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2,052 results for “Species tree”
Data from: Allocation and functional traits of trees and saplings of Bornean tree species growing under contrasting soil nutrient availabilities
<p>The files hold the data of allocation and traits of adult trees ((i) the relationship between tree height and diameter at breast height, (ii) nutrient concentration in green leaves, senescent leaves, wood, and (iii) wood density) and saplings ((i) biomass allocation to leaves, stem, coarse roots, and fine roots, (ii) nutrient concentration in levees, senescent leaves, stem, and roots, and (iii) leaf mass per area) in Bornean tropical tree species growing under contrasting soil nutrient availabilities.</p> <p>Study site includes the Tawau Hills Park (4°27′N, 117°56′E, ca. 300 m asl), the Deramakot Forest Reserve (5°22′N, 117°25′E, ca. 250 m asl), and Nabawan (5°05′N, 116°29′E, ca. 500 m asl), Sabah, Malaysia. Vegetation of Tawau and Deramakot is a mixed dipterocarp forest, whereas that of Nabawan is a tropical heath forest. These sites considerably differ in soil characteristics. The forests in the Tawau Hills Park lie on the andesitic volcanic ash derived from the past eruptions ca. 27000 years ago by Mt. Magdalena, Mt. Lucia, and Mt. Maria. On the other hand, soils in the Deramakot Forest Reserve are derived from tertiary sedimentary rocks. Soils of Nabawan are classified as white sand podosol.</p>
Fig. 4 in Taxonomic appraisal of Fagraea ceilanica (Gentianaceae), and description of a new tree species from the Bird's Head Peninsula, western New Guinea
Fig. 4. – Distribution of Fagraea christinae Y.W. Low & V.A. Albert in
Linking individual and species-level leaf traits with ontogenetic development stage to explain tree performance under competition and environmental contexts
<p><span>To verify how species traits and individual traits link ontogenetic size, external biotic and abiotic factors to influence tree performance. In a temperate natural forest in northeastern China, we measured dynamic performance, size, as well as competition, topography, and soil variables as biotic and abiotic variables for all 1320 trees of 17 species in 62 monitoring plots from 2010-2020. For each individual tree, we also measured five typical functional traits representing leaf size and elemental content: leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf carbon : nitrogen ratios. These traits are not only strongly associated with performance, but trade-offs between traits have previously been shown to express plant acquisitive-conservative strategy characteristics. Reconceptualized based on previous understanding of trait-based approach (Fig. 1). We first tested the direct explanatory effects of species traits and individual traits on performance in multifactorial contexts.</span> <span>We first tested the direct explanatory effects of species traits and individual traits on performance in multifactorial contexts. Subsequently, we analyzed the moderating and mediating effects of these two levels of traits in explaining ontogenetic size, external competition, and environmental influences on performance. The following three questions were posed in response to the results:</span></p> <p><em><span>QI: Do species and individual traits differ in directly explaining performance in a multifactor context that includes ontogenetic size, external biotic and abiotic factors?</span></em></p> <p><em><span>QII: How species and individual traits explain the effect of ontogenetic size on performance</span> </em><em><span>by moderating and mediating effects.</span></em></p> <p><em><span>QIII: Can traits at the species and individual level influence competition- and environment-performance relationships</span> </em><em><span>through trait-based approaches? Does ontogenetic size work jointly with traits at different levels in this process?</span></em></p>
Fig. 2 in Predicting the potential distribution of the subalpine broad-leaved tree species, Betula ermanii Cham. under climate change in South Korea
Fig. 2. ROC curve and AUC value in the current period (1970- 2000).
Fig. 1 in Predicting the potential distribution of the subalpine broad-leaved tree species, Betula ermanii Cham. under climate change in South Korea
Fig. 1. The location of occurrence points of Betula ermanii in South Korea (N = 162).
GeneSeqToFamily - Species Tree
<p>Gene duplication is a major factor contributing to evolutionary novelty, and the contraction or expansion of gene families has often been associated with morphological, physiological and environmental adaptations. The study of homologous genes helps us to understand the evolution of gene families. It plays a vital role in finding ancestral gene duplication events as well as identifying genes that have diverged from a common ancestor under positive selection. There are various tools available, such as MSOAR, OrthoMCL and HomoloGene, to identify gene families and visualise syntenic information between species, providing an overview of syntenic regions evolution at the family level. Unfortunately, none of them provide information about structural changes within genes, such as the conservation of ancestral exon boundaries amongst multiple genomes. The Ensembl GeneTrees computational pipeline generates gene trees based on coding sequences and provides details about exon conservation, and is used in the Ensembl Compara project to discover gene families. </p>
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of species of Eusurbus and Zentamyia. Tree generated from morpho- logical phylogenetic analysis, unambiguous apomorphies mapped on branches, black circles indicate non- homoplasious changes.
