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1,580 results for “Vulnerabilities”
Data from: Demography, traits, and vulnerability to urbanization: can we make generalizations?
1. Human-induced land cover change threatens species diversity and ecosystem services. The rapid pace of current change makes predicting species' declines imperative, but leaves little time for thorough study of all species. One solution is to make generalizations about species' vulnerability to urbanization based on traits common among studied species in decline. 2. To date, most generalizations about traits associated with species' declines in response to urbanization are based on presence or abundance, or detailed studies of a few species. If these generalizations broadly reflect responses to urbanization, they should hold across the mechanisms driving patterns of abundance, such as survival or reproduction. 3. Across 68 bird species in the northeastern USA, we investigated how food preference, nest location, habitat preference, migration distance, number of broods, clutch size, body mass, and an interaction between urbanization and these traits affected survival and reproduction. 4. Mass was the strongest predictor of survival, followed by number of broods, migration distance, and nest location. Nest location was the strongest predictor of reproduction, followed by migration distance. No interaction between urbanization and species' traits affected survival; however, differences in response to urbanization among species with different food preferences, migration distances, masses, nest locations, and number of broods were important in predicting reproduction. 5. Synthesis and applications. We found that some traits influenced demographic rates even though they were not associated with urbanization; identifying differences in species' baseline demographic rates, irrespective of urbanization, is needed to guide management objectives. Reproduction, but not survival, was influenced by urbanization, suggesting that management in our region of study should target increasing suitable nest sites and reducing nest predation. Determining traits associated with demographic rates and urbanization across broad geographic extents can provide new insights for species' management, and help guide conservation initiatives.
Data from: Introduced Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) invades the genome of native populations in vulnerable heathland habitats
Cytisus scoparius is a global invasive species that affects local flora and fauna at the intercontinental level. Its natural distribution spans across Europe, but seeds have also been moved among countries, mixing plants of native and non-native genetic origins. Hybridization between the introduced and native gene pool is likely to threaten both the native gene pool and the local flora. In this study, we address the potential threat of invasive C. scoparius to local gene pools in vulnerable heathlands. We used nuclear single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers together with plastid SSR and indel markers to investigate the level and direction of gene flow between invasive and native heathland C. scoparius. Analyses of population structures confirmed the presence of two gene pools: one native and the other invasive. The nuclear genome of the native types was highly introgressed with the invasive genome, and we observed advanced-generation hybrids, suggesting that hybridization has been occurring for several generations. There is asymmetrical gene flow from the invasive to the native gene pool, which can be attributed to higher fecundity in the invasive individuals, measured by the number of flowers and seed pods. Strong spatial genetic structure in plastid markers and weaker structure in nuclear markers suggest that seeds spread over relatively short distances and that gene flow over longer distances is mainly facilitated by pollen dispersal. We further show that the growth habits of heathland plants become more vigorous with increased introgression from the invaders. Implications of the findings are discussed in relation to future management of invading C. scoparius.
