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511 results for “climate effects”
Dataset for Unlocking the Mitigation Potential of Landfills as A Cost-Effective Solution for Climate Change
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Data from: Direct effects dominate responses to climate perturbations in grassland plant communities
Theory predicts that strong indirect effects of environmental change will impact communities when niche differences between competitors are small and variation in the direct effects experienced by competitors is large, but empirical tests are lacking. Here we estimate negative frequency dependence, a proxy for niche differences, and quantify the direct and indirect effects of climate change on each species. Consistent with theory, in four of five communities indirect effects are strongest for species showing weak negative frequency dependence. Indirect effects are also stronger in communities where there is greater variation in direct effects. Overall responses to climate perturbations are driven primarily by direct effects, suggesting that single species models may be adequate for forecasting the impacts of climate change in these communities.
Data from: Behavior and nutritional condition buffer a large-bodied endotherm against direct and indirect effects of climate
Temporal changes in net energy balance of animals strongly influence fitness; consequently, natural selection should favor behaviors that increase net energy balance by buffering individuals against negative effects of environmental variation. The relative importance of behavioral responses to climate-induced variation in costs versus supplies of energy, however, is uncertain, as is the degree to which such responses are mediated by current stores of energy. We evaluated relationships among behavior, nutritional condition (i.e., energetic state), and spatiotemporal variation in costs versus supplies of energy available to a large-bodied endotherm, the North American elk (Cervus elaphus), occupying two ecosystems with contrasting climates; 1) a temperate, montane forest; and 2) an arid, high-elevation desert. We hypothesized that during spring through autumn, behavioral responses to the energetic landscape would be both context-dependent (i.e., would vary as a function of the environmental conditions experienced by elk in the forest versus the desert), and state-dependent (i.e., would vary as a function of the energetic state of an individual). We tested several predictions derived from that hypothesis by combining output from a biophysical model of the thermal environment with data on forage quality, animal locations, and nutritional condition of individuals. At the population level, elk in the desert selected areas that reduced costs of thermoregulation over those that provided the highest quality forage. In the forest, however, costs imposed by the thermal environment were less pronounced, and elk selected areas that increased access to high quality forage over those that reduced costs of thermoregulation. At the individual level, nutritional condition did not influence strength of selection for low-cost areas or high quality forage among elk in the forest. In the desert, however, strength of selection for low-cost areas (but not forage quality) was state-dependent - individuals in the poorest condition at the end of winter showed the strongest selection for areas that reduced costs of thermoregulation during spring and summer, and also expended the least amount of energy on locomotion. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the roles of behavior and nutritional condition in buffering endotherms against direct and indirect effects of climate on fitness.
Evolutionary effects of geographic and climatic isolation between Rhododendron tsusiophyllum populations on the Izu Islands and mainland Honshu of Japan
<p>Geographic and environmental isolations of islands and the mainland offer excellent opportunity to investigate colonization and survival dynamics of island populations. We inferred and compared evolutionary processes and the demographic history of <i>Rhododendron tsusiophyllum</i>, in the Izu Islands and the much larger island Honshu, treated here as the mainland, using thousands of nuclear SNPs obtained by ddRAD-seq from eight populations of <i>R. tsusiophyllum</i> and three populations of <i>R. tschonoskii</i> as an outgroup. Phylogenetic relationships and their habitats suggest that <i>R. tsusiophyllum</i> had evolved and migrated from cold north to warm south regions. We detected clear genetic divergence among populations in three regions of Honshu and the Izu Islands, suggesting restricted migration between them due to isolated habitats on mountains even in the mainland. The three regions have different changes in effective population size, especially, genetic diversity and population size of the Izu Islands are small compared to the others. Further, habitats of populations in the Izu Islands are warmer than those in Honshu, suggesting that they have undergone adaptive evolution. Our study provides evidences of montane rather than insular isolation on genetic divergence, survival of populations and significance of adaptive evolution for island populations with small population size and low genetic diversity, despite close proximity to mainland populations.</p>
