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FIGURE 1 in Molecular phylogeny reveals strong biogeographic signal and two new species in a Cape Biodiversity Hotspot endemic mini-radiation, the pygmy geckos (Gekkonidae: Goggia)

FIGURE 1. Goggia species in life, depicting pattern variation in small-bodied species. (A) Goggia lineata from Garies, Northern Cape, striped form. (B) Goggia lineata from Port Nolloth, Northern Cape, chevron form. (C) Goggia incognita sp. nov. from Jacobsbaai, Western Cape, striped form. (D) Goggia incognita sp. nov. from Doringbaai, Western Cape, chevron form. (E) Goggia hexapora from Farm Waterval, Western Cape. (F) Goggia matzikamaensis sp. nov. MCZ R-192186. Photo credits: (A) André Coetzer. (B) Luke Kemp. (C, D) Tony Gamble. (E, F) Matthew Heinicke.

FIGURE 4 in Molecular phylogeny reveals strong biogeographic signal and two new species in a Cape Biodiversity Hotspot endemic mini-radiation, the pygmy geckos (Gekkonidae: Goggia)

FIGURE 4. Holotype of Goggia incognita sp. nov., CAS 224022, (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view, depicting coloration in preservative.

FIGURE 7 in Molecular phylogeny reveals strong biogeographic signal and two new species in a Cape Biodiversity Hotspot endemic mini-radiation, the pygmy geckos (Gekkonidae: Goggia)

FIGURE 7. Head scalation in Goggia matzikamaensis sp. nov., MCZ R-192186 (A) and SAM 47802 (B) vs. Goggia rupicola, MCZ R46168 (C) and CAS 192442 (D). Note smaller, non-hexagonal scales above orbits in G. matzikamaensis sp. nov.

FIGURE 2 in Molecular phylogeny reveals strong biogeographic signal and two new species in a Cape Biodiversity Hotspot endemic mini-radiation, the pygmy geckos (Gekkonidae: Goggia)

FIGURE 2. Geographic ranges of Goggia species and sampling localities of specimens included in the study. Countries are labeled in large white text, provinces of South Africa in small white text, and key geographic regions in small black italic text. Colored shaded regions depict overall ranges of species with localities inside these regions; note that shade colors are used twice as follows: red—braacki (east), gemmula (west); yellow—essexi (east), lineata (west); green—hewitti (east), matzikamaensis sp. nov. (west); blue—hexapora, microlepidota (fully overlapping); violet—incognita (south), rupicola (north).

Fig. 2 in Biogeography, phylogenetic relationships and morphological analyses of the South American genus Mutisia L.f. (Asteraceae) shows early connections of two disjunct biodiversity hotspots

Fig. 2 Morphological diversity in Mutisia species pertaining to different sections: a M. orbignyana (section Isantha); b, c M. ledifolia (section Fruticosa); d M. coccinea (section Mutisia); e M. campanulata (section Mutisia); f M. clematis (section Mutisia); g M. decurrens (section Guariruma); h M. hamata (section Guariruma); i M. ilicifolia (section Ovata); and j M. grandiflora (section Mutisia). Photos by Henry Gonzales (a), Andrés Moreira-Muñoz (b, c, g, h, i); Marcelo Monge (d), Gustavo Shimizu (e), Mauricio Diazgranados (f), Ricardo Jaramillo (j)

Fig. 1 in Biogeography, phylogenetic relationships and morphological analyses of the South American genus Mutisia L.f. (Asteraceae) shows early connections of two disjunct biodiversity hotspots

Fig. 1 Collection localities of Mutisia species extracted from GBIF, Chilean herbaria (SGO and CONC) and team collections, plotted upon four biodiversity hotspots: (1) Tropical Andes (TA), (2) Chilean Winter Rainfall and Valdivian Forests (CWR), (3) Atlantic Forest (AF) and (4) Cerrado (CE). Disjunct distribution of Andean and AF species is marked with a dotted line

