 2.2 mm showing combed knots (traces of muscle attachment?). C. Left tooth and socket at 3.2 mm.

Fig. 8 in Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopod faunas and turnover on the South China shelf

Fig. 8. Atrypid Desquamatia qiziqiaoensis sp. nov. from the Middle Frasnian of the Panxi and Qiziqiao sections. A. PUM05012, sample PY5, Panxi section, probably Middle Frasnian, dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), posterior (A3), anterior (A4), and lateral (A5) views showing the general shape of a silicified specimen, 22.2 mm wide, 20.6 mm long, 12.9 mm thick. B. PUM05013, sample PY5, Panxi section, probably Middle Frasnian, ventral view showing nature of ribbing and concentric growth lamellae of a non−silicified specimen, 19.9 mm wide, 19.3 mm long, 11.8 mm thick. C. PUM05014 (holotype), sample QZQ1–3, Qiziqiao section, Middle Frasnian, dorsal (C1), ventral (C2), lateral (C3), posterior (C4), and anterior (C5) views. D. PUM05015, sample QZQ3, Qiziqiao section, Middle Frasnian, posterior (D1), anterior (D2), dorsal (D3), ventral (D4), and lateral (D5) views. E. PUM05016, sample QZQ3, Qiziqiao section, Middle Frasnian, dorsal (E1, E5), ventral (E2, E7), posterior (E3), anterior (E4), and lateral (E6) views.

Fig. 6 in Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopod faunas and turnover on the South China shelf

Fig. 6. Transverse serial sections of Desquamatia cf. kimberleyensis (Coleman, 1951), PUM05008, sample PY4, Panxi section, probably Middle Frasnian, specimen figured in Fig. 5C. Acetate peel number: 05A. Numbers refer to distance in mm from the ventral apex.

Fig. 4 in Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopod faunas and turnover on the South China shelf

Fig. 4. Strophomenid and rhynchonellid brachiopods from the Early and Middle Frasnian of the Panxi and Caiziyan sections. A. Sulcatostrophia? bunapica Veevers, 1959a, PUM05001, sample PY5, Panxi section, Middle Frasnian, dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), area (A3) views, and enlargement of framed area in image A1 (A4). B. Phlogoiderhynchus squamosus (Wang, 1956), PUM05002, sample PY3, Panxi section, Early Frasnian, dorsal (B1), lateral (B2), and posterior (B3) views. C. Phlogoiderhynchus depressus (Wang, 1956), PUM05003, sample PY2, Panxi section, Early Frasnian, dorsal view. D. Pugnax cf. triplicata (Chen in Xu et al. 1978), PUM05004, sample GC20, Caiziyan section, Early Frasnian, lateral (D1: ventral beak broken), dorsal (D2), and anterior (D3: left anterior broken, right lateral anterior slightly broken) views. E. Coeloterorhynchus sp., PUM05005, sample GC21−24, Caiziyan section, Early Frasnian, dorsal (E1: right anterior and right lateral broken), posterior (E2), and lateral (E3) views.

Fig. 3 in Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopod faunas and turnover on the South China shelf

Fig. 3. Brachiopod distribution in the Early and Middle Frasnian of South China. (from Chen 1983; 1984; Hou 1988; Sartenaer and Xu 1991; Ma et al. 2005; this study, and our unpublished data). Species of "Ningbingella" and "Ypsilorhynchus" needs confirmation of their generic status. Abbreviations: K., Klapperina; M. Mesotaxis; Pa., Palmatolepis.

Fig. 2 in Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopod faunas and turnover on the South China shelf

Fig. 2. Stratigraphy and distribution of Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopods in South China. Most but not all known brachiopods are described and illustrated in this paper. For the distribution of atrypids in the Dushan section, for example, see Ma et al. (2005). The stratigraphy of Panxi and the occurrence of Cyrtospirifer sp. are based on Yunnan compiling group (1978) and the occurrence of Stringocephalus in the lower part of the Yidade Formation is as in Xian et al. (1988: 148). The stratigraphy of Dushan and the occurrence of Stringocephalus sp. are as in Liao et al. (1979); the Caiziyan section was re−measured by Long−Ming Wei, Xue−Ping Ma, and Hua Li (personal communication 2005), with coral identifications by Wei−Hua Liao. The stratigraphy of Qiziqiao is based on data of Z.−X. Hu and Z.−Q. Deng in Tan et al. (1987), and the occurrence of Yunnanella sp. is based on Zu−Han Liu (personal communication 2001). Abbreviations: calc., calcareous; argill., argillaceous; C., Cyrtospirifer; Pa., Palmatolepis; Po., Polygnathus; S., Spinatrypina.