Exploring causal components of plasticity in grey seal birthdates: effects of intrinsic traits, demography, and climate
<p>Change in breeding phenology is often a response to environmental forcing, but less is known of the mechanism underlying such changes and their fitness consequences. Here we report on changes in the breeding phenology from a 27-year longitudinal study (1991-2017) of individually marked, known-aged grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada.</p> <p>We used Generalized Linear Mixed Models to test hypotheses about the influence of fixed factors (maternal age, parity, previous reproductive success, pup sex, colony density, AMO, NAO, and SST) and a random factor (female identity) on parturition dates. We also examined the consequences of the shift in birthdates on maternal energy investment in offspring as measured by pup weaning mass. Birthdates were known for 2768 pups of 660 known-age females. For 494 females with ≥ 2 parturition dates, repeatability as measured by the intraclass correlation was high (mean=0.66). 87% of the variation in birthdates was explained by a mixed effects model that included intrinsic and extrinsic fixed effects. Most of the explained variation was associated with the random effect of female identity.</p> <p>Parity was the most important intrinsic fixed effect, with inexperienced mothers giving birth later in the season than multiparous females. Over almost 3 decades, mean birthdates advanced by 15 days. The mixed model with intrinsic effects and population size, the detrended AMO from the previous year and mean NAO in the previous 3 years explained 80 % of the variation with 21 % of variation from the fixed effects. Both primiparous and multiparous individuals responded to the climate forcing, and there was strong evidence for heterogeneity in the response. The shift in birthdates did not impact pup weaning mass. Females exhibited considerable phenotypic plasticity indicating that climate driven changes in breeding phenology may not always have measurable consequences.</p>
Figure 3 from: Schuldt A, Assmann T (2011) Belowground carabid beetle diversity in the western Palaearctic – effects of history and climate on range-restricted taxa (Coleoptera, Carabidae). ZooKeys 100: 461-474. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1540
Figure 3 - Partitioning of variation from regression modelling for species richness of belowground carabids. Values give the % of the total variation independent and shared effects of spatial (S), topographic (T) and climate (C) models account for in the explanation of richness patterns. U is the unexplained variation.
Figure 2 from: Schuldt A, Assmann T (2011) Belowground carabid beetle diversity in the western Palaearctic – effects of history and climate on range-restricted taxa (Coleoptera, Carabidae). ZooKeys 100: 461-474. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1540
Figure 2 - Relationship between species richness of belowground carabid beetles (log10-transformed) and a latitude (R²adj.=0.51; p=0.012), b range in elevation (i.e., topograohic variability; R²adj.=0.52; p<0.001) and c annual potential evapotranspiration (R²adj.=0.38; p=0.020) in the western Palaearctic.
Figure 1 from: Schuldt A, Assmann T (2011) Belowground carabid beetle diversity in the western Palaearctic – effects of history and climate on range-restricted taxa (Coleoptera, Carabidae). ZooKeys 100: 461-474. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1540
Figure 1 - Distribution of species richness of belowground carabid beetles across the western Palaearctic, based on Löbl and Smetana (2003). Shadings and symbols indicate the number of species recorded for each country. Countries with 11–20 subterranean species are marked by a filled circle, countries with 1–10 species by an open circle. Countries for which no subterranean species have been recorded are white and without a symbol.
Figure 2 from: Dixie B, White H, Hassall M (2015) Effects of microclimate on behavioural and life history traits of terrestrial isopods: implications for responses to climate change. In: Taiti S, Hornung E, Štrus J, Bouchon D (Eds) Trends in Terrestrial Isopod Biology. ZooKeys 515: 145–157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.515.9399
Figure 2 - Responses of relative growth rates to temperature and relative humidity. Responses to differences in temperature by a) Oniscus asellus, (F1, 36 = 0.905, P = 0.348) and. b) by Porcellio dilatatus, (F1, 36 = 5.112, P = 0.030); to differences in relative humidity of c) Oniscus asellus, (F1, 36 = 17.125, P < 0.001) and d) Porcellio dilatatus, (F1, 36 = 84.326, P < 0.001). Asterisks denote differences signficance at P < 0.05.
Figure 3 from: Dixie B, White H, Hassall M (2015) Effects of microclimate on behavioural and life history traits of terrestrial isopods: implications for responses to climate change. In: Taiti S, Hornung E, Štrus J, Bouchon D (Eds) Trends in Terrestrial Isopod Biology. ZooKeys 515: 145–157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.515.9399
Figure 3 - Response of mortality to temperature and relative humidity. Responses to temperature by a) Oniscus asellus, (U = 3097.0, P = 0.640. and b) by Porcellio dilatatus, (U = 2254.5, P = 0.016) and to relative humidity by c) Oniscus asellus (U = 1851.5, P < 0.001) and d) by Porcellio dilatatus (U = 2277.5 P < 0.001). Asterisks denote differences signficance at P < 0.05.