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of species of Eusurbus and Zentamyia. Tree generated from morpho- logical phylogenetic analysis, unambiguous apomorphies mapped on branches, black circles indicate non- homoplasious changes.
Fig. 4. Maximum parsimony consensus tree within Paromoionchis gen. nov., performed with ITS2 DNA sequences from 80 in A new genus and three new species of mangrove slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)
Fig. 4. Maximum parsimony consensus tree within Paromoionchis gen. nov., performed with ITS2 DNA sequences from 80 individuals (including 7 outgroups). Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (only numbers> 50% are indicated). Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. All sequences for specimens of Paromoionchis gen. nov. are new. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 1. The letter A corresponds to a clade referred to in the text. The color used for each (mitochondrial) unit is the same as that used in Figs 1–3 and 5–6.
Fig. 3. Maximum parsimony consensus tree within Paromoionchis gen. nov., performed with concatenated ITS2 and 28S DNA sequences from 41 in A new genus and three new species of mangrove slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)
Fig. 3. Maximum parsimony consensus tree within Paromoionchis gen. nov., performed with concatenated ITS2 and 28S DNA sequences from 41 individuals (including 7 outgroups). Numbers by the branches are the bootstrap values (only numbers> 50% are indicated). Numbers for each individual correspond to unique identifiers for DNA extraction. All sequences for specimens of Paromoionchis gen. nov. are new. Information on specimens can be found in the lists of material examined and in Table 1. Letters A and B correspond to clades referred to in the text. The color used for each (mitochondrial) unit is the same as that used in Figs 1–2 and 4–6.
Branch wood chemistry of tree species in old-growth and selectively logged forest
<b>Description: </b><p>Carbon and nitrogen concentration of branch wood, analysed with and without bark, for tree species in selectively logged forest at SAFE and in old-growth forest in Danum Valley and Maliau Basin. Sampled during the BALI project traits campaign. Analysed in the laboratory of Dr Norma Salinas, Lima, Peru.</p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/55"><b>Biodiversity and land-use impacts on tropical ecosystem function (BALI): Quantifying functional trait distributions across the disturbance gradient</b></a></p><p><b>Funding: </b>These data were collected as part of research funded by: </p><ul><li>NERC (Standard grant, NE/K016253/1)</li></ul><p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p><p></p><p><b>Permits: </b>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:</p><ul><li>Sabah Biodiversity Centre (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2.2(385))</li></ul><p></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3402748">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This consists of 1 file: Both_wood_chemistry.xlsx</p><p><b>Both_wood_chemistry.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 1 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>Wood_chemistry</b> (described in worksheet Wood_chemistry)</p><p>Description: Carbon and nitrogen concentration of branch wood, analysed with and without bark, for tree species in selectively logged forest at SAFE and in old-growth forest in Danum Valley and Maliau Basin. Wood samples were cut from branches, that sampled during the BALI project traits campaign. Analyses were conducted on samples with bark removed or not removed. Analysed in the laboratory of Dr Norma Salinas, Lima, Peru.</p><p>Number of fields: 15</p><p>Number of data rows: 1520</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>location</b>: Location within the SAFE landscape (Field type: location)</li><li><b>forest_type</b>: Forest type: OG: old-growth plots, Maliau and Danum; SL: selectively logged plots at SAFE (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>forestplots_name</b>: Plot name coherent with forestplots database (Field type: id)</li><li><b>plot_name_trait_campaign</b>: Plot name used during the BALI trait campaign (Field type: id)</li><li><b>sample_code</b>: Sample code referencing: plot-'T'(ree) ID-branch type (Field type: id)</li><li><b>branch_type</b>: Binary classification of branch sampled depending on their position in the tree crown. BS: sun branch; BSH: shade branch (Field type: id)</li><li><b>tree_id</b>: Reference for tree tag label (Field type: id)</li><li><b>species</b>: Tree species (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>sample_type</b>: Binary classification of branch wood sample, B: wood sample with bark; NB: wood sample without bark. Number refers to internal replicated sample collection (Field type: id)</li><li><b>complete_sample_code</b>: Sample code referencing: plot-'T'(ree) ID-branch type (Field type: id)</li><li><b>replicate</b>: Replicate number if samples analyses were replicated (in a subset of samples) (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Date</b>: Date of sample analyses, conducted in the laboratory of Dr Norma Salinas (Lima, Peru) (Field type: date)</li><li><b>Time</b>: Time of of sample analyses, conducted in the laboratory of Dr Norma Salinas (Lima, Peru) (Field type: time)</li><li><b>N_perc</b>: Nitrogen concentration of the branch wood sample (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>C_perc</b>: Carbon concentration of the branch wood sample (Field type: numeric trait)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>Date range: </b>2014-05-01 to 2018-09-01</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.5000 to 5.0700</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>116.7500 to 117.8200</p><p><b>Taxonomic coverage: </b><br> All taxon names are validated against the GBIF backbone taxonomy. If a dataset uses a synonym, the accepted usage is shown followed by the dataset usage in brackets. Taxa that cannot be validated, including new species and other unknown taxa, morphospecies, functional groups and taxonomic levels not used in the GBIF backbone are shown in square brackets.</p><div> -  Plantae <br> -  -  Tracheophyta <br> -  -  -  Magnoliopsida <br> -  -  -  -  Rosales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Moraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Antiaris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Antiaris toxicaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus anisophyllus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus glaucus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus integer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus odoratissimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus tamaran</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus hispida</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus septica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus uncinata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus variegata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cannabaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gironniera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gironniera nervosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trema</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trema orientalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rosaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prunus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prunus javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pygeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pygeum beccarii</i> (as synonym: <i>Prunus beccarii</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Urticaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dendrocnide</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dendrocnide elliptica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Lamiales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Oleaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chionanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chionanthus macrocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chionanthus pluriflorus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lamiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callicarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callicarpa pentandra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Fabales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Fabaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sindora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sindora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cynometra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cynometra mirabilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fordia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fordia brachybotrys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fordia splendidissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crudia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crudia reticulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crudia tenuipes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dialium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dialium indum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dialium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Archidendron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Archidendron clypearia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Polygalaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xanthophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xanthophyllum flavescens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Magnoliales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Annonaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyathocalyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Monoon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phaeanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phaeanthus splendens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stelechocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stelechocarpus cauliflorus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pseuduvaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pseuduvaria borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xylopia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xylopia ferruginea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xylopia stenopetala</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neo-uvaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neo-uvaria acuminatissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Miliusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Miliusa macropoda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orophea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orophea myriantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polyalthia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polyalthia obliqua</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maasia sumatrana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maasia sumatrana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Magnoliaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia liliifera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia tsiampacca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Myristicaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema glauca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema latifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema laurina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema oblongata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Myristica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Myristica smythiesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Horsfieldia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Horsfieldia crassifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Myrtales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Combretaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terminalia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terminalia