Fig. 1 in Early and Middle Frasnian brachiopod faunas and turnover on the South China shelf

Fig. 1. Geographic map of China (A) and locations of the stratigraphic sections (Δ) investigated in this study (B).

Fig. 7 in A new genus of terebratulid brachiopod from the Siegenian of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge

Fig. 7. Rock slab with several specimens of Crassirensselaeria crassicosta (Koch, 1881) in life position (AEG 146−5), view of the underside of the bed. Upper Siegen Beds (middle Lower Devonian) of the Aegidienberg tunnel, Siebengebirge, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Königswinter 5309. Internal moulds in posterior view.

Fig. 8 in A new genus of terebratulid brachiopod from the Siegenian of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge

Fig. 8. Possible life habit of Crassirensselaeria crassicosta (Koch, 1881) based on material collected near Aegidienberg (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). Nests and single individuals of C. crassicosta dominated the benthic life together with rare individuals of the spiriferid Hysterolites hystericus von Schlotheim, 1820. Nectonic life forms are represented by Rhinopteraspis dunensis (C.F. Roemer, 1876). Drawing by M.S.−G.

Fig. 6. Middle Lower Devonian rhenorensselaeriid brachiopod Rhenorensselaeria demerathia Simpson, 1940 from Germany. A in A new genus of terebratulid brachiopod from the Siegenian of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge

Fig. 6. Middle Lower Devonian rhenorensselaeriid brachiopod Rhenorensselaeria demerathia Simpson, 1940 from Germany. A. Holotype. Internal mould of articulated specimen (SMF XVII 687 n). Saxler Beds (upper parts of Upper Siegen Beds) of a quarry 3/4 km north of Demerath, Eifel area, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Gillenfeld 5807. In posterior (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. Internal mould of articulated specimen (SMF XVII 687 o) and latex cast. Saxler Beds of a quarry 3/4 km north of Demerath, Eifel area, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Gillenfeld 5807. Internal mould, posterior view (B1); latex cast, interior of posterior portions of both valves (B2). C. Internal mould of articulated specimen (SMF 26340 a) and latex cast. Saxler Beds of south of Meiserich, point 367,8, Eifel area, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Gillenfeld 5807. Internal mould, posterior view (C1); latex cast, interior of posterior portions of both valves (C2). D. Internal mould of ventral valve (SMF XVII 687 r). Upper Siegen Beds of Auderather Mühle, Ollenbach, Eifel area, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Gillenfeld 5807. Oblique posterior view.

Fig. 4 in A new genus of terebratulid brachiopod from the Siegenian of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge

Fig. 4. View of cardinalia. All figures are latex casts of internal moulds of articulated specimens. A. Crassirensselaeria crassicosta (Koch, 1881). Lectotype (MB.B 2090.1) Siegen Beds (middle Lower Devonian); Häusling near Siegen, Siegerland area, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Siegen 5114. B. Rhenorensselaeria strigiceps (C.F. Roemer, 1844) (SMF 66104). Siegen Beds (middle Lower Devonian); Mine "Alte Mahlscheid" near Herdorf; leg. Bergrat Borrhezs 1894, Middle Rhine area, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Betzdorf 5213. C. Rhenorensselaeria demerathia Simpson, 1940 (SMF XVII 687 o). Saxler Beds (upper parts of Upper Siegen Beds, middle Lower Devonian); Quarry 3/4 km north of Demerath, Eifel area, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Gillenfeld 5807.

