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Figure 8. A in New fossil mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with feather preservation provides insight into the ecological diversity of an Eocene North American avifauna

Figure 8. A, strict consensus of 1872 most parsimonious trees (MPTs; tree length L = 137 steps; retention index, RI = 0.825; rescaled consistency index, RC = 0.446) from primary phylogenetic analysis. B, strict consensus of 20 MPTs (L = 137 steps; RI = 0.820; RC = 0.443) from the analysis excluding the poorly known Eobucco brodkorbi, Primocolius sigei, and Primocolius minor. C, strict consensus of 12 168 MPTs (L = 138 steps; RI = 0.825; RC = 0.442) from phylogenetic analysis including Eocolius walkeri (Aves incertae sedis). Bootstrap support values are shown above the branches; Bremer support values greater than 1 are shown below the branches.

Figure 6 in New fossil mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with feather preservation provides insight into the ecological diversity of an Eocene North American avifauna

Figure 6. Reconstructions of the wing bones of Green River Formation fossil mousebirds (Celericolius acriala and Anneavis anneae) and extant mousebirds (Urocolius indicus and Colius striatus), rescaled to equal lengths to show proportional differences.

Figure 5 in New fossil mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with feather preservation provides insight into the ecological diversity of an Eocene North American avifauna

Figure 5. Details of the skeletal anatomy of Celericolius acriala. A, distal elements of left wing. B, pelvis, pygostyle, and left hindlimb. C, right foot. Abbreviations: cmc, carpometacarpus, dI, pedal digit I; dII, pedal digit II; dIII, pedal digit III; dIV, pedal digit IV; ext, impression of processus extensorius; hyp, cristae hypotarsi; isch, ischium; mpI-1, manual phalanx I-1; mpII-1, manual phalanx II-1; mpIII-1, manual phalanx III-1; pc, processus costales; pi, processus intermetacarpalis; pt, processus transversus vertebrae; pu, pubis; py, pygostyle; rad, radiale; tmt, tarsometatarsus; uln, ulnare. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Figure 7. A in New fossil mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with feather preservation provides insight into the ecological diversity of an Eocene North American avifauna

Figure 7. A, spread wing of Urocolius indicus (Coliidae: NCSM 19741) in ventral view. B, spread wing of Hirundo rustica (Hirundinidae: PSU 11196a) in ventral view. C, wing of Celericolius acriala (Coliiformes: FMNH PA 730), with arrows indicating the leading edge of the wing.

Figure 4 in New fossil mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with feather preservation provides insight into the ecological diversity of an Eocene North American avifauna

Figure 4. Photograph and line drawing of Celericolius acriala (FMNH PA 730). Abbreviations: dI, pedal digit I; dII, pedal digit II; dIII, pedal digit III; dIV, pedal digit IV; f, furcula; lcmc, left carpometacarpus; lhu, left humerus; lra, left radius; ltbt, left tibiotarsus; ltmt, left tarsometatarsus; lul, left ulna; mpI-1, manual phalanx I-1; mpII-1, manual phalanx II-1; mpII-2, manual phalanx II-2; mpIII-1, manual phalanx III-1; py, pygostyle; rad, radiale; rcmc, right carpometacarpus; rest, artificially restored tip of the beak; rf, right femur; rra, right radius; rtbt, right tibiotarsus; rtmt, right tarsometatarsus; ruln, right ulna; sc, scapula; st, sternum; ul, ulnare; uln, ulna.

Figure 2 in New fossil mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with feather preservation provides insight into the ecological diversity of an Eocene North American avifauna

Figure 2. Map of the USA showing the extent of the Green River lake system during the late early Eocene (modified from Grande & Buchheim, 1994). Fossil Lake is enlarged on the right, with locality letters and distribution of major lithofacies following the system of Grande & Buchheim (1994). Localities A (Lewis Ranch Site 1, type locality of Celericolius acriala) and K (Warfield Springs, type locality of the sandcoleid Anneavis anneae) have yielded fossil Coliiformes.

Figure 1 in New fossil mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with feather preservation provides insight into the ecological diversity of an Eocene North American avifauna

Figure 1. Map showing the distribution of extant Coliidae (light grey) and localities yielding fossil Coliiformes (dark-grey circles). Distribution of extant species follows de Juana (2001).

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Differences in feather structure between urban and forest great tits – constraint or adaptation?

<p>Urbanization is one of the strongest habitat transforming processes today that has resulted in changes in the ecological conditions for wild populations. In birds, the limitation of natural food sources and a warmer microclimate in cities can potentially influence the development and functioning of the plumage that may have important fitness consequences. Despite its potential significance, the plumage structure of urban birds are largely unexplored and it is unclear whether and how they respond to urban ecological processes such as different constraints and selection pressures. In this study, we compared several structural properties of contour, primary and tail feathers between two forest and two urban great tit <em>(Parus major)</em> populations. Our results show that the urban environment affects only a few structural properties of feathers and only in the plumage of first-year birds. We found that both the plumulaceous and the pennaceous parts of their contour feathers are longer and have lower barb density in the urban than in the forest habitat. We also found that the primaries of first-year birds have narrower rachis and higher barbule density in the cities than in the forests, but there were no differences in other wing feather traits and in any tail feather traits between habitats. We did not find differences in the feather structure of urban versus forest adult birds. The habitat differences in first-year birds may indicate nutritional constraints or the effects of the warmer microclimate of the urban environment. These differences seem to disappear completely in adulthood that can be explained by the selective mortality of first-year birds, or by adults being less sensitive than first-year birds to environmental effects during their molt.</p>

FIGURE 10. Freyanopterolichus nipponiae Dubinin, 1953 in Redescription of two parasitic feather mites sampled from the last two Crested Ibises, Nipponia nippon (Temminck, 1835) (Pelecaniformes: Threskiornithidae) lived in Japan

FIGURE 10. Freyanopterolichus nipponiae Dubinin, 1953 (SEM photos). A—female, dorsal view, B—posterior part of female hysteronotal shield, C— posterior part of male hysteronotal shield, D—male, dorsal view, E—oviporus of female, F—aedeagus, oblique view from left, G: right tarsus I, dorsal view.

FIGURE 6. Compressalges nipponiae Dubinin, 1950 in Redescription of two parasitic feather mites sampled from the last two Crested Ibises, Nipponia nippon (Temminck, 1835) (Pelecaniformes: Threskiornithidae) lived in Japan

FIGURE 6. Compressalges nipponiae Dubinin, 1950, details (SEM photos). A—oviporus of female, B—anal area and copulatory opening (arrowhead) of female, C—genital apparatus of male and surrounding setae (arrowhead: irregularly duplicated seta ps3), E—left tarsus I in dorsal view.

FIGURE 5. Compressalges nipponiae Dubinin, 1950 in Redescription of two parasitic feather mites sampled from the last two Crested Ibises, Nipponia nippon (Temminck, 1835) (Pelecaniformes: Threskiornithidae) lived in Japan

FIGURE 5. Compressalges nipponiae Dubinin, 1950, dorsal shields (SEM photos). A—prodorsal shield of female, B—hysteronotal shield of female, C—hysteronotal shield of male, D—posterior end of male hysteronotal shield.

FIGURE 4. Compressalges nipponiae Dubinin, 1950, legs. A, B—legs I—II in Redescription of two parasitic feather mites sampled from the last two Crested Ibises, Nipponia nippon (Temminck, 1835) (Pelecaniformes: Threskiornithidae) lived in Japan

FIGURE 4. Compressalges nipponiae Dubinin, 1950, legs. A, B—legs I—II of female, antiaxial face, C, D