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FIGURE 3 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 3. Characters used for the phylogeny (mainly head and thorax): A, B. Supra and infraocular evaginations: A. Paraphidnia gallina Giglio-Tos, 1898. B. Lichenomorphus montealegrezi Cadena-Castañeda, 2011. C–H. Head and pronotum: C. Dissonulichen simplicipes simplicipes (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878). D. Dysonia alipes (Westwood, 1844). E. Lichenodentix dentatithorax (Piza, 1951). F. Apolinaria hygracantha (Karsch, 1896). G. Markia hystrix (Westwood, 1844). H. Lichenodraculus matti Braun, 2011. I, J. Sternum: I. L. montealegrezi J. Machimoides sofiae Cadena-Castañeda, 2013. K. Denticles of the crest: Anaphidna gracielae (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012).
FIGURE 4 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
FIGURE 4. Characters used for the phylogeny (habitus): A. Anaphidna gracielae (Cadena-Castañeda, 2012). B. Lichenomorphus montealegrezi Cadena-Castañeda, 2011. C. Markia hystrix (Westwood, 1844). D. Dissonulichen simplicipes simplicipes (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878). E. Dysonia alipes (Westwood, 1844).
Map 11 in The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines
Map 11. Distribution map of Dissonulichen (Dissonulichen) simplicipes simplicipes and D. (D.) simplicipes meridionalis in Colombia and Ecuador.
FIGURE 6 in The Little Fog Dragon-a new genus of Mountain Lichen Katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae: Dysoniini) from the Serra do Sol, Roraima, Brazil
FIGURE 6. Habitat of Nebulodraculus marioi sp. nov.: A–B: Primary Mountain Rainforest in Serra do Sol, Roraima, Brazil.; C–D: Detail of the extensive presence of bryophytes, lichens and epiphytic plants (emphasis on Araceae and Bromeliaceae) in the trunks and branches of the trees (Photos: Mario Cohn-Haft).
FIGURE 4 in The Little Fog Dragon-a new genus of Mountain Lichen Katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae: Dysoniini) from the Serra do Sol, Roraima, Brazil
FIGURE 4. Nebulodraculus marioi sp. nov., left tegmina of male in dorsal view. Abbreviations: AP: Posterior anal vein; AA: anterior anal vein; CuA: anterior cubital vein; CuP: posterior cubital vein; MA: anterior median vein; MP: posterior median vein; R: radial vein; Sc: subcostal vein.
FIGURE 3 in The Little Fog Dragon-a new genus of Mountain Lichen Katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae: Dysoniini) from the Serra do Sol, Roraima, Brazil
FIGURE 3. Nebulodraculus marioi sp. nov., holotype male. A: habitus, dorsal view; B: head, frontal view; C: head and pronotum, dorsal view; D: head and pronotum, lateral view; E: Thoracic sternites, ventral view; F: foreleg, lateral view; G: midleg, lateral view; H: hindleg, lateral view; I–J: Terminalia in ventral and dorsal view respectively; K: Apex of cerci, dorsal view. Abbreviations: Mes: mesobasisternum; Met: metabasisternum; Cer: cerci; Sty: styli; Pl: subgenital plate.
FIGURE 2 in A new saxicolous species, Rinodina jacutica (Physciaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia
FIGURE 2. Spore ontogeny of Rinodina jacutica: A 1–6. Early spore development prior to wall pigmentation; 1, 2. apical walls unthickened prior to septum formation – type A development; 3, 4. septum present and walls equally thickened; 5, 6, walls thickened at apices and septum - Physcia-like locules. B. 1–5. Mature spores, walls pigmented, torus not evident, apical and septal wall thickening; 1, 2. locules Physcia-like; 3-5. spores with swelling at the septum; 4. spore focused to show septal disc, a characteristic of the Dirinaria-type spore. Scale bars = 10 μm.
FIGURE 1. Rinodina jacutica. A in A new saxicolous species, Rinodina jacutica (Physciaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia
FIGURE 1. Rinodina jacutica. A. Habit of Rinodina jacutica, scale bar = 1 mm. B–C. Dirinaria-type spores of Rinodina jacutica. B. Spores within ascus, note the Physcia-like lumina and lack of a torus. C. Spore structure, note the septal swelling, the lack of a torus and presence of a septal disc. Scale bar for spores = 10 μm.
FIGURE 4 in The Lichen Flora on Quercus in the Tamentout Forest of Algeria
FIGURE 4: Parmeliella testacea from the Tamentout Forest (Belguidoum, A. no. Cl92, ABHCH) A. Thallus overview (h: black hypothallus; arrow: button-shaped soralia). B. close-up of humid, bluish green thallus (arrow: button shaped soralia). C. close-up of wet, olive thallus. Scale bars: 5 mm.