citrina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terminalia foetidissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lythraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Duabanga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Duabanga moluccana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Myrtaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium caudatilimbum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium grande</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium griffithii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium panzeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i> (as synonym: <i>Syzygium perpuncticulatum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium racemosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium caudatilimbum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium grande</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium griffithii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium panzeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i> (as synonym: <i>Syzygium perpuncticulatum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium racemosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium caudatilimbum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium grande</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium griffithii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium panzeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i> (as synonym: <i>Syzygium perpuncticulatum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium racemosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristaniopsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristaniopsis whiteana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Asterales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Asteraceae <br> -  -  -  -  Laurales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lauraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Actinodaphne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia micrantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia micrantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea accedens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea angulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea caulocarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea garciae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea grandis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea cordata</i> (as synonym: <i>Litsea mappacea</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea rubiginosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caryodaphnopsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caryodaphnopsis tonkinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nothaphoebe</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nothaphoebe umbelliflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lindera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lindera lucida</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phoebe</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phoebe grandis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dehaasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dehaasia caesia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dehaasia incrassata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cryptocarya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cryptocarya nigra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cryptocarya nitens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eusideroxylon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eusideroxylon zwageri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Malvales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dipterocarpaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea almon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea angustifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea argentifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea beccariana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea faguetiana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea fallax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea gibbosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea guiso</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea johorensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea laevis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leprosula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leptoderma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macroptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvistipulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea pauciflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea superba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea symingtonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea xanthophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea almon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea angustifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea argentifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea beccariana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea faguetiana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea fallax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea gibbosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea guiso</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea johorensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea laevis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leprosula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leptoderma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macroptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvistipulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea pauciflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea superba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea symingtonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea xanthophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dipterocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dipterocarpus caudiferus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hopea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hopea plagata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hopea sangal</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea malaanonan</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea smythiesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea warburgii</i> (as synonym: <i>Parashorea tomentella</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dryobalanops</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dryobalanops lanceolata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Vatica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Vatica dulitensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Vatica odorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Thymelaeaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aquilaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aquilaria beccariana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Malvaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sterculia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sterculia rubiginosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sterculia stipulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Heritiera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Heritiera elata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microcos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microcos crassifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pterygota</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pterygota alata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Durio</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Durio graveolens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Boschia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Boschia grandiflora</i> (as synonym: <i>Durio grandiflorus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pentace</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pentace borneensis</i> (as synonym: <i>Pentace laxiflora</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  Celastrales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Celastraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum beccarianum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum glabrum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum javanicum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Ericales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sapotaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Payena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Payena acuminata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium dasyphyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium obovatum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium sericeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Madhuca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Madhuca dubardii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Madhuca korthalsii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Primulaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ardisia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ardisia macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Symplocaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Symplocos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Symplocos fasciculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pentaphylacaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Adinandra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Adinandra dumosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ebenaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros andamanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros curranii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros daemona</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros dictyoneura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros muricata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros toposia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros tuberculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros pilosanthera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lecythidaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Planchonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Planchonia brevistipitata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia lanceolata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia macrostachya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia sarcostachys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Theaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pyrenaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pyrenaria tawauensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Fagales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Fagaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus blumeanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus echinifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus leptogyne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus sundaicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus blumeanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus echinifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus leptogyne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus sundaicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trigonobalanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trigonobalanus verticillata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Castanopsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Castanopsis hypophoenicea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus argentata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus lowii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus