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Figure 13 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 13. Maximum credibility Bayesian dated tree calculated for the Chrysididae and distribution of terminals in biogeographic divisions of the world. The charts on tips represent the true geographical range for the genus or lineage being considered. Widespread taxa are represented on tips by multicolour charts. The pruned tree was obtained from a maximum credibility Bayesian dated tree considering all compatible groups (contype = allcompat in MrBayes). Groups of species were combined into lineages representing monophyletic genera or other taxon combinations. Monophyletic groups are represented by their genus names only. Non-monophyletic taxa are represented multiple times. Biogeographic reconstruction of the history of Chrysididae was conducted using the DEC model as implemented in BioGeoBEARS. Pie charts at nodes show the relative probability of the possible states (areas or combinations of areas) indicated by asterisk those higher than 50%; combinations of areas are indicated by grey slices; black slices represent a fraction of the reconstructions with high ambiguity.
Figure 11 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 11. Part of the maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from a combined analysis employing a relaxed morphological clock model with tip-dating. Phylogenetic relationships among representatives of Chrysidinae: Chrysidini partim. Character-state transformations (ChN, character; ChS, character state) are colour-coded with tagma as represented in the diagram on the bottom, and are depicted as solid (unequivocal changes) or empty (reversed or multiple changes) charts; mesosomal characters derived from legs and wings are depicted as rectangle and hexagon portrayals respectively; slow changes (DelTran optimization) are indicated by '+'. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers. Phylogenetic relationships among other Chrysidini species (Clades 6 and 7) are shown in detail in Figure 12.
Figure 2 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 2. Comparison between phylogenetic hypotheses for extant groups of Chrysididae and closely related taxa of Chrysidoidea: A, summary of morphology-based hypotheses (Kimsey & Bohart, 1991; Carpenter, 1999; Lucena & Melo, 2018; Melo & Lucena, 2020); B, summary of the DNA-based hypothesis by Pauli et al. (2019, 2021). The phylogenetic position of Loboscelidiinae (Chrysididae) is indicated with a question mark because it was not inferred by Pauli et al. (2019, 2021). Fossil taxa not included in the molecular analyses are represented by dashed lines.
Figure 1 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 1. Summary of the phylogenetic relationships and valid genera of Chrysididae based on Kimsey & Bohart (1991) with recent amendments. The placement of Kimseya and †Eochrysis are considered herein as uncertain within the Chrysidinae. The main groups being considered in the family are colour-coded. Fossil taxa are indicated by daggers.
Figure 22 in Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)
Figure 22. Scanning electron microscopy images of ventral and dorsal views of metasomas, and posterior view of mesosomas. Metasomal carina is colour-indicated. A, Holopyga luzulina Dahlbom, female, ventral view of metasoma, higher magnification of the anterior area of metasoma is shown in C. B, Exochrysis leucostigma (Mocsáry), male, ventral view of metasoma, higher magnification of the anterior area of metasoma is shown in D. Dorsal views of T1: E, Exallopyga guatemalensis (Cameron), female; F, Neochrysis inseriata (Mocsáry), female. Posterior view of mesosomas: G, Holopyga wagnerella du Buysson, female; H, Caenochrysis paranaca (Linsenmaier), female. Arrowheads indicate morphological conditions coded as character-states.