Fig. 3 in Biogeography, phylogenetic relationships and morphological analyses of the South American genus Mutisia L.f. (Asteraceae) shows early connections of two disjunct biodiversity hotspots

Fig. 3 Diversity patterns of Mutisia. a Species richness map, showing the Andes of Central Chile as the richest area. b Corrected weighted endemism map, with the Andes of Ecuador standing out

Fig. 6 in Biogeography, phylogenetic relationships and morphological analyses of the South American genus Mutisia L.f. (Asteraceae) shows early connections of two disjunct biodiversity hotspots

Fig. 6 Stochastic trait mapping of Mutisia and Pachylaena. a Habit. b Leaf shape. c Leaf apex. Trait values are indicated to the left and right of the taxon names. Pie charts at nodes represent the probabilities of

FIGURE 6 in Vertebrate endemism in south-eastern Africa numerically redefines a biodiversity hotspot

FIGURE 6. Areas and centres of endemism within the south-east Africa dominion (a) areas of endemism as identified from the Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity as identified and coded in Fig 4d; A—Albany-Knysna, B—Maputaland-Natal-Pondoland, C—Eastern Escarpment, (b) broad centres of endemism as identified and coded in the cluster dendrogram in Fig. 4a; a— Maputaland, b—Knysna, c—Drakensberg, d—Albany, e—Natal-Pondoland, f—Mpumalanga Escarpment, and (c) narrow centres of endemism identified and numbered in the cluster dendrogram in Fig. 4a; 1—Drakensberg-KwaZulu-Natal Escarpment, 2—Albany Coastal Belt, 3—Amatola-Winterberg, 4—Natal Midlands, 5—Natal Coastal Belt-Ngoye, 6— Transkei Coastal Belt, 7—Waterberg, 8—Northern Middleveld, 9—Soutpansberg, 10—Wolkberg. The number of endemics restricted to each area/centre of endemism is given in brackets, illustrated by a graduated grey scale and listed in Table 1.

FIGURE 5 in Vertebrate endemism in south-eastern Africa numerically redefines a biodiversity hotspot

FIGURE 5. Patterns of vertebrate endemism within the south-east Africa dominion defined by the dendrogram in Fig. 4a, comprising 28 operational graphical units (acronyms in pane (b) and labelled in Fig. 1. (a) south-east Africa dominion endemic species richness (south-east African endemism sensu stricto); (b) range-restricted species richness (narrow endemism); (c) weighted endemism (normalised); (d) weighted endemism per unit area (normalised). Each endemism measure is illustrated by a graduated grey scale of five classes, determined by natural breaks calculated using Jenk's optimisation.

FIGURE 4 in Vertebrate endemism in south-eastern Africa numerically redefines a biodiversity hotspot

FIGURE 4. Proposed zoogeographical regionalisation based on all vertebrate species endemic to south-eastern Africa sensu lato (a) The Phenetic Cluster Analysis (PCA) dendrogram of hierarchical relationships between operational geographic units (OGUs), using Jaccard's dissimilarity index and the UPGMA algorithm. (b) The resulting regionalisation; dominions, provinces and subprovinces are listed with codes in the table c, while all entities labeled on the map are districts, except for Maputaland subprovince (no districts within). (c) the Hierarchy of proposed zoogeographical entities. All "biogeographical taxa" were detected based on phenon lines at arbitrary levels of dissimilarity, in a way to generate maximally contiguous geographical clusters, except in the identification of the Karoo dominion (dash line), where a subjective decision was made considering the separation between relatively mesic and arid areas in almost all published zoogeographical regionalisations. The centres of endemism (BCOEs = broad and NCOEs = narrow) for south-east Africa dominion are also defined (see text for their interpretation). (d) The strict concensus area cladogram of OGUs from Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE), highlighting similarities to the PCA in the recovery of the South-east Africa dominion and the Greater Maputaland-Pondoland- Albany province (two OGUs shown in red dashed circles detected in the PAE as outliers are slightly enlarging the province compared to the PCA).