merrillii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Santalales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Strombosiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Scorodocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Scorodocarpus borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Coulaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochanostachys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochanostachys amentacea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Malpighiales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chrysobalanaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Atuna</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Atuna racemosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Licania</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Licania splendens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Phyllanthaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Antidesma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aporosa</i> (as synonym: <i>Aporusa</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hirsutulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hylandii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus oblongifolius</i> (as synonym: <i>Cleistanthus myrianthus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus paxii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus pubens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hirsutulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hylandii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus oblongifolius</i> (as synonym: <i>Cleistanthus myrianthus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus paxii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus pubens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Glochidion</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Glochidion borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phyllanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phyllanthus lutescens</i> (as synonym: <i>Glochidion lutescens</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phyllanthus ruber</i> (as synonym: <i>Glochidion rubrum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea lanceolata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea macrocarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea tetrandra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea pubera</i> (as synonym: <i>Baccaurea latifolia</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Calophyllaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua oblongifolia</i> (as synonym: <i>Kayea oblongifolia</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua macrantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calophyllum soulattri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calophyllum woodii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Clusiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia benthamiana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia forbesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia nervosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia parvifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Salicaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Flacourtia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Flacourtia rukam</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homalium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homalium foetidum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Putranjivaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Drypetes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Drypetes longifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Irvingiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irvingia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irvingia malayana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Achariaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydnocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydnocarpus woodii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydnocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydnocarpus woodii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ryparosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ryparosa acuminata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Euphorbiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Spathiostemon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga conifera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga gigantea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga hypoleuca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga pearsonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga winkleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blumeodendron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blumeodendron kurzii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blumeodendron tokbrai</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ptychopyxis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ptychopyxis arborea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus leucodermis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus miquelianus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus mollissimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus wrayi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hancea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hancea penangensis</i> (as synonym: <i>Mallotus penangensis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neoscortechinia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neoscortechinia kingii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neoscortechinia philippinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Centroplacaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bhesa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bhesa indica</i> (as synonym: <i>Bhesa paniculata</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  Cornales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nyssaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mastixia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mastixia trichotoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cornaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alangium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alangium javanicum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Gentianales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rubiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neolamarckia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neolamarckia cadamba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neonauclea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neonauclea gigantea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psydrax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psydrax dicoccos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nauclea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nauclea officinalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nauclea subdita</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Urophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Urophyllum polyneurum</i> (as synonym: <i>Pleiocarpidia polyneura</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ludekia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ludekia borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Apocynaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alstonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alstonia angustiloba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Oxalidales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Elaeocarpaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sloanea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sloanea javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus floribundus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus pedunculatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus stipularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Sapindales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Burseraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium decumanum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium denticulatum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium odontophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium pilosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Santiria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Santiria laevigata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dacryodes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dacryodes rostrata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dacryodes rugosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rutaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melicope</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melicope confusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Anacardiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melanochyla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melanochyla bullata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melanochyla tomentosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parishia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parishia insignis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gluta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gluta aptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gluta wallichii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mangifera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mangifera odorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Meliaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton ceramicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton macranthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton patens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton ceramicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton macranthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton patens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysoxylum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysoxylum densiflorum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia crassinervia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia leptantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia macrocarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia odoratissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia oligophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia silvestris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia tomentosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aphanamixis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aphanamixis polystachya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtiodendron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtiodendron humile</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Walsura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Walsura pinnata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lansium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lansium domesticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sapindaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nephelium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nephelium cuspidatum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pometia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pometia pinnata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dimocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dimocarpus longan</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristiropsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristiropsis acutangula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paranephelium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paranephelium macrophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paranephelium xestophyllum</i> <br></div><p></p>
Fig. 3 in Ants found on acacia of the genus Vachellia and other savannah trees at Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania with the description of a new species Hymenoptera: Formicidae
Fig. 3. Insect sampling by pyrethrum knock-down spraying.