The 'Evil Tribe' spreads across the land: A dated molecular phylogeny provides insight into dispersal, expansion, and biogeographic relationships within one of the largest tribes of the sunflower family (Vernonieae: Compositae)
<p><strong>Premise:</strong> With over 1500 species, the globally distributed Vernonieae is one of the most successful members of the Compositae. However, due to its morphological complexity and limited geographic representation in previous studies, subtribal and biogeographic relationships are unclear. Here new DNA sequence data spanning the geographical range of the tribe provides a taxonomically robust time-calibrated phylogeny, an estimation of migration pathways and timing of important biogeographical events and allows inference of environmental factors that have contributed to the success of the Vernonieae worldwide.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>Phylogenetic relationships were estimated for 368 taxa representing all Vernonieae subtribes. Molecular clock and ancestral range estimation analyses provide a framework for inference of the tribe's biogeographic history.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Relationships among the subtribes were established. We confirmed that the Moquinieae are nested in Vernonieae, determined the correct placement of several<br> problematic taxa, and conducted the first model-based assessment of the biogeographical history of the tribe. The . Vernonieae were estimated to have evolved ~50 Ma ago. Africa was the first center of diversity, from which a single dispersal event established the monophyletic New World lineage. Long-distance dispersal from Africa and Brazil established the tribe on five continents and Oceania.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Moquinieae are nested in Vernonieae. The New World lineage is monophyletic, but Old World taxa are not. New subtribal taxonomies are needed. Long-distance dispersal from Africa beginning 45 Ma was key to establishing the tribe's near-global distribution. Migration corridors created by volcanic mountain chains and iron-rich soils in Africa and the Americas promoted radiation and range expansion.</p>
Paleozoic ocean plate stratigraphy unraveled by calcite U-Pb dating of basalt and biostratigraphy
<p>New calcite U-Pb geochronologic, biostratigraphic, and geochemical data from rocks sampled in the Texas Beds, New England Orogen (Eastern Australia). Paper published in Communications Earth & Environment: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00446-1.</p>
Figure 4. Dated 50 in A misinterpreted disjunction: the phylogenetic relationships of the North African land snail Gyrostomella (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Helicidae)
Figure 4. Dated 50% clade credibility tree with median node heights based on the combined analysis of partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI and 16 S rRNA genes, as well as a part of the nuclear ribosomal RNA cluster covering parts of the 5.8 S rRNA gene, the complete ITS2 and a part of the 28 S rRNA gene. Values at the nodes represent node ages in Ma. Bars represent 95% highest posterior density intervals and coloured squares at the nodes and the tips of the tree represent (estimated) ranges from the dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (DEC) model. The arrows indicate the nodes where the DEC model and the DEC model allowing for founder-event speciation (+J) differed with regard to the estimated ancestral range. The node used for calibration is indicated by an asterisk. Insert map: delimitation of geographical areas considered in the biogeographic analyses: (1) Western Mediterranean region of Europe (incl. western Europe, northern Europe and parts of Central Europe), (2) western North Africa (incl. Cape Verde Islands), (3) Canary Islands and Madeira Archipelago (Macaronesian Archipelagos) and (4) Eastern Mediterranean region (incl. the Middle East, parts of eastern Central Europe and eastern Europe, the Caucasus region and adjacent areas).
Figure 7 in Including fossils in phylogeny: a glimpse into the evolution of the superfamily Evanioidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) under tip-dating and the fossilized birth-death process
Figure 7. Fossil diversity (species) of Evanioidea and Ichneumonoidea during the mid-Mesozoic and Cenozoic (data from
Figure 6 in Including fossils in phylogeny: a glimpse into the evolution of the superfamily Evanioidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) under tip-dating and the fossilized birth-death process
Figure 6. Keratodellitha kirin. Holotype IGR.BU-021 (female). A, head in left profile view. B, head in full-face view. C, wings. D, line drawing of wing venation with nomenclature. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figure 4. Keratodellitha anubis. Holotype NIGP174739 in Including fossils in phylogeny: a glimpse into the evolution of the superfamily Evanioidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) under tip-dating and the fossilized birth-death process
Figure 4. Keratodellitha anubis. Holotype NIGP174739 (male). A, wing. B, line drawing of wing venation with nomenclature. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figure 5 in Including fossils in phylogeny: a glimpse into the evolution of the superfamily Evanioidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) under tip-dating and the fossilized birth-death process
Figure 5. Keratodellitha kirin. Holotype IGR.BU-021 (female). A, habitus in left lateral view. B, habitus in right lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 2. Keratodellitha basilisci. Holotype NIGP174738 in Including fossils in phylogeny: a glimpse into the evolution of the superfamily Evanioidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) under tip-dating and the fossilized birth-death process
Figure 2. Keratodellitha basilisci. Holotype NIGP174738 (female). A, head in full-face view. B, head in right profile view. C, head in dorsal view. D, wings. E, line drawing of wing venation with nomenclature. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figure 3. Keratodellitha anubis. Holotype NIGP174739 in Including fossils in phylogeny: a glimpse into the evolution of the superfamily Evanioidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) under tip-dating and the fossilized birth-death process
Figure 3. Keratodellitha anubis. Holotype NIGP174739 (male). A, habitus in right lateral view. B, head in right lateral view. C, head in frontal view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
F i g u r e 1. K e r a t o d e l l i t h a b a s i l i s c i. H o l o t y p e NIGP174738 in Including fossils in phylogeny: a glimpse into the evolution of the superfamily Evanioidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) under tip-dating and the fossilized birth-death process
F i g u r e 1. K e r a t o d e l l i t h a b a s i l i s c i. H o l o t y p e NIGP174738 (female). A, habitus in right lateral view. B, habitus in left lateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Figure 8 in Including fossils in phylogeny: a glimpse into the evolution of the superfamily Evanioidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) under tip-dating and the fossilized birth-death process
Figure 8. Bayesian time-calibrated tree of Evanioidea. This tree was recovered from a Mkv+G, fossilized birth–death (FBD) model, with uniform distribution and samplestrat = fossiltip, combining extant and extinct species. Bars at each node represent the 95% highest posterior density in dating estimates. Dotted squares represent crown lineages. Abbreviations: L, Lower; Mid, Middle; Oligo, Oligocene; Paleo, Palaeocene; PP, Pliocene + Pleistocene.