Data and Code for Shriver et al. 2021, Quantifying the demographic vulnerabilities of dry woodlands to climate and competition using range-wide monitoring data
<p>Data and code for demographic analyses in Shriver et al. 2021. See paper and ReadMe for analysis description and further details. </p> <p>Shriver, R.K., C.B. Yackulic, D.M. Bell, J.B. Bradford. (2021)Quantifying the demographic vulnerabilities of dry woodlands to climate and competition using range-wide demographic models. Ecology. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3425">https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3425</a></p> <p> </p>
Data from: Climatic thresholds shape northern high-latitude fire regimes and imply vulnerability to future climate change
Boreal forests and arctic tundra cover 33% of global land area and store an estimated 50% of total soil carbon. Because wildfire is a key driver of terrestrial carbon cycling, increasing fire activity in these ecosystems would likely have global implications. To anticipate potential spatiotemporal variability in fire-regime shifts, we modeled the spatially explicit 30-yr probability of fire occurrence as a function of climate and landscape features (i.e. vegetation and topography) across Alaska. Boosted regression tree (BRT) models captured the spatial distribution of fire across boreal forest and tundra ecoregions (AUC from 0.63–0.78 and Pearson correlations between predicted and observed data from 0.54–0.71), highlighting summer temperature and annual moisture availability as the most influential controls of historical fire regimes. Modeled fire–climate relationships revealed distinct thresholds to fire occurrence, with a nonlinear increase in the probability of fire above an average July temperature of 13.4°C and below an annual moisture availability (i.e. P-PET) of approximately 150 mm. To anticipate potential fire-regime responses to 21st-century climate change, we informed our BRTs with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 climate projections under the RCP 6.0 scenario. Based on these projected climatic changes alone (i.e. not accounting for potential changes in vegetation), our results suggest an increasing probability of wildfire in Alaskan boreal forest and tundra ecosystems, but of varying magnitude across space and throughout the 21st century. Regions with historically low flammability, including tundra and the forest–tundra boundary, are particularly vulnerable to climatically induced changes in fire activity, with up to a fourfold increase in the 30-yr probability of fire occurrence by 2100. Our results underscore the climatic potential for novel fire regimes to develop in these ecosystems, relative to the past 6000–35 000 yr, and spatial variability in the vulnerability of wildfire regimes and associated ecological processes to 21st-century climate change.
How exposed are node.js projects to vulnerable packages?
<p>This package contains the data + scripts files used for our analysis in the manuscript.</p> <p>For more information on how to understand the folder structure, please read the README.md.</p>
Coastal dataset including exposure and vulnerability layers, Deliverable 3.1 - ECFAS Project (GA 101004211), www.ecfas.eu
<p>The European Copernicus Coastal Flood Awareness System (ECFAS) project aimed at contributing to the evolution of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (https://emergency.copernicus.eu/) by demonstrating the technical and operational feasibility of a European Coastal Flood Awareness System. Specifically, ECFAS provides a much-needed solution to bolster coastal resilience to climate risk and reduce population and infrastructure exposure by monitoring and supporting disaster preparedness, two factors that are fundamental to damage prevention and recovery if a storm hits.</p><p>The ECFAS Proof-of-Concept development ran from January 2021 to December 2022. The ECFAS project was a collaboration between Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS di Pavia (Italy, ECFAS Coordinator), Mercator Ocean International (France), Planetek Hellas (Greece), Collecte Localisation Satellites (France), Consorzio Futuro in Ricerca (Italy), Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Spain), University of the Aegean (Greece), and EurOcean (Portugal), and was funded by the <strong>European Commission H2020 Framework Programme</strong> within the call LC-SPACE-18-EO-2020 - Copernicus evolution: research activities in support of the evolution of the Copernicus services.</p><p><i><strong>Description of the containing files inside the Dataset.</strong></i></p><p>The ECFAS Coastal Dataset represents a single access point to publicly available Pan-European datasets that provide key information for studying coastal areas. The publicly available datasets listed below have been clipped to the coastal area extent, quality-checked and assessed for completeness and usability in terms of coverage, accuracy, specifications and access. The dataset was divided at European country level, except for the Adriatic area which was extracted as a region and not at the country level due to the small size of the countries. The buffer zone of each data was 10km inland in order to be correlated with the new Copernicus product Coastal Zone LU/LC.