Table 2 in Changes in a soil microarthropod community in the vicinity of dominant tree species under trampling management at the Safari Zoological Center, Israel
<p><b>Table 2</b> Mean values (± SD) of soil physical and chemical parameters at different treatment sites at the Safari Zoological Center, Israel, December 2013. SM = soil moisture, OM = organic matter, pH = soil pH, SEC = soil electrical conductivity, SD = soil density, WHC = water-holding capacity. OE = open places under enclosure conditions, OT = open places under trampling conditions; EE <i>E.</i> = <i>camaldulensis</i> canopy habitat under enclosure conditions, ET = <i>E</i>. <i>camaldulensis</i> canopy habitat under trampling conditions, TE <i>T</i> =. <i>aphylla</i> canopy habitat under enclosure conditions, TT = <i>T. aphylla</i> canopy habitat under trampling conditions, CE = <i>C</i>. <i>sempervirens</i> canopy habitat under enclosure conditions, CT = <i>C. sempervirens</i> canopy habitat under trampling conditions. Different letters in the same column represent significant difference <i>p</i> at <0.05.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>SM (%)</th><th>OM (%)</th><th>pH</th><th>SEC (µ -1) cm</th><th>SD (g -3) cm</th><th>WHC (%)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>OE</th><td>25.6±3.4a</td><td>1.1±0.2b</td><td>7.5±0.2b</td><td>87.6±17.5d</td><td>1.1±0.0b</td><td>53.6±0.9ab</td></tr><tr><th>OT</th><td>7.8±1.7c</td><td>0.2±0.0e</td><td>7.6±0.0b</td><td>150.3±51.3c</td><td>1.6±0.0a</td><td>25.6±1.0c</td></tr><tr><th>EE</th><td>16.6±1.6b</td><td>1.3±0.2b</td><td>7.6±0.0b</td><td>130.2±9.4cd</td><td>1.0±0.1c</td><td>52.6±11.1ab</td></tr><tr><th>ET</th><td>23.2±3.8a</td><td>2.0±0.3a</td><td>7.6±0.0b</td><td>255.3±39.6ab</td><td>1.1±0.0bc</td><td>31.9±3.5c</td></tr><tr><th>TE</th><td>21.9±4.4ab</td><td>0.4±0.1d</td><td>7.9±0.0a</td><td>152.0±17.8c</td><td>1.0±0.1c</td><td>52.1±14.6ab</td></tr><tr><th>TT</th><td>14.1±5.2b</td><td>1.1±0.1b</td><td>7.6±0.1b</td><td>254.1±48.0ab</td><td>1.0±0.1c</td><td>43.3±6.2b</td></tr><tr><th>CE</th><td>26.9±3.4a</td><td>0.8±0.3c</td><td>7.6±0.1b</td><td>209.9±22.5b</td><td>1.0±0.1c</td><td>56.3±5.8a</td></tr><tr><th>CT</th><td>22.0±6.0ab</td><td>0.5±0.2d</td><td>7.8±0.1a</td><td>275.9±21.9a</td><td>1.0±0.0c</td><td>43.0±3.9b</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 3 in Changes in a soil microarthropod community in the vicinity of dominant tree species under trampling management at the Safari Zoological Center, Israel
<p><b>Table 3</b> Effects of sampling habitat (“Habitat”), trampling management (“Trampling”), and their interaction on soil parameters, abundance of soil microarthropods, and diversity indices of soil Acari at the Safari Zoological Center, Israel, December 2013 (General linear model, α = 0.05). * <i>p</i> <0.05, ** <i>p</i> <0.01, *** <i>p</i> <0.001.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Microarthropods</b></th><th><i>d</i> <i>f</i></th><th><i>F</i></th><th><b>Soil parameters</b></th><th><i>d</i> <i>f</i></th><th><i>F</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>Total microarthropod abundance</b></th><td></td><td></td><td><b>Soil moisture</b></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Model</th><td>8</td><td>15.85***</td><td>Model</td><td>8</td><td>109.38***</td></tr><tr><th>Trampling</th><td>1</td><td>39.13***</td><td>Trampling</td><td>1</td><td>18.46***</td></tr><tr><th>Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>1.65</td><td>Habitat</td><td>3</td><td>5.90**</td></tr><tr><th>Trampling * Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>4.89**</td><td>Trampling * Habitat</td><td>3</td><td>12.84***</td></tr><tr><th><b>Collembola abundance</b></th><td></td><td></td><td><b>Organic matter</b></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Model</th><td>8</td><td>4.90**</td><td>Model</td><td>8</td><td>116.32***</td></tr><tr><th>Trampling</th><td>1</td><td>11.18**</td><td>Trampling</td><td>1</td><td>0.05</td></tr><tr><th>Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>2.29</td><td>Habitat</td><td>3</td><td>48.99***</td></tr><tr><th>Trampling * Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>2.56</td><td>Trampling * Habitat</td><td>3</td><td>32.99***</td></tr><tr><th><b>Other arthropod abundance</b></th><td></td><td></td><td><b>Soil pH</b></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Model</th><td>8</td><td>1</td><td>Model</td><td>8</td><td>35120.21***</td></tr><tr><th>Trampling</th><td>1</td><td>1.8</td><td>Trampling</td><td>1</td><td>0.5</td></tr><tr><th>Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>0.73</td><td>Habitat</td><td>3</td><td>4.69*</td></tr><tr><th>Trampling * Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>0.73</td><td>Trampling * Habitat</td><td>3</td><td>13.93***</td></tr><tr><th><b>Soil Acari abundance</b></th><td></td><td></td><td><b>Electrical conductivity</b></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Model</th><td>8</td><td>18.85***</td><td>Model</td><td>8</td><td>156.31***</td></tr><tr><th>Trampling</th><td>1</td><td>43.09***</td><td>Trampling</td><td>1</td><td>61.80***</td></tr><tr><th>Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>0.88</td><td>Habitat</td><td>3</td><td>20.89***</td></tr><tr><th>Trampling * Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>3.60*</td><td>Trampling * Habitat</td><td>3</td><td>1.76</td></tr><tr><th><b>Taxon richness of soil Acari</b></th><td></td><td></td><td><b>Soil density</b></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Model</th><td>8</td><td>16.11***</td><td>Model</td><td>8</td><td>1769.86***</td></tr><tr><th>Trampling</th><td>1</td><td>34.68***</td><td>Trampling</td><td>1</td><td>57.12***</td></tr><tr><th>Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>3.17*</td><td>Habitat</td><td>3</td><td>82.99***</td></tr><tr><th>Trampling * Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>1.23</td><td>Trampling * Habitat</td><td>3</td><td>36.99***</td></tr><tr><th><b>Shannon index of soil Acari</b></th><td></td><td></td><td><b>Water-holding capacity</b></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Model</th><td>8</td><td>18.88***</td><td>Model</td><td>8</td><td>155.49***</td></tr><tr><th>Trampling</th><td>1</td><td>51.07***</td><td>Trampling</td><td>1</td><td>45.98***</td></tr><tr><th>Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>4.03*</td><td>Habitat</td><td>3</td><td>3.22*</td></tr><tr><th>Trampling * Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>0.78</td><td>Trampling * Habitat</td><td>3</td><td>2.6</td></tr><tr><th><b>Simpson index of soil Acari</b></th></tr><tr><th>Model</th><td>8</td><td>13.42***</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Trampling</th><td>1</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>7.47**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Trampling * Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>5.22**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>Evenness index of soil Acari</b></th></tr><tr><th>Model</th><td>8</td><td>42.11***</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Trampling</th><td>1</td><td>120.61***</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>3.68*</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Trampling * Habitat</th><td>3</td><td>1.82</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 1 in Changes in a soil microarthropod community in the vicinity of dominant tree species under trampling management at the Safari Zoological Center, Israel
<p><b>Table 1</b> Sampling design (replication = 4) for sites at the Safari Zoological Center, Israel, December 2013. Herbaceous ground cover: +++ patchy; + a few plants, – no plants. OE = open places under enclosure conditions, OT = open places under trampling conditions; EE <i>E</i> =. <i>camaldulensis</i> canopy habitat under enclosure conditions, ET = <i>E. camaldulensis</i> canopy habitat under trampling conditions, TE <i>T</i> =. aphylla canopy habitat under enclosure conditions, TT <i>T</i> =. <i>aphylla</i> canopy habitat under trampling conditions, CE = <i>C</i>. <i>sempervirens</i> canopy habitat under enclosure conditions, CT = <i>C</i>. <i>sempervirens</i> canopy habitat under trampling conditions.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Habitat</th><th>Code</th><th>Treatment</th><th>Tree height (m)</th><th>Tree canopy crown (m2)</th><th>Herbaceous vegetation</th><th>Soil physical/biological top layer</th><th>Litter layer (cm)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Open spaces</th><td>OT OE</td><td>Trampling Enclosure</td><td>- -</td><td>- -</td><td>No +++</td><td>No Physical top layer</td><td>No No</td></tr><tr><th><i>E. camaldulensis</i></th><td>ET EE</td><td>Trampling Enclosure</td><td>10-13</td><td>6×8</td><td>No +</td><td>No Biological top layer</td><td>No 2-3</td></tr><tr><th><i>T. aphylla</i></th><td>TT TE</td><td>Trampling Enclosure</td><td>14-16</td><td>8×8</td><td>No +++</td><td>No Physical top layer</td><td>No Few</td></tr><tr><th><i>C. sempervirens</i></th><td>CT CE</td><td>Trampling Enclosure</td><td>14-16</td><td>7×9</td><td>No +</td><td>No Biological layer</td><td>No 1-2</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 4 in Changes in a soil microarthropod community in the vicinity of dominant tree species under trampling management at the Safari Zoological Center, Israel
