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FIGURE 4 in Redescription of Bathymodiolus septemdierum Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994 (Bivalvia, Mytilida, Mytilidae), a mussel broadly distributed across hydrothermal vent locations in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans

FIGURE 4. Shells of Bathymodiolus septemdierum from Lau Basin (Southwest Pacific), sites listed as 'other material' for original description of B. brevior. Shell shape variability includes posterior angularity and beak position relative to anterior margin. Dark brownish periostracum largely intact but detaching where dried. Scale bar is 10 mm. (A: SIO accession #M19389; B:SIO accession # M19391; C: SIO accession # M19390).

FIGURE 1 in Redescription of Bathymodiolus septemdierum Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994 (Bivalvia, Mytilida, Mytilidae), a mussel broadly distributed across hydrothermal vent locations in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans

FIGURE 1 Distribution of Bathymodiolus septemdierum in the western Pacific and Indian oceans. Red stars indicate sites for which both genetic and morphological data are used in this study; black squares for genetic data only; black circles for morphological data only. Yellow symbols are additional sites at which this species occurs. Indian Ocean sites extended from records in Zhou et al. (2022).

FIGURE 8 in Redescription of Bathymodiolus septemdierum Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994 (Bivalvia, Mytilida, Mytilidae), a mussel broadly distributed across hydrothermal vent locations in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans

FIGURE 8. Height to length proportions of Bathymodiolus septemdierum shells from three ocean regions with regression lines shown for Northwest Pacific sites (dotted) and Southwest Pacific sites (solid).

FIGURE 6 in Redescription of Bathymodiolus septemdierum Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994 (Bivalvia, Mytilida, Mytilidae), a mussel broadly distributed across hydrothermal vent locations in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans

FIGURE 6. Shells of Bathymodiolus septemdierum from Izu-Bonin Arc (Northwest Pacific). A, B, C: From paratype location, Suiyo Seamount; colour differences due to mineral deposits. D: From type location (Mokuyo Seamount) of first description of the species; specimen shows clean periostracum. Scale bar is 10 mm. (A, B and C: SIO accession # M19397; D: SIO accession #M19399).

FIGURE 3 in Redescription of Bathymodiolus septemdierum Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994 (Bivalvia, Mytilida, Mytilidae), a mussel broadly distributed across hydrothermal vent locations in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans

FIGURE 3 Outline sketches of Bathymodiolus septemdierum shells illustrating variability in shape and positions of the anterior retractor and anterior adductor muscle scars. AR: anterior retractor muscle scar; PA: posterior adductor muscle scar; PL: pallial line; AA: anterior adductor scar; LG: ligament. Scale bar is 10 mm and applies to all specimens. A and B: NW Eifuku site, Northwest Pacific; shells are predominantly rounded as in A. C and D: Tu'i Malila site, Lau Basin; shells are predominately angular as in D. E: Kairei site, Central Indian Ridge; redrawn from Hashimoto (2001) holotype. Here, we correct the scale applied to this drawing in the original. The specimen is 55.7 mm long. (A: SIO accession # M19392; B: SIO accession # M19393; C: SIO accession # M19391; D: SIO accession # M19389; E: paratype JAMSTEC #032386).

FIGURE 2 in Redescription of Bathymodiolus septemdierum Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994 (Bivalvia, Mytilida, Mytilidae), a mussel broadly distributed across hydrothermal vent locations in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans

FIGURE 2 Haplotype networks for mitochondrial COI and ND4, with haplotypes coloured by broader geographic region or type / paratype locality. Dot sizes are proportional to haplotype frequency. Dashes on connecting branches indicate number of mutations between haplotypes. Despite shared genetic variation among geographic regions, haplotypes can be broadly grouped into an Indian and western Pacific cluster.

FIGURE 5 in Redescription of Bathymodiolus septemdierum Hashimoto and Okutani, 1994 (Bivalvia, Mytilida, Mytilidae), a mussel broadly distributed across hydrothermal vent locations in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans

FIGURE 5. Shells of Bathymodiolus septemdierum from Kairei, Central Indian Ridge, holotype site for original description of B. marisindicus. Shells have an oxidized mineral coating over the periostracum and black stains where byssal threads from other individuals attached. Scale bar is 10 mm. (A, B and C: SIO accession # M19395).

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Data for: Marine mussel respiration under fluctuating temperatures

The impact of rising temperatures on biological systems is well-documented, particularly on coastal shores characterized by fluctuating temperatures. To study the effects of fluctuating temperatures on physiological performance, experiments often employ treatments that alternate between "blocks" of time exposed to minimum versus maximum temperatures. To test the efficacy of these approaches, we collected water temperatures from a mussel bed to drive 12-h field treatments and compared them to block treatments across different seasons. Our results showed that respiration rates for mussels under spring and fall temperatures were higher in the block compared to the field treatments. In contrast, mussels tested under summer temperatures showed higher rates under field versus block treatments. When simulating winter temperatures, rates in field and block treatments were similar. The thermal performance curves generated from the field and block data produced significantly different estimates of thermal optima, indicating a mismatch between lab-based temperature treatments and natural thermal regimes. The potential effects on physiological performance underscore the importance of using high-resolution temperature data and the need to ensure that the seasonal conditions being simulated in lab experiments match those being studied in the field.