Quantifying Winter Forage Resources for Reindeer: Developing a Method to Estimate Ground Lichen Cover and Biomass at a Local Scale
<p>Data and R scripts used in the paper Quantifying Winter Forage Resources for Reindeer: Developing a Method to Estimate Ground Lichen Cover and Biomass at a Local Scale (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100768).</p>
Enhanced accumulation of biologically active compounds in lichens with potential functional food applications
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
The complete mitochondrial genomes of five lichenized fungi in the genus Usnea (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae)
<p>ABSTRACT: Known colloquially as ‘Old Man’s Beard’, <em>Usnea</em> is a genus of lichenized Ascomycete fungi characterized by having a fruticose growth form and cartilaginous central axis. The complete mitochondrial genomes of <em>Usnea halei</em>, <em>U. mutabilis</em>, <em>U. subfusca</em>, <em>U. subgracilis</em>, and <em>U. subscabrosa</em> were sequenced using Illumina data and then assembled <em>de novo</em>. These mitogenomes ranged in size from 52,486 bp (<em>U. subfusca</em>) to 94,464 bp (<em>U. subgracilis</em>). All were characterized by having high levels of intronic and intergenic variation, such as ORFs that encode proteins with homology to two homing endonuclease types, LAGLIDADG and GIY-YIG. Genes annotated within these mitogenomes include 14 protein-coding genes, the large and small ribosomal subunits (LSU and SSU), and 23–26 tRNAs. Notably, the <em>atp9</em> gene was absent from each genome. Genomic synteny was highly conserved across the five species. Five conserved mitochondrial genes (<em>nad2</em>, <em>nad4</em>, <em>cox1</em>, <em>cox2</em>, and <em>cox3</em>) were used to infer a best estimate maximum likelihood phylogeny among these five <em>Usnea</em> and other relatives, which yielded relationships consistent with prior published phylogenies.</p>
The role of ground type, moisture and temperature on the vertical growth of lichens: A test of hypotheses with paramo lichens
<p>There is little reliable information about determinants of vertical growth in terricolous lichens, traditionally divided into short "crustose", intermediate "foliose" and tall "fruticose" growth forms, a practice that artificially hides a growth continuum. Substrate, temperature and especially water are thought to affect, but such factors are hard to measure, because, for example, the water actually available to lichens does not match rainfall patterns or even over ground levels. To reliably assess the effect of those factors, I recorded the temperature, moisture and substrate in and under individual lichen colonies in 415 fixed PVC frame quadrats (Cerro de la Muerte, Costa Rica, 9°33'N; 83°45'W), on April, August, October and December of 2015. The measurements are more reliable because they were taken inside the colonies themselves (rather than on the general environment), because they covered hundreds of cases during a year, and because they are from the relatively simple paramo habitat, where animals or vegetation have less impact on lichens than in lower ecosystems. The hypotheses were that lichens would grow taller on softer, warmer and moister ground, on the moister Caribbean versant and on the moister part of the year. Results matched the hypotheses, with one exception: lichens on soft ground were not taller than those on rock. Caribbean colonies were, on the average, 7 cm taller than those on the drier Pacific versant. Foliose, fruticose and crustose lichens were equally frequent as dominant in the quadrats. Crustose species, together with their bacterial and microinvertebrate communities, with suffer the most with global warming.</p>
The role of ground type, moisture and temperature on the vertical growth of lichens: A test of hypotheses with paramo lichens
<p>There is little reliable information about determinants of vertical growth in terricolous lichens, traditionally divided into short "crustose", intermediate "foliose" and tall "fruticose" growth forms, a practice that artificially hides a growth continuum. Substrate, temperature and especially water are thought to affect, but such factors are hard to measure, because, for example, the water actually available to lichens does not match rainfall patterns or even over ground levels. To reliably assess the effect of those factors, I recorded the temperature, moisture and substrate in and under individual lichen colonies in 415 fixed PVC frame quadrats (Cerro de la Muerte, Costa Rica, 9°33'N; 83°45'W), on April, August, October and December of 2015. The measurements are more reliable because they were taken inside the colonies themselves (rather than on the general environment), because they covered hundreds of cases during a year, and because they are from the relatively simple paramo habitat, where animals or vegetation have less impact on lichens than in lower ecosystems. The hypotheses were that lichens would grow taller on softer, warmer and moister ground, on the moister Caribbean versant and on the moister part of the year. Results matched the hypotheses, with one exception: lichens on soft ground were not taller than those on rock. Caribbean colonies were, on the average, 7 cm taller than those on the drier Pacific versant. Foliose, fruticose and crustose lichens were equally frequent as dominant in the quadrats. Crustose species, together with their bacterial and microinvertebrate communities, with suffer the most with global warming.</p>
Effect of biological colonization on ceramic roofing tiles by lichens and a combined laser and biocide procedure for its removal.