<p><b>Table 4</b> Correlation coefficients (Pearson correlation, <i>r</i>) between the abundance of microarthropods, diversity indices of soil Acari, and soil parameters at the Safari Zoological Center, Israel, December 2013. SM = soil moisture, OM = organic matter, pH = soil pH, SEC = soil electrical conductivity, SD = soil density, WHC = water-holding capacity <i>p</i>. <*0.05, ** <i>p</i> <0.01, *** <i>p</i> <0.001.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Index</b></th><th></th><th><b>SM</b></th><th><b>OM</b></th><th><b>pH</b></th><th><b>SEC</b></th><th><b>SD</b></th><th><b>WHC</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Acari</td><td>0.349*</td><td>0.068</td><td>-0.198</td><td>-0.506**</td><td>-0.299</td><td>0.571***</td></tr><tr><th>Abundance</th><td>Collembola Other soil arthropods</td><td>0.153 0.202</td><td>0.210 0.098</td><td>-0.486** -0.294</td><td>-0.506** -0.209</td><td>-0.107 -0.065</td><td>0.207 0.245</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Total microarthropod</td><td>0.292</td><td>0.158</td><td>-0.403*</td><td>-0.574***</td><td>-0.233</td><td>0.445*</td></tr><tr><th>Diversity indices of Acari</th><td>Taxon richness Shannon index Simpson index</td><td>0.253 0.285 -0.006</td><td>0.023 0.032 -0.175</td><td>-0.098 -0.120 0.165</td><td>-0.392* -0.455** 0.240</td><td>-0.316 -0.293 -0.475**</td><td>0.561*** 0.585*** 0.336</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Evenness index</td><td>0.387*</td><td>0.009</td><td>-0.203</td><td>-0.466**</td><td>-0.411*</td><td>0.739***</td></tr></tbody></table>
Demographic differentiation among pioneer tree species during old-field succession of a Neotropical rainforest
<p>Early pioneer species share life histories enabling them to colonize disturbed sites, but how much they differ demographically and how such differentiation determines pioneer species turnover during succession are still open questions. Here, we approached these issues by comparing the demography of dominant pioneer tree species during the old-field succession of tropical rainforest in Southeast Mexico.</p> <p>We assessed changes in population density, population structure, vital rates, and intrinsic population growth rate (r) of the pioneer species Trema micrantha, Cecropia peltata, and Trichospermum mexicanum during the first 35 years of succession. For this, we combined chronosequence and long-term (from 2000 to 2018) data from 14 old-fields with 0.5-35 years fallow age.</p> <p>Trema colonized and disappeared first during succession (< 15 years), followed by Cecropia (< 28) and Trichospermum (> 31). All species exhibited hump-shaped successional trajectories of population density and biomass with Trema reaching a peak first, followed by Cecropia and later Trichospermum. Species exhibited a fast reduction in r with fallow age, with Trema reaching negative growth rates (r < 0) in the third, Cecropia in the fourth, and Trichospermum in the seventh year of succession. Recruitment, growth, and mortality rates of seedlings and juveniles defined the period of population increase and the age of succession at which each species reached maximum density and biomass. The mortality rate in mature stages determined how long each species persisted during succession. An important variation in species replacement occurred among study sites. In some sites one species was abundant and the others were almost absent, while it was the opposite in other sites. We inferred that priority inhibitory effects operated among species during the field colonization.</p> <p>Synthesis: Although Trema, Cecropia, and Trichospermum are considered typical pioneer trees, these species differed importantly in their demographic attributes during succession. The speed at which r declined with age of succession indicated the moment at which each species reached its maximum density and species replacement sequence during succession. However, inter-specific priority inhibitory effects during field colonization may also be involved in the chance of colonization and replacement between species with similar regeneration strategies.</p>
Data from: Species tree estimation using ddRADseq data from historical specimens confirms the monophyly of highly disjunct species of Chloropyron (Orobanchaceae)