Supplementary material 4 from: Konopleva ES, Bolotov IN, Vikhrev IV, Inkhavilay K, Gofarov MYu, Kondakov AV, Tomilova AA, Chapurina YE, Van Do T, Pfeiffer JM, Lopes-Lima M, Bogan AE (2023) A freshwater mussel species reflects a Miocene stream capture between the Mekong Basin and East Asian rivers. Zoosystematics and Evolution 99(1): 29-43. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.99.90784

Figure S1. Fossil-calibrated Unionidae tree, including the genus Cristaria, based on the complete data set of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences (five partitions: three codons of COI + 16S rRNA + 28S rRNA)

Supplementary material 1 from: Konopleva ES, Bolotov IN, Vikhrev IV, Inkhavilay K, Gofarov MYu, Kondakov AV, Tomilova AA, Chapurina YE, Van Do T, Pfeiffer JM, Lopes-Lima M, Bogan AE (2023) A freshwater mussel species reflects a Miocene stream capture between the Mekong Basin and East Asian rivers. Zoosystematics and Evolution 99(1): 29-43. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.99.90784

List of sequences used in this study, including species names, localities, voucher numbers, and GenBank accession numbers

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Density-dependent patterns of multivariate selection on sperm motility and morphology in a broadcast spawning mussel

Sperm cells exhibit extraordinary phenotypic variation, both among taxa and within individual species, yet our understanding of the adaptive value of sperm trait variation across multiple contexts is incomplete. For species without the opportunity to choose mating partners, such as sessile broadcast spawning invertebrates, fertilisation depends on gamete interactions, which in turn can be strongly influenced by local environmental conditions that alter the concentration of sperm and eggs. However, the way in which such environmental factors impact phenotypic selection on functional gamete traits remains unclear in most systems. Here, we analyse patterns of linear and nonlinear multivariate selection under experimentally altered local sperm densities (densities within the capture zone of eggs) on a range of functionally important sperm traits in the broadcast spawning marine mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Specifically, we assay components of sperm motility and morphology across two fertilisation environments that simulate either sperm limitation (when there are too few sperm to fertilise all available eggs), or sperm saturation (when there are many more sperm than required for fertilisation, and the risk of polyspermy and embryonic failure is heightened). Our findings reveal that the strength, form, and targets of selection on sperm depend on the prevailing fertilisation environment. In particular, our analyses revealed multiple significant axes of nonlinear selection on sperm motility traits under sperm limitation, but only significant negative directional selection on flagellum length under sperm saturation. These findings highlight the importance of local sperm densities in driving the adaptation of sperm phenotypes, particularly those related to sperm motility, in broadcast spawning invertebrates.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Mussel meal as a potential ingredient in diets for the whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The global aquaculture production is growing immensely in all aspects and has already surpassed the output from wild caught fish and shellfish industries. The farming of Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the biggest contributors to this market. Originally, L. vannamei is native to the tropical marine habitats, but due the high value, farming of these species expanded to the subtropical areas. Therefore, low temperatures have become one of the major constraining factors to the L. vannamei culture. Besides this, concerns about the sustainability of this industry lead to the search for new, healthy and sustainable ingredients for aquafeeds, like bivalves, due to their nutritional value and low trophic level. In this experiment, mussel meal (species Perna perna) was evaluated as a potential ingredient in L. vannamei diets to improve growth and cold resistance of the shrimp. Five experimental diets (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% of mussel meal inclusion) were evaluated for 8 weeks in twenty polyethylene tanks of 400 liter (n = 4). Each tank was stocked with 40 shrimps (3.5 ± 0.5 g), filled with sea water and kept under constant aeration and temperature of 28.4 ± 0.4 °C. Every day 100% of the water was exchanged to maintain the water quality. After 8 weeks of experiment a thermal shock treatment was performed to analyse the cold resistance of the shrimp. Shrimps that were fed with the 1% and 2% mussel meal diets had a significantly higher final weight, weekly weight gain and lower FCR than the control, 3% and 4% mussel meal treatments. The shrimps fed with the 2% mussel meal diet had the best growth results. Further, no differences were observed in thermal shock resistance and survival among the treatments. In conclusion, mussel meal can be used as a potential ingredient in whiteleg shrimp diets. For further information on experimental conditions, please refer to the publication: “Claessens S, Aragão C, Hoffling FB, Pinheiro I, Fracalossi DM, Vieira FN. Mussel Meal as a Promotor of Growth Performance for the Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(9):1670. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091670”. In addition to properly cite this dataset, it would be appreciated that when using this dataset in a publication the original publication is cited.