</p><p>Specifically, the dataset includes the new Coastal LU/LC product which was implemented by the EEA and became available at the end of 2020. Additional information collected in relation to the location and characteristics of transport (road and railway) and utility networks (power plants), population density and time variability. Furthermore, some of the publicly available datasets that were used in CEMS related to the above mentioned assets were gathered such as OpenStreetMap (building footprints, road and railway network infrastructures), GeoNames (populated places but also names of administrative units, rivers and lakes, forests, hills and mountains, parks and recreational areas, etc.), the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHS) and Global Human Settlement Population Grid (GHS-POP) generated by JRC. Also, the dataset contains 2 layers with statistics information regarding the population of Europe per sex and age divided in administrative units at NUTS level 3. The first layer includes information for the whole of Europe and the second layer has only the information regarding the population at the Coastal area. Finally, the dataset includes the global database of Floods protection standards. Below there are tables which present the dataset.</p><p>* Adriatic folder contains the countries: Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina</p><p>* Malta was added to the dataset</p><p><strong>Copernicus Land Monitoring Service:</strong></p><p><strong>Coastal LU/LC</strong></p><p>Scale 1:10.000; A Copernicus hotspot product to monitor landscape dynamics in coastal zones</p><p><strong>EU-Hydro - Coastline</strong></p><p>Scale 1:30.000; EU-Hydro is a dataset for all European countries providing the coastline</p><p><strong>Natura 2000</strong></p><p>Scale 1: 100000; A Copernicus hotspot product to monitor important areas for nature conservation</p><p><strong>European Settlement Map</strong></p><p>Resolution 10m; A spatial raster dataset that is mapping human settlements in Europe</p><p><strong>Imperviousness Density</strong></p><p>Resolution 10m; The percentage of sealed area</p><p><strong>Impervious Built-up</strong></p><p>Resolution 10m; The part of the sealed surfaces where buildings can be found</p><p><strong>Grassland 2018</strong></p><p>Resolution 10m; A binary grassland/non-grassland product</p><p><strong>Tree Cover Density 2018</strong></p><p>Resolution 10m; Level of tree cover density in a range from 0-100%</p><p> </p><p><strong>Joint Research Center:</strong></p><p><strong>Global Human Settlement Population Grid</strong><br><strong>GHS-POP)</strong></p><p>Resolution 250m; Residential population estimates for target year 2015</p><p><strong>GHS settlement model layer</strong><br><strong>(GHS-SMOD)</strong></p><p>Resolution 1km: The GHS Settlement Model grid delineates and classify settlement typologies via a logic of population size, population and built-up area densities</p><p><strong>GHS-BUILT</strong></p><p>Resolution 10m; Built-up grid derived from Sentinel-2 global image composite for reference year 2018</p><p><strong>ENACT 2011 Population Grid</strong></p><p><strong>(ENACT-POP R2020A)</strong></p><p>Resolution 1km; The ENACT is a population density for the European Union that take into account major daily and monthly population variations</p><p><strong>JRC Open Power Plants Database (JRC-PPDB-OPEN)</strong></p><p>Europe's open power plant database</p><p><strong>GHS functional urban areas</strong><br><strong>(GHS-FUA R2019A)</strong></p><p>Resolution 1km; City and its commuting zone (area of influence of the city in terms of labour market flows)</p><p><strong>GHS Urban Centre Database</strong><br><strong>(GHS-UCDB R2019A)</strong></p><p>Resolution 1km; Urban Centres defined by specific cut-off values on resident population and built-up surface</p><p> </p><p><strong>Additional Data:</strong></p><p><strong>Open Street Map (OSM)</strong></p><p>BF, Transportation Network, Utilities Network, Places of Interest</p><p><strong>CEMS</strong></p><p>Data from Rapid Mapping activations in Europe</p><p><strong>GeoNames</strong></p><p>Populated places, Adm. units, Hydrography, Forests, Hills/Mountains, Parks, etc.</p><p><strong>Global Administrative Areas</strong></p><p>Administrative areas of all countries, at all levels of sub-division</p><p><strong>NUTS3 Population Age/Sex Group</strong></p><p>Eurostat population by age and sex statistics interescted with the NUTS3 Units</p><p><strong>FLOPROS</strong></p><p>A global database of FLOod PROtection Standards, which comprises information in the form of the flood return period associated with protection measures, at different spatial scales</p><p> </p><p><i><strong>Disclaimer:</strong></i></p><p>ECFAS partners provide the data "as is" and "as available" without warranty of any kind. The ECFAS partners shall not be held liable resulting from the use of the information and data provided.</p><p>This project has received funding from the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101004211</p>