FIGURE 3 in Vertebrate endemism in south-eastern Africa numerically redefines a biodiversity hotspot

FIGURE 3. (a) Numerical refinement of the Greater Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany (GMPA) region, based on the cross-taxon consensus on a region maximally congruent to its qualitative delimitation proposed by Perera et al. (2011) recovered from phenetic relationships of OGUs for each taxonomic group, with further consensus from both Phenetic Cluster Analysis and Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity for all taxa combined. See text for calculation of the percentage consensus. C = core of the numerically refined GMPA region; E = an extension to the numerically refined GMPA region; *according to consensus, the Knysna OGU can be regarded as a part of the core region of GMPA, but treated as an extension due to the transitional nature of its biota between the GMPA and the Cape Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot (see text for details); (b) The core region (thick boundary) and extensions (dashed boundary) of the numerically refined GMPA region of vertebrate endemism in relation to the proposed qualitative delimitation of the same, and the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany biodiversity hotspot; (c) Congruence of the numerically refined boundary of the GMPA to its qualitative delimitation, from Phenetic Cluster Analyses for individual vertebrate groups, for macro-ecologically releted groups (see text for details), and for all vertebrates combined, as well as for Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity for all vertebrates combined.

FIGURE 2 in Vertebrate endemism in south-eastern Africa numerically redefines a biodiversity hotspot

FIGURE 2. Contiguous geographical clusters maximally congruent to the qualitative delimitation of the Greater Maputaland- Pondoland-Albany (GMPA) region of vertebrate endemism proposed by Perera et al. (2011) (indicated in light green), recovered from phenetic cluster analysis for (a) all vertebrates (n = 300) (b) terrestrial vertebrates (n = 270), (c) non-volant vertebrates (n = 250), (d) herpetofauna (n = 189), (e) freshwater fish (n = 31), (f) birds (n = 51), (g) amphibians (n = 40), (h) reptiles (n = 149), (i) mammals (n = 29), and (j) from parsimony analysis of endemicity for all vertebrates (n = 300). Different colours denote congruent geographical clusters in dendrograms and relevant maps for different analyses.

FIGURE 1 in Vertebrate endemism in south-eastern Africa numerically redefines a biodiversity hotspot

FIGURE 1. The study area delimited by 22˚S and 24˚E (dashed lines) and the operational geographic units (OGUs) redrawn from Perera et al. (2011) to fit quarter-degree square borders. Distribution ranges of vertebrate species endemic to south-eastern Africa sensu lato included in the study do not extend beyond the dotted line. Dark grey: the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany biodiversity hotspot (Mittermeier et al., 2004); light grey: areas added to the above in the proposed qualitative delimitation of the Greater Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany region of vertebrate endemism (Perera et al., 2011); blue line: the Limpopo River; brown line: the southern Great Escarpment, indicating the Nelspoort interval; green lines: country boundaries of South Africa (SA), Lesotho (L) and Swaziland (S). OGUs: ACB—Albany Coastal Belt, AKR—Intrusion of Lower Karoo into Albany, AWB—Amatola-Winterberg, CBV—Central Bushveld, DBP—Drakensberg Plateau, DEE—Drakensberg-Eastern-Cape Escarpment, DKE—Drakensberg-KwaZulu-Natal Escarpment, HUK—Highveld-Upper Karoo, INH—Inhambane, KBV— Kalahari Bushveld, KNY—Knysna, MLV—Mozambique Lowveld, NBV—Northern Bushveld, NCB—Natal Coastal Belt, NDH—Northern Dry Highveld, NGO—Ngoye, NMD—Natal Midlands, NME—Northern Mpumalanga Escarpment, NMH— Northern Mesic Highveld, NMO—Northern Mopane, NMP—Northern Maputaland, NMV—Northern Middleveld, NNT— Northern Natal, PND—Pondoland, SDH—Southern Dry Highveld, SME—Southern Mpumalanga Escarpment, SMH— Southern Mesic Highveld, SMO—Southern Mopane, SMP—Southern Maputaland, SMV—Southern Middleveld, SNB— Sneeuberg, SPB—Soutpansberg, STR—Southern Transkei Coastal Belt, TMD—Transkei Midlands, UKR—Upper Karoo, WLB—Wolkberg, WTB—Waterberg. See text for further details.