Fig. 5 in A new genus of terebratulid brachiopod from the Siegenian of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge

Fig. 5. Middle Lower Devonian rhenorensselaeriid brachiopod Rhenorensselaeria strigiceps (C.F. Roemer, 1844) from Germany. A. Internal mould of articulated specimen (SMF 66104) and latex cast. Siegenian of mine "Alte Mahlscheid" near Herdorf; leg. Bergrat Borrhezs 1894, Middle Rhine area, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Betzdorf 5213. Internal mould, posterior view (A1); internal mould, anterior view (A2); latex cast, interior of posterior portions of both valves (A3); internal mould, lateral view (A4). B. Internal mould of ventral valve (AEG 28−3). Upper Siegen Beds of Aegidienberg tunnel, Siebengebirge, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Königswinter 5309. Oblique posterior view. C. Internal mould of articulated specimen (AEG 267−1). Upper Siegen Beds of Aegidienberg tunnel, Siebengebirge, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Königswinter 5309. Posterior view. D. Rock slab with specimens in life position (AEG 267−1). Upper Siegen Beds of Aegidienberg tunnel, Siebengebirge, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Königswinter 5309. Posterior view of internal moulds.

Fig. 3 in A new genus of terebratulid brachiopod from the Siegenian of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge

Fig. 3. Middle Lower Devonian rhenorensselaeriid brachiopod Crassirensselaeria crassicosta (Koch, 1881) from the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany. A. Lectotype. Internal mould of articulated specimen (MB.B 2090.1). Siegen Beds of Häusling near Siegen, Siegerland area, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Siegen 5114. Internal mould, posterior view (A1); internal mould, lateral view (A2); latex cast, interior of posterior portions of both valves (A3). B. Internal mould of articulated specimen (MB.B 2090.2). Siegen Beds of Häusling near Siegen, Siegerland area, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Siegen 5114. In posterior (B1), anterior (B2), and lateral (B3) views. C. Internal mould of articulated specimen (AEG 65). Upper Siegen Beds of Aegidienberg tunnel, Siebengebirge, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Königswinter 5309. Internal mould, posterior view (C1); latex cast, interior of posterior portions of both valves (C2). D. Internal mould of dorsal valve (MB.B 2078.8). Upper Siegen Beds of quarry Altenhof, leg. Schmidt 1924, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Wenden 5013. Internal mould, oblique posterior view (D1); latex cast, oblique view of the interior (D2). E. Internal mould of articulated specimen (AEG 295−1b). Upper Siegen Beds of Aegidienberg tunnel, Siebengebirge, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Königswinter 5309. Oblique posterior view. F. Internal mould of articulated specimen (AEG 110 lateral B3b). Upper Siegen Beds of Aegidienberg tunnel, Siebengebirge, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Königswinter 5309. Lateral view. G. Internal mould of articulated specimen (AEG 97−3). Upper Siegen Beds of Aegidienberg tunnel, Siebengebirge, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Königswinter 5309. Posterior view. H. Internal mould of ventral valve (AEG 110 lateral B3a). Upper Siegen Beds of Aegidienberg tunnel, Siebengebirge, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Königswinter 5309. Ventral view. I. Internal mould of articulated specimen (AEG 295−1a). Upper Siegen Beds of Aegidienberg tunnel, Siebengebirge, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Königswinter 5309. Posterior view. J. Internal mould of articulated specimen (MB.B 2096). Siegen Beds of Siegen, leg. Spriesterbach 1918, Siegerland area, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Siegen 5114. In lateral (J1) and posterior (J2) views. K. Internal mould of articulated specimen (MBG 5083). Siegen Beds of Brück an der Ahr, leg. Sprengler 1895, Siegerland area, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Siegen 5114. Internal mould, posterior view (K1); latex cast, interior of posterior portions of both valves (K2); latex cast, cardinalia (K3). L. Internal mould of dorsal valve (MBG 5100). Siegen Beds of Burggraben near Netphen, Siegerland area, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Hilchenbach 5014. Oblique posterior view (L1); apical region (L2). M. External mould of ventral valve (AEG 146−5). Upper Siegen Beds of Aegidienberg tunnel, Siebengebirge, topographical mapsheet 1:25 000 Königswinter 5309. Ornament. Scale bars 10 mm, except K3, L2, and M for which are 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in A new genus of terebratulid brachiopod from the Siegenian of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge

Fig. 2. Morphological terms of Crassirensselaeria crassicosta (Koch, 1881). A. Internal mould of articulated specimen (lectotype, MB.B 2090.1). Posterior view. Crural plates, dental plates, dorsal and ventral median septum preserved as negative forms. B. Latex cast of internal mould of articulated specimen (MBG 5083). Interior of posterior portions of both valves. Drawings by M.S.−G.