Data from: Niche width predicts extinction from climate change and vulnerability of tropical species
<p>Climate change may be a major threat to global biodiversity, especially to tropical species. Yet, why tropical species are more vulnerable to climate change remains unclear. Tropical species are thought to have narrower physiological tolerances to temperature, and they have already experienced a higher estimated frequency of climate-related local extinctions. These two patterns suggest that tropical species are more vulnerable to climate change because they have narrower thermal niche widths. However, no studies have tested whether species with narrower climatic niche widths for temperature have experienced more local extinctions, and if these narrower niche widths can explain the higher frequency of tropical local extinctions. Here, we test these ideas using resurvey data from 538 plant and animal species from 10 studies. We found that mean niche widths among species and the extent of climate change (increase in maximum annual temperatures) together explained most variation (>75%) in the frequency of local extinction among studies. Surprisingly, neither latitude nor occurrence in the tropics alone significantly predicted local extinction among studies, but latitude and niche widths were strongly inversely related. Niche width also significantly predicted local extinction among species, as well as among and (sometimes) within studies. Overall, niche width may offer a relatively simple and accessible predictor of the vulnerability of populations to climate change. Intriguingly, niche width has the best predictive power to explain extinction from global warming when it incorporates coldest yearly temperatures.</p>
Dataset: Automatic Derivation of Vulnerability Models for Software Architectures
<p>Dataset for our publication "<em>Automatic Derivation of Vulnerability Models for Software Architectures</em>"</p>
Antibacterial and anatomical defences in an oil contaminated, vulnerable seaduck
Oil-spills have killed thousands of birds during the last 100 years, but non-lethal effects of oil-spills on birds remain poorly studied. We measured phenotype characters in 279 eiders Somateria mollissima of which 13.6% were oiled. We tested the hypotheses that (1) the morphology of eiders does not change due to oil contamination; (2) the anatomy of organs reflects the physiological reaction to contamination e.g. increase in metabolic demand, increase in food intake and counteracting toxic effects of oil; (3) large locomotion apparatus that facilitates locomotion increase the risk of getting oiled; and (4) individual eiders with a higher production of secretions from the uropygial grand were more likely to have oil on their plumage. We tested whether 19 characters differed between oiled and non-oiled individuals, showing a consistent pattern. The final model retained seven predictor variables showing relationships between eiders contaminated with oil and food consumption, flight and diving abilities. We tested whether these effects were due to differences in body condition, liver mass, empty gizzard mass or other characters that could have been affected by impaired flight and diving ability. There was no evidence of such negative impact of oiling on eiders. We found that significant exposure to oil was associated with increased diversity of antibacterial defence. Oiled eiders did not constitute a random sample, and superior diving ability as reflected by large foot area were at a selective disadvantage during oil spills. Thus, specific characteristics predispose eiders to oiling, with an adaptation to swimming, diving and flying being traded against the costs of oiling. In contrast, individuals with a high degree of physiological plasticity may experience an advantage because their uropygial secretions counteract the effects of oil contamination. --
Data for: "Access to global reserves determines vulnerability to supply disruption of Ukrainian wheat"
<p>Repository with dataset and R scripts accompanying the paper "Access to global reserves determines vulnerability to supply disruption of Ukrainian wheat" by Bertassello, Muller and Winters.</p>
FIG. 2 in Droughts Reduce Growth Rates and Increase Vulnerability to Increasingly Frequent and Severe Drying Events in an Aquatic Ectotherm
FIG. 2. Projections of male (left) versus female (right) age-length, age-mass, and age-estivation potential relationships for Greater Siren, Siren lacertina, growing on an annual cycle with between 0 and 150 days of moderate drought (—2 PDSI) during the growing season (1 March–31 September, 214 days), with all nondrought days set at 0 PDSI. Estimates of annual accrued length, mass, or estivation potential (solid lines) and 95% credible intervals (dashed lines) are shown based on data from Siren lacertina at Dry Bay collected from 2006 to 2016.