Distribution. SE Bolivia (departments of Tarija and Santa Cruz), N Argentina (provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Formosa, and Chaco), Brazil (W of the Rio Parana— through the N of Mato Grosso State into SW Goias, and Mato Grosso do Sul states), and Paraguay (E of the Rio Paraguay as far as the mouth of the Rio Parana). Its range to the west in Bolivia is poorly known; it would seem that it is absent from the Bolivian Chaco as it is from the adjacent Paraguayan Chaco west of the Rio Paraguay. There is no evidence to date that the Yungas populations in SE Bolivia and NW Argentina are continuous with the population in Brazil and Paraguay to the E. in Cebidae
Distribution. SE Bolivia (departments of Tarija and Santa Cruz), N Argentina (provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Formosa, and Chaco), Brazil (W of the Rio Parana— through the N of Mato Grosso State into SW Goias, and Mato Grosso do Sul states), and Paraguay (E of the Rio Paraguay as far as the mouth of the Rio Parana). Its range to the west in Bolivia is poorly known; it would seem that it is absent from the Bolivian Chaco as it is from the adjacent Paraguayan Chaco west of the Rio Paraguay. There is no evidence to date that the Yungas populations in SE Bolivia and NW Argentina are continuous with the population in Brazil and Paraguay to the E.
Distribution. WC Sulawesi in the Lariang River Basin near the confluence with its tributary, the Meweh River, and extending N as far as Gimpu; the precise limits of its distribution have yet to be determined and it distribution may be much larger than what has been confirmed to date. It is known to be parapatric with Dian's Tarsier (1. dentatus) on the E boundary ofits distribution. in Tarsiidae
Distribution. WC Sulawesi in the Lariang River Basin near the confluence with its tributary, the Meweh River, and extending N as far as Gimpu; the precise limits of its distribution have yet to be determined and it distribution may be much larger than what has been confirmed to date. It is known to be parapatric with Dian's Tarsier (1. dentatus) on the E boundary ofits distribution.
FIGURE 3 in On the dates of publication of four European species of Scolopendra Linnaeus 1758 described by C. L. Koch (Myriapoda, Chilopoda)
FIGURE 3. Original status of a specimen of Heft 121 (1833) of the Herrich-Schäffer series, illustrating the piceous cardboard slipcase (10.5 X 15 X 1 cm) with the affixed title page (10 X 12 cm), the partially extracted dusky pink wrapper (displaying the register of contents) (10 X 16.3 cm), one example of the more than 24 loose sheets of letterpress, (10 X 16 cm) and one example of the 24 loose plates with an illustration (10 X 13 cm). This example should also help to understand the rarity of the complete work, especially because of the unusual collation of differently sized individual parts, and the storage of all loose items in opentop slipcases. (Credit: P. Nagel)
FIGURE 2 in On the dates of publication of four European species of Scolopendra Linnaeus 1758 described by C. L. Koch (Myriapoda, Chilopoda)
FIGURE 2. The Herrich-Schäffer series, Heft 142, selected pages. A. Title page (Label) [glued on the front of the cardboard slipcase]. B. Outer front wrapper of thick, dusky pink paper. It depicts the register of contents. C. First page of letterpress with the description of Scolopendra italica Koch. The numbering of this page is on top left. The red frame highlights the additional information on the primary publication as part of the "Koch series". D. Second page of letterpress with continuation of the description of S. italica and followed by the section "Anmerkung" (note). The two red arrows point to the descriptions of S. graeca and S. clavipes. Neither of them is found in the "Index". E. Colour lithograph of S. italica, with plate and species number 142. 1. (highlighted and enlarged by the present authors) and a scale bar pointing the actual size of the described Scolopendra (Holding Libraries: Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München, Germany, Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) and Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Wien, Österreich).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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