Fig. 1 in A new genus of terebratulid brachiopod from the Siegenian of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge

Fig. 1. Geological map of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge (Germany) and the Ardennes (Belgium/France) showing the distribution of Lower Devonian rocks. 1–12: Main localities of Crassirensselaeria crassicosta (Koch, 1881). 1: Häusling near Siegen (type locality), 2: Overath, 3: Seifen, 4: Aegidienberg, 5: Unkel, 6: Silberküppel and Saalburg quarry, 7: Assmannshausen, 8: Leingipfel near Rüdesheim and Bingerbrück, 9: Koppenstein, south of Gemünden, 10: Hannebach near Kempenich, 11: Katzenelnbogen, 12: Fonds de Wisseletz, between Pepinster and Louveigné, northern Ardennes (Belgium).

Fig. 2 in The earliest known Kinnella, an orthide brachiopod from the Upper Ordovician of Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic position of Kinnella laurentiana sp. nov. British graptolite zonation follows Webby, Cooper et al. (2004). North American graptolite and Atlantic faunal region conodont zonations and correlations are based on Bergström and Mitchell (1986), McCracken and Nowlan (1988), Melchin et al. (1991) and Goldman and Bergström (1997). Chitinozoan zonation from Achab (1989) and Asselin et al. (2004). Manitoulin Island graptolite species ranges from Goldman and Bergström (1997). Correlation of Pusgillian–Cautleyan and equivalent graptolite zones is based on the assumption that the Amorphognathus superbus–A. ordovicicus zonal boundary is not significantly diachronous globally. NA St., North American Stage; Se., Series; St., Stage. Graptolite genera: A., Amplexograptus; C., Climacograptus; G., Geniculograptus; O., Orthograptus; R., Rectograptus.

Fig. 3 in The earliest known Kinnella, an orthide brachiopod from the Upper Ordovician of Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada

Fig. 3. Orthide brachiopod Kinnella laurentiana sp. nov.; Kagawong Submember, upper Georgian Bay Formation, Richmondian (mid−Ashgill), Manitoulin Island. A. GSC 117898, paratype, dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), posterior (A4), anterior (A5), and enlarged (A6) costae. B. GSC 117899, holotype, dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), posterior (B4), anterior (B5), and enlarged (B6) delthyrium. C. GSC 117900, paratype, dorsal (C1), ventral (C2), lateral (C3), posterior (C4), and anterior (C5) views. D. GSC 117901, paratype, dorsal (D1), lateral (D2), and posterior (D3) views of immature shell. E. GSC 117902, paratype, dorsal (E1) and lateral (E2) views of immature shell, showing nearly catacline ventral interea.

Fig. 7 in Brachiopods from the uppermost Lower Ordovician of Peru and their palaeogeographical significance

Fig. 7. Euorthisinid brachiopod Euorthisina orthiformis Havlíček and Branisa, 1980. A. MGM 5913−X3, latex cast of ventral exterior. B. MGM 5997X, latex cast of dorsal exterior. C. MGM 5915X, latex cast of dorsal exterior. D. MGM 5898X, internal mould of ventral valve. E. MGM 5897X, internal mould of ventral valve. F. MGM 5902X, internal mould of ventral valve. G. MGM 5913X−2, latex cast of exterior (G1) and internal mould (G2) of dorsal valve. H. MGM 5896X, internal mould of ventral valve. I. MGM 5899X−1, internal mould of dorsal valve. J. MGM 5913X−1, internal mould of ventral valve. K. MGM 5899X−2, internal mould of dorsal valve. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 2 in Brachiopods from the uppermost Lower Ordovician of Peru and their palaeogeographical significance

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic scheme of the lower part of the San José Formation at the Carcel Puncco Canyon (Inambari River), showing the position of the fossiliferous horizons yielding the studied brachiopods. The open circle indicates probable occurrence. Black star indicates the occurrence of late Floian (Early Ordovician) conodonts belonging to the upper part of the Oepikodus evae Biozone (Sarmiento et al. 2001; Gutiérrez−Marco et al. 2004).