Sequence data exist for only about 1/5 of plant species; therefore we are at risk of losing many branches of the tree of life even before they are placed into a molecular evolutionary context. This necessitates methods for phylogeny estimation of understudied, rare, and threatened taxa, which often forces researchers to utilize historical collections. The restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) family of reduced representation sequence generation has provided a flexible and efficient method for the rapid generation of hundreds to tens of thousands of loci, and has recently seen adoption for phylogeny estimation. However, these methods have been primarily utilized with freshly collected or well preserved tissue. Here we sample all taxa of a genus of rare flowering plants, Chloropyron (Orobanchaceae), from herbarium sheets dating up to 25 yr and use double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to resolve intraspecific relationships. We find all species in Chloropyron to be monophyletic, with the inland taxon C. maritimum ssp. canescens sister to the rest of the coastal C. maritimum (ssp. maritimum + ssp. palustre), and the two distinct subspecies of C. molle to be each other's closest relative with strong support. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of reduced representation libraries to address phylogenomic problems in a group of rare species and address pitfalls of accurately inferring relationships when the amount of missing data is large, as is often the case when using historical specimens and rare taxa.
Figure 6. Majority–rule consensus tree from 8 in A new species of the genus Lightiella: the first record of Cephalocarida (Crustacea) in Europe
Figure 6. Majority–rule consensus tree from 8 primary trees.
How to cope with drought and not die trying: drought acclimation across tree species with contrasting niche breadth
<p>Worldwide drought events have been reported to cause tree growth decline and mortality, thus altering the carbon (C) balance of forest ecosystems. While most of the attention has been focused on the physiological mechanisms associated with drought-induced tree responses of a few species at specific locations, the ecological attributes of these species, like their niche breadth, may be also important in determining species' sensitivity or resilience to drought. We postulated that wide-niche breadth tree species should be more drought-resilient than narrow-niche breadth species. 2. Using the most severe 2015-2016 El Niño drought event in the last 70 years in Patagonia, we determined pre- and post-drought growth (BAI, basal area increment), C reserves in the form of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs = starch and soluble sugars), wood isotope (δ13C, iWUE and δ18O) signaling, and xylem anatomy (mean vessel diameter, mvd) in eight angiosperm tree species of contrasting niche breadth across a sharp precipitation gradient in southern Chile. 3. All species responded in unison after the drought with a non-water-conservative response, maintaining BAI and NSCs concentrations, decreasing δ13C, and increasing both mvd and the soluble sugars:NSCs ratio relative to pre-drought time. Contrary to previous results reporting species-specific drought responses, our results show unequivocally a functional coordination of organisms' vital traits associated with a non-water-conservative strategy, and a drought-induced acclimation based on starch conversion into soluble sugars in all of the tree species we examined, regardless of their niche breadth and habitat preference. 4. We state that abiotic drivers such as drought may have selected similar interspecific responses provided that they operate at the community level rather than at the species level. These findings mark the need to revise current views about the ultimate interspecific functional coordination of organisms' vital traits when facing more frequent and intensive drought events.</p>
Functionally distinct tree species support long-term productivity in extreme environments
<p>Dataset used for the article "Functionally distinct tree species support long-term productivity in extreme environments", submitted to <em>Proceedings of the Royal society B</em>. Contains raw output of simulations performed with the ForCEEPS forest gap model (http://capsis.cirad.fr/capsis/help_en/forceeps). For a description of the simulations performed and the dataset, see the associated GitHub (https://github.com/LDelalandre/Project-1_Distinct-sp_BEF) and the article.</p> <p>Simulations are grouped in 11 folders corresponding to the 11 environmental conditions used for simulating community dynamics. Subfolders group outputs by species richness gradients (30 random orders, plus "decreasing" order, which is from the most functionally distinct to the least functioonally distinct species, and "increasing, which is the other way around, and monocultures).</p> <p>For each species richness level (from 1: all the species, to 30, the last species of the richness gradient), four different files were generated:</p> <p>- biomass data: 'complete' (every individual); 'mean' (aggregated at the community level each year);</p> <p>- productivity data: productivity (every individual); productitity_scene (aggregated at the species level each year).</p>
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