Figure 1 from: Dixie B, White H, Hassall M (2015) Effects of microclimate on behavioural and life history traits of terrestrial isopods: implications for responses to climate change. In: Taiti S, Hornung E, Štrus J, Bouchon D (Eds) Trends in Terrestrial Isopod Biology. ZooKeys 515: 145–157. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.515.9399
Figure 1 - Responses in aggregation index to differences in temperatures and relative humidity: Responses to different temperatures by a) Oniscus asellus, (F 4, 249 = 12.22; P < 0.001) and b) by Porcellio scaber (F4,249 = 3.76; P < 0.001). and to different relative humidies by c) Oniscus asellus, (F 4, 230 = 25.39; P < 0.001) and d) by Porcellio dilatatus (F4,171 = 16.85; P < 0.001). Means sharing the same letter are not significantly different from each other at P < 0.05.
Climate and geology overwrite land use effects on soil organic nitrogen cycling on a continental scale
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Soil fertility and plant productivity are globally constrained by N availability. Proteins are the largest N reservoir in soils and the cleavage of proteins into small peptides and amino acids has been shown to be the rate limiting step in the terrestrial N cycle. However, we are still lacking a profound understanding of the environmental controls of this process. Here we show that integrated effects of climate and soil geochemistry drive protein cleavage across large scales. We measured gross protein depolymerization rates in mineral and organic soils sampled across a 4000-km-long European transect covering a wide range of climates, geologies and land uses. Based on structural equation models we identified that soil organic N cycling was strongly controlled by substrate availability, e.g. by soil protein content. Soil geochemistry was a secondary predictor, by controlling protein stabilization mechanisms and protein availability. Precipitation was identified as the main climatic control on protein depolymerization, by affecting soil weathering and soil organic matter accumulation. In contrast, land use was a poor predictor of protein depolymerization. Our results highlight the need to consider geology and precipitation effects on soil geochemistry when estimating and predicting soil N cycling at large scales.</p>
Sulfate enrichment in estuaries of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: the potential effect of sulfide oxidation on carbonate chemistry under a changing climate
<p>raw data for manuscript</p>
Data supporting "Modeling and evaluating the effects of irrigation on land-atmosphere interaction in southwestern Europe with the regional climate model REMO2020-iMOVE using a newly developed parameterization"
<p>This data supports the analysis of the manuscript Asmus et al. 2023 "Modeling and evaluating the effects of irrigation on land-atmosphere interaction in southwestern Europe with the regional climate model REMO2020-iMOVE using a newly developed parameterization".</p><p><strong>Simulation data</strong></p><p>The simulation data is created with REMO2020-iMOVE using the new irrigation parameterization. The results are saved as NetCDF files with monthly mean values and/or time series (hourly) of single variables for the analysis period. A list of the simulations can be found below.</p><p><strong>Observation data </strong></p><p>The observation data is published with the kind permission of ISPRA which hosts the SCIA database (www.scia.isprambiente.it). If you use this data, please make sure to include the following data source:<br>SCIA by ISPRA - Area Climatologia operativa - Via V. Brancati 48 00144 Roma. <br>We downloaded monthly mean values for the variables T2Max, T2Min and T2Mean from <a href="http://193.206.192.214/servertsutm/serietemporali100.php">http://193.206.192.214/servertsutm/serietemporali100.php </a>(last accessed on 14/10/2022) to verify the model results with and without irrigation parameterization. </p><p>By untarring the tarballs, the data structure is created that is necessary to execute the analysis scripts.</p><p>For more information or additional data please contact the author.</p><p> </p><p><strong>tarball | exp_number | description </strong></p><p>067015.tar.gz | 067015 | not irrigated</p><p>067016.tar.gz | 067016 | irrigated with "adaptive water application scheme"</p><p>067017.tar.gz | 067017 | irrigated with "adaptive water application scheme"</p><p>067019.tar.gz | 067019 | irrigated with "flexible time water application scheme"</p><p>067020.tar.gz | 067020 | irrigated with "prescribed water application scheme"</p><p>observation_scia.tar | - | observation data from SCIA </p><p> </p><p><strong>Data structure for simulation data</strong></p><p>\<exp_number><br> \monthly<br> \hourly<br> \var_series<br> \<variable><br><br>Note:<br>\067015 includes static variables<br> \irrifrac (irrigated fraction)<br> \bla (land-sea-mask)</p>
Evaluating the effects of land-use change and future climate change on vulnerability of coastal landscapes to saltwater intrusion
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Effects of low-carbon energy adoption on airborne particulate matter concentrations with feedbacks to future climate over California
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Data from: C:N:P stoichiometry of Artemisia species and close relatives across northern China: unraveling effects of climate, soil and taxonomy
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Data from: Temperature effects on life-history trade-offs, germline maintenance and mutation rate under simulated climate warming
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Data from: Temperature-dependent body size effects determine population responses to climate warming
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Data from: Effects of temperature and drought on early life stages in three species of butterflies: mortality of early life stages as a key determinant of vulnerability to climate change?
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.