FIGURE 6 in A new Puddle Frog, genus Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae), from the eastern part of the Upper Guinea biodiversity hotspot, West Africa

FIGURE 6. Dorsal and ventral views of adult Phrynobatrachus liberiensis males from Banco National Park, south-eastern Ivory Coast (a, b & g); Taï National Park, western Ivory Coast (d, e & f), and Gola Rainforest National Park, eastern Sierra Leone (c); note differences in colour, skin structure and shape of scapular ridges. Specimens not collected or not assignable to vouchers.

FIGURE 3 in A new Puddle Frog, genus Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae), from the eastern part of the Upper Guinea biodiversity hotspot, West Africa

FIGURE 3. Dorsal and ventral views of adult Phrynobatrachus tanoeensis sp. nov. male (ZMB 86965) from Ebonloa, southwestern Ghana.

FIGURE 2 in A new Puddle Frog, genus Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae), from the eastern part of the Upper Guinea biodiversity hotspot, West Africa

FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral views of Phrynobatrachus tanoeensis sp. nov. from the Tanoé-Ehy Swamp Forest region, south-eastern Ivory Coast; a & b) ZMB 80870, holotype, adult male; c & f) ZMB 86957, paratype, adult male; d) ZMB 86956, paratype, adult male; e) ZMB 86960, paratype, adult male; g) ZMB 86961, paratype, adult female; h) ZMB 86961, paratype, adult female.

FIGURE 1 in A new Puddle Frog, genus Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae), from the eastern part of the Upper Guinea biodiversity hotspot, West Africa

FIGURE 1. Neighbour-joining tree based on up to 538 bp of the 16S RNA gene. Phrynobatrachus tanoeensis sp. nov. (yellow) is sister to a clade of Phrynobatrachus species comprising P. intermedius (green) and P. liberiensis (blue); all three being sister to P. tokba (red). Phrynobatrachus liberiensis comprises two clades, one (showing little support) ranging from southern-central Ivory Coast (Banco National Park) west, through western Ivory Coast, south-eastern Guiana and Liberia to eastern Sierra Leone (Gola Rainforest National Park) (pale blue), and one comprising frogs from the Ankasa and Kakum National Parks, south-western Ghana (dark blue). Nodes supported by bootstrap NJ (above) and ML/PP (below); bootstrap value ¿ 65 and PP values> 0.90 shown. Outgroups (P. cricogaster and P. natalensis) not shown.

FIGURE 5 in A new Puddle Frog, genus Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae), from the eastern part of the Upper Guinea biodiversity hotspot, West Africa

FIGURE 5. Habitat of Phrynobatrachus tanoeensis sp. nov.; characterized by swampy area, and the presence of Raphia palms with large canopy gaps; at the type locality the Tanoé-Ehy forest, south-eastern Ivory Coast (a, b) and the inundated forest near Ebonloa village, south-western Ghana (c).

FIGURE 4 in A new Puddle Frog, genus Phrynobatrachus (Amphibia: Anura: Phrynobatrachidae), from the eastern part of the Upper Guinea biodiversity hotspot, West Africa

FIGURE 4. Advertisement calls of male Phrynobatrachus tanoeensis sp. nov. from Tanoé-Ehy forest, Dohouan village (A, ZMB 86954) and Nouamou (B, ZMB 86958), and P. liberiensis from Taï National Park (C; male not collected; bandpass filter between 1100‒4500 Hz) and Banco National Park (D, ZMB 86969; bandpass filter between 1100‒4500 Hz), all Ivory Coast (compare Table 3); spectrogram (above) and oscillogram (below).