<p>Biodeterioration damage is an important issue in conservation and restoration of built heritage, especially when ceramic materials are used. Biological colonization of ceramic roofing tiles by lichens is a common phenomenon. However, there are no reports to date of lichens removal from unglazed roofing tiles for conservation purposes. This paper for the first time reveals the results of a combined procedure undertaken to assess the removal of lichens on different kinds of unglazed ceramic roofing tiles by treatments based on both dual sequential laser irradiation and treatment using Acticide<sup>® </sup>CF biocide. Three species of lichens were identified: <em>Verrucaria nigrescens</em>, <em>Calogaya decipiens</em> and <em>Pyrenodesmia teicholyta</em>. The chemical and mineralogical composition of roofing tiles were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, optical polarized petrographic microscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Laser irradiation was accomplished by applying sequences of nanosecond laser pulses at two wavelengths (1064 and 266 nm). After dual sequential laser irradiation a biocide was applied. To assess the combined effect of both treatments several techniques were used, including stereo and fluorescence (FM) microscopies, scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopies, and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Chemical composition of the analyzed roofing tiles was shown as a relevant factor regarding the degree of interaction between the biological colonization and the substrate, and hence, the bioweathering effect. The combined procedure has proved to be very effective in removing some lichen thalli and damaging completely the bionts in all species.</p>
Fig. 4 Usnea parafloridana K in Evaluation of traditionally circumscribed species in the lichen-forming genus Usnea, section Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) using a six-locus dataset
Fig. 4 Usnea parafloridana K. Mark, Will-Wolf & Randlane sp. nov. – view of general habit (a, b), soralia with isidiomorphs (c), fibrils (d), soralia (e), and branch anatomy (f). Scale bars 7 mm (a, b), 1.5 mm (c), 2 mm (d), 0.4 mm (e), and 0.3 mm (f). Photographed specimens WW14807 (holotype; a, c, e), WW14858 (b, d), and WW14857 (f)
Fig. 3 in Evaluation of traditionally circumscribed species in the lichen-forming genus Usnea, section Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) using a six-locus dataset
Fig. 3 STACEY maximum clade credibility SMC-tree with posterior probabilities (PP) from STACEY (above branches) and *BEAST (below) analyses together with similarity matrix for the section Usnea dataset. The squares represent posterior probabilities (white = 0, black = 1) for pairs of individuals to belong to the same cluster. The lines in the matrix separate major groups (named above matrix), while
Fig. 1 Bayesian 50 in Evaluation of traditionally circumscribed species in the lichen-forming genus Usnea, section Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) using a six-locus dataset
Fig. 1 Bayesian 50 % consensus tree of 18 currently accepted Usnea species based on six concatenated loci, inferred by BEAST. Major groups and secondary chemistry are indicated right of the tree. Branch supports are given in circles: Black circles reflect strong support from both inferences (PP ≥ 95 % for BEAST and BP ≥ 70 % for RAxML), and gray circles strong support from BEAST only. Location and laboratory code are given in brackets. Scale bar shows the number of substitutions per site. Secondary metabolites: BAR barbatic acid, BMY baeomycesic
Fig. 2 in Evaluation of traditionally circumscribed species in the lichen-forming genus Usnea, section Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) using a six-locus dataset
Fig. 2 Box plots of cortex (a, d) and medulla (b, e) thickness measurements and bar charts of medulla density categories (c, f) in clades barbata-chaetophora-dasopoga-diplotypus (bar-das-dip) and barbata-intermedia-lapponica-substerilis (bar-int-lap; first row of charts), and between Usnea barbata specimens from these clades (second row of charts). Box plots show the percentages of the whole width of the measured branch. Center lines are the medians, box limits indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles as determined by R software, whiskers extend
Fig. 1 in Hidden diversity in the morphologically variable script lichen (Graphis scripta) complex (Ascomycota, Ostropales, Graphidaceae)
Fig. 1 Morphotypes within Graphis scripta complex. The identification of morphotypes followed Neuwirth and Aptroot (2011). S Graphis scripta morphotype (Bachmann 8.210), S/B G. scripta-betuliga intermediate morphotype (Dornes K_OA 4411), B G. betuliga morphotype (John 8.144), S/P G. scripta-pulverulegta morphotype (John 8.150), S/M G. scripta-macrocarpa morphotype (Lendemer
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