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Data from: The fluctuating world of a tundra predator guild: bottom-up constraints overrule top-down species interactions in winter
Global warming is predicted to change ecosystem functioning and structure in Arctic ecosystems by strengthening top-down species interactions, i.e. predation pressure on small herbivores and interference between predators. Yet, previous research is biased towards the summer season. Due to greater abiotic constraints, Arctic ecosystem characteristics might be more pronounced in winter. Here we test the hypothesis that top-down species interactions prevail over bottom-up effects in Scandinavian mountain tundra (Northern Sweden) where effects of climate warming have been observed and top-down interactions are expected to strengthen. But we test this a-priori hypothesis in winter and throughout the 3-4 year rodent cycle, which imposes additional pulsed resource constraints. We used snowtracking data recorded in 12 winters (2004-2015) to analyse the spatial patterns of a tundra predator guild (arctic fox Vulpes lagopus, red fox Vulpes vulpes, wolverine Gulo gulo) and small prey (ptarmigan, Lagopus spp). The a-priori top-down hypothesis was then tested through structural equation modelling, for each phase of the rodent cycle. There was weak support for this hypothesis, with top-down effects only discerned on arctic fox (weakly, by wolverine) and ptarmigan (by arctic fox) at intermediate and high rodent availability respectively. Overall, bottom-up constraints appeared more influential on the winter community structure. Cold specialist predators (arctic fox and wolverine) showed variable landscape associations, while the boreal predator (red fox) appeared strongly dependent on productive habitats and ptarmigan abundance. Thus, we suggest that the unpredictability of food resources determines the winter ecology of the cold specialist predators, while the boreal predator relies on resource rich habitats. The constraints imposed by winters and temporary resource lows should therefore counteract productivity-driven ecosystem change and have a stabilizing effect on community structure. Hence, the interplay between summer and winter conditions should determine the rate of Arctic ecosystem change in the context of global warming.
Data from: Increasing zooplankton size diversity enhances the strength of top-down control on phytoplankton through diet niche partitioning
1. The biodiversity-ecosystem functioning debate is a central topic in ecology. Recently, there has been a growing interest in size diversity because body size is sensitive to environmental changes and is one of the fundamental characteristics of organisms linking many ecosystem properties. However, how size diversity affects ecosystem functioning is an important yet unclear issue. 2. To fill the gap, with large-scale field data from the East China Sea, we tested the novel hypothesis that increasing zooplankton size diversity enhances top-down control on phytoplankton (H1) and compared it with five conventional hypotheses explaining the top-down control: flatter zooplankton size spectrum enhances the strength of top-down control (H2); nutrient enrichment lessens the strength of top-down control (H3); increasing zooplankton taxonomic diversity enhances the strength of top-down control (H4); increasing fish predation decreases the strength of top-down control of zooplankton on phytoplankton through trophic cascade (H5); increasing temperature intensifies the strength of top-down control (H6). 3. The results of univariate analyses support the hypotheses based on zooplankton size diversity (H1), zooplankton size spectrum (H2), nutrient (H3), and zooplankton taxonomic diversity (H4), but not the hypotheses based on fish predation (H5) and temperature (H6). More in depth analyses indicate that zooplankton size diversity is the most important factor in determining the strength of top-down control on phytoplankton in the East China Sea. 4. Our results suggest a new potential mechanism, that increasing predator size diversity enhances the strength of top-down control on prey through diet niche partitioning. This mechanism can be explained by the optimal predator-prey body-mass ratio concept. Suppose each size group of zooplankton predators has its own optimal phytoplankton prey size, increasing size diversity of zooplankton would promote diet niche partitioning of predators and thus elevates the strength of top-down control.
Harrison Marble Top Table
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1888 Harrison and Morton Top Hat - P
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Islam Plate - Top view
Museum of Islamic Art Jerusalem Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Bank Top Kilns overhanging wall
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Viking tops
Viking tops (wipe) 3D Studio Max 2016 Photoshop CS2 Njob Normal Map Substance Painter 2019 versao Steam Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURE 12. Pseudanthessius imo n in Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with top shells (Vestigastropoda: Trochoidea: Tegulidae) from coastal waters in southern Japan, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 12. Pseudanthessius imo n. sp., adult male, allotype NSMT–Cr 2463. A, habitus, dorsal; B, genital somite, ventral; C, right leg 6, ventral; D, left maxilliped, inner. Scale bars: A, 400 µm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm; D, 40 µm.
FIGURE 10. Pseudanthessius imo n in Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with top shells (Vestigastropoda: Trochoidea: Tegulidae) from coastal waters in southern Japan, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 10. Pseudanthessius imo n. sp., adult female, holotype NSMT–Cr 24630. A, habitus, dorsal; B, rostral area; C, genital aperture and leg 6, dorsal; D, left caudal ramus, dorsal; E, right antennule; F, right antenna, anterior; G, labrum, anterior; H, left mandible, anterior. Scale bars: A, 400 µm; B, 100 µm; C, D, F, G, 50 µm; E, 40 µm; H, 20 µm.
FIGURE 11. Pseudanthessius imo n in Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with top shells (Vestigastropoda: Trochoidea: Tegulidae) from coastal waters in southern Japan, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 11. Pseudanthessius imo n. sp., adult female, holotype NSMT–Cr 24630. A, right maxillule, anterior; B, right maxilla, posterior; C, right maxilliped, posterior; D, left leg 1, anterior; E, left leg 2, anterior; F, left leg 3, anterior; G, left leg 4, anterior; H, right leg 5, dorsal. Scale bars: A, 20 µm; B, C, 40 µm; D–G, 100 µm; H, 50 µm.