FIG. 1 in Droughts Reduce Growth Rates and Increase Vulnerability to Increasingly Frequent and Severe Drying Events in an Aquatic Ectotherm
FIG. 1. Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) values encompassing three severe droughts that led to known drying events at Dry Bay. PDSI values of —3 (red line) or lower are associated with known drying events (roughly enclosed by black boxes) at Dry Bay. Growth data used for the model were collected during the time period enclosed in the dashed box.
FIG. 3 in Droughts Reduce Growth Rates and Increase Vulnerability to Increasingly Frequent and Severe Drying Events in an Aquatic Ectotherm
FIG. 3. Conceptual figure depicting sex-specific consequences of drying event frequency and severity coupled with droughts. Only Greater Siren, Siren lacertina, reaching a minimum size quickly enough (within the size refuge) persist through drying events. Recruitment of newly hatched individuals into the size refuge requires consecutive years of growth uninterrupted by major drying events. Males (orange lines) grow faster than females (purple) and both grow faster under average (PDSI = 0, solid line) versus moderate drought conditions (dashed lines). Increased drying event severity (arrow) increases the lower bounds of the size refuge, and increased drying event frequency (arrow) decreases the number of sequential years available for growth and accrual of estivation potential. Only growth trajectories reaching size refuge parameter space recruit into the population. The last drying event at Dry Bay lasted 1.6 yr and was only 9 yr after the previous drying event. Growth trajectories are model projections incorporating sex and growing season PDSI.
A Systematic Evaluation of Automated Tools for Side-Channel Vulnerabilities Detection in Cryptographic Libraries
<p>Artifact for CCS'23 submission</p>
Data used in the paper "Optimal balancing of xylem efficiency and safety explains plant vulnerability to drought"
<p>Data used in the paper "Optimal balancing of xylem efficiency and safety explains plant vulnerability to drought"</p>
Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing reveals oligodendrocytes and their progenitors as vulnerable cell types in prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate of brains with Parkinson's disease
<p>Several prior studies have proposed the involvement of various brain regions and cell types in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. Here, we performed snRNA-seq on the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate regions from post-mortem control and PD brain tissue. We found a dramatic association of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells with PD-linked risk loci and reported several dysregulated genes and pathways, including regulation of tau-protein kinase activity, regulation of inclusion body assembly and protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondria.</p>
African Climate Hazard Assessment; The impacts of climate change and the vulnerability of African nations
<p>The ACHA Index assesses the vulnerability to climate hazards for African nations. The uploaded datasets include the final index rankings as well as the individual aggregations of each hazard.</p>
Figure 10 in A review of Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) bees from South America: unexpected Amazonian diversity and assessment of vulnerable species
Figure 10. Augochlora phoenicis (Vachal, 1911): (A) small female, frontal view of head; (B) mediumsized female, frontal view of head; (C) large, macrocephalic female, frontal view of head; (D) male, frontal view of head; € male, lateral view of mesosoma; (F) male, dorsal view of metasoma. Scale bar: 1.0 mm, all at same scale.
Figure 5 in A review of Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) bees from South America: unexpected Amazonian diversity and assessment of vulnerable species
Figure 5. Augochlora lamellata sp. nov.: (A–C) holotype female; (D–F) paratype male, (A) Female, oblique view of head, arrow: lamellate preoccipital carina; (B) female, dorsal view of mesosoma; (C) female, dorsal view of metasoma; (D) male, lateral view of head, arrow: lamellate preoccipital carina; (E) male, dorsal view of mesosoma; (F) male, dorsal view of metasoma. Scale bar: 1.0 mm, all at same scale.
Figure 4 in A review of Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) bees from South America: unexpected Amazonian diversity and assessment of vulnerable species
Figure 4. Augochlora laevinota sp. nov.: (A–C) holotype female; (D–F) paratype male. (A) Female, frontal view of head; (B) female, dorsal view of mesosoma; (C) female, dorsal view of metasoma; (D) male, frontal view of head; (E) male, dorsal view of mesosoma; (F) male, dorsal view of metasoma. Scale bar: 1.0 mm, all at same scale.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.