FIGURE 2. Chaperia atypica n in Epibiotic association of encrusting cheilostome bryozoans on shells of an invasive mussel from rocky shores of South Africa, with the description of a new aviculiferous species of Chaperia

FIGURE 2. Chaperia atypica n. sp. A–C. SAMC-A094525. A. General view of the colony. B. Group of zooids, showing pore-chamber windows and spines. C. Close-up of the orifice. D. Paratype, SAMC-A094513. Group of zooids with arrows indicating twinned and single interzooidal avicularia. E, F. Holotype, SAMC-A094514. E. Group of ovicelled zooids with arrows indicating vestigial ooecia. F. Close-up of the vestigial ooecia with an arrow indicating the ooecial pore. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 0.4 mm; C = 0.1 mm; D, E = 0.4 mm; F = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Epibiotic association of encrusting cheilostome bryozoans on shells of an invasive mussel from rocky shores of South Africa, with the description of a new aviculiferous species of Chaperia

FIGURE 1. Map showing the location of 15 intertidal rocky-shore sites along the south–southeast coast of South Africa where epibiotic bryozoans were sampled on live shells of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.

FIGURE 3. A–C. Celleporella hyalina SAMC-A094510. A in Epibiotic association of encrusting cheilostome bryozoans on shells of an invasive mussel from rocky shores of South Africa, with the description of a new aviculiferous species of Chaperia

FIGURE 3. A–C. Celleporella hyalina SAMC-A094510. A. General view of the colony. B. Single ovicelled zooid. C. Group of ovicelled zooids and a male dwarf zooid. D–F. Hippomonavella sp. SAMC-A094529. D. Group of zooids. E. Group of zooids, some with developing ovicells. F. Close-up of the orifice, showing condyles and suboral avicularium. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, C = 0.2 mm; D = 1 mm; E = 0.4 mm; F = 0.1 mm.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

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Trait-based and multi-scale approach provides insight on responses of freshwater mussels to environmental heterogeneity

Our understanding of the factors driving the distribution of metacommunities at different scales can be obscured by high variation in species composition between sites and a lack of fine-scale distribution data. Trait-based approaches have long been used to better identify and examine ecological patterns. Most recent studies of riverine metacommunities examining trait-based patterns have focused on shorter-lived organisms. Here we focused on a group of longer-lived, sedentary riverine organisms, unionid freshwater mussels. The objective of this study was to examine how (1) the distribution of mussels with different life history strategies (trait-based approach) and (2) the relative importance of environmental and spatial factors (as a proxy for dispersal) would differ with spatial scale and position in the river; and to (3) further compare this with patterns derived from a taxonomic approach. Fine-scale distribution data of mussels and environmental factors were collected every 100 m in spatially extensive surveys in an up- and downstream segment (200 sites/20 km-segment) of a semi-arid river, making them some of the most spatially intensive surveys documented to date. A combination of redundancy analysis, asymmetric eigenvector mapping, and variation partitioning analyses revealed that more variation was explained by environmental factors where more environmental differences occur between sites. Where environmental heterogeneity was lower the amount of variation explained by smaller-scale spatial factors was higher, likely mostly associated with stochastic rather than dispersal processes. A higher amount of unexplained variation at the taxonomic level suggests that stochasticity may also play an important role in determining species composition. In contrast, different life history groups had a highly predictable distribution pattern driven by environmental heterogeneity, especially between river segments and mesohabitat, which was associated with different flow conditions. The role we predict for environmental heterogeneity and stochasticity in shaping the distribution of mussels in our study river likely also applies to other taxa and ecosystems at a spatial scale at which neither dispersal limitation nor mass effects occur. Thus, understanding the magnitude and extent of dispersal relative to the amount of environmental heterogeneity may be key for predicting metacommunity structure and dynamics for different organisms.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

Hatchery produced blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) larvae length measurements

Hatchery produced blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) larvae length measurements.

Figure 9 in Hidden in the hills: phylogeny of the freshwater mussel genus Alasmidonta (Bivalvia: Unionidae) and description of a new species

Figure 9. Images of pseudocardinal teeth in Alasmidonta varicosa. Arrows point to pseudocardinal teeth. A, left valve of shell from Rocky River (Cape Fear drainage). B, right valve of shell from Rocky River (Cape Fear drainage). C, left valve of shell from Chattooga River (Savannah River drainage). D, right valve of shell from Chattooga River (Savannah River drainage). E, left valve of shell from Roaring River (Yadkin drainage). F, right valve of shell from Roaring River (Yadkin drainage).

Figure 2 in Hidden in the hills: phylogeny of the freshwater mussel genus Alasmidonta (Bivalvia: Unionidae) and description of a new species

Figure 2. Mitochondrial gene tree inferred with the dataset mtDNA_reduced. Terminal tips have been collapsed for visualization purposes. Nodes are labelled with ultrafast bootstrap support. A full tree is available in the Supporting Information (File S1). The scale is in substitutions per site.

Figure 8 in Hidden in the hills: phylogeny of the freshwater mussel genus Alasmidonta (Bivalvia: Unionidae) and description of a new species

Figure 8. Type series for Alasmidonta uwharriensis sp. nov. A, holotype, USNM 1675684. B, paratype, USNM 1675686. C, paratype, USNM 1675687. D,E, paratype, USNM 1675683. F, G, paratype, USNM 1675685. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle; pa, posterior adductor mussel. Scale bar: 5 cm.