FIGURE 9. Panaietis satsuma n in Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with top shells (Vestigastropoda: Trochoidea: Tegulidae) from coastal waters in southern Japan, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 9. Panaietis satsuma n. sp., adult male, allotype NSMT–Cr 24627. A, habitus, dorsal; B, genital somite, ventral; C, right maxilliped, inner. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B, 100 µm; C, 50 µm.
FIGURE 8. Panaietis satsuma n in Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with top shells (Vestigastropoda: Trochoidea: Tegulidae) from coastal waters in southern Japan, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 8. Panaietis satsuma n. sp., adult female, holotype NSMT–Cr 24626. A, left maxillule, anterior; B, right maxilla, posterior; C, left maxilliped, anterior; D, left leg 1, anterior; E, right leg 2, anterior; F, right leg 3, anterior; G, left leg 4, anterior; H, left leg 5, ventral. Scale bars: A, 20 µm; B, C, H, 50 µm; D–G, 100 µm.
FIGURE 7. Panaietis satsuma n in Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with top shells (Vestigastropoda: Trochoidea: Tegulidae) from coastal waters in southern Japan, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 7. Panaietis satsuma n. sp., adult female, holotype NSMT–Cr 24626. A, habitus, dorsal; B, rostral area; C, genital aperture and leg 6, dorsal; D, right caudal ramus, dorsal; E, right antennule; F, left antenna, anterior; G, labrum, anterior; H, right mandible, anterior. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 200 µm; C, G, H, 50 µm; D–F, 100 µm.
FIGURE 6. Panaietis draconis n in Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with top shells (Vestigastropoda: Trochoidea: Tegulidae) from coastal waters in southern Japan, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 6. Panaietis draconis n. sp., adult male, allotype NSMT–Cr 24623. A, habitus, dorsal; B, genital somite, ventral; C, left maxilliped, inner. Scale bars: A, 400 µm; B, 100 µm; C, 20 µm.
FIGURE 5. Panaietis draconis n in Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with top shells (Vestigastropoda: Trochoidea: Tegulidae) from coastal waters in southern Japan, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 5. Panaietis draconis n. sp., adult female, holotype NSMT–Cr 24622. A, right mandible, posterior; B, left maxillule, anterior; C, left maxilla, posterior; D, right maxilliped, anterior; E, left leg 1, anterior; F, left leg 2, anterior; G, right leg 3, anterior; H, right leg 4, anterior; I, left leg 5, dorsal. Scale bars: A, C, 40 µm; B, D, 20 µm; E–H, 100 µm; I, 200 µm.
FIGURE 3. Panaietis incamerata Stebbing, 1900 in Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with top shells (Vestigastropoda: Trochoidea: Tegulidae) from coastal waters in southern Japan, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 3. Panaietis incamerata Stebbing, 1900, adult male, NSMT–Cr 24619. A, habitus, dorsal; B, anterior part of urosome, ventral; C, left leg 6, ventral; D, left maxillule, anterior; E, right maxilliped, inner; F, right antennule, outer; G, left leg 1, anterior; H, left leg 2, anterior. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 400 µm; C, E, F, 100 µm; D, 50 µm; G, H, 200 µm.
FIGURE 4. Panaietis draconis n in Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with top shells (Vestigastropoda: Trochoidea: Tegulidae) from coastal waters in southern Japan, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 4. Panaietis draconis n. sp., adult female, holotype NSMT–Cr 24622. A, habitus, dorsal; B, rostral area; C, genital aperture and leg 6, dorsal; D, right caudal ramus, dorsal; E, left antennule; F, right antenna, anterior; G, labrum, anterior. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, D, E, 200 µm; C, F, G, 50 µm.
FIGURE 2. Panaietis incamerata Stebbing, 1900 in Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with top shells (Vestigastropoda: Trochoidea: Tegulidae) from coastal waters in southern Japan, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 2. Panaietis incamerata Stebbing, 1900, adult female, NSMT–Cr 24619. A, left mandible, posterior; B, left maxillule, anterior; C, left maxilla, posterior; D, left maxilliped, anterior; E, left leg 1, anterior; F, left leg 2, anterior; G, left leg 3, anterior; H, left leg 4, anterior; I, right leg 5, dorsal. Scale bars: A, B, D, 50 µm; C, 30 µm; E–I, 200 µm.
FIGURE 1. Panaietis incamerata Stebbing, 1900 in Copepods (Cyclopoida) associated with top shells (Vestigastropoda: Trochoidea: Tegulidae) from coastal waters in southern Japan, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURE 1. Panaietis incamerata Stebbing, 1900, adult female, NSMT–Cr 24619. A, habitus, dorsal; B, rostral area; C, genital aperture and leg 6, ventral; D, right caudal ramus, dorsal; E, distal tip of left caudal ramus, dorsal; F, right antennule; G, right antenna, anterior; H, labrum, anterior. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, D, F, G, 200 µm; C, H, 100 µm; E, 20 µm.
FIGURES 93–96 in A cladistic revision of Tor top us Needham & Murphy with description of the new genus Tortopsis (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae)
FIGURES 93–96. Polymitarcyidae, nymphal head: 93, Asthenopus sp.; 94, Campsurus near violaceus; 95, Tortopus harrisi; 96, Tortopsis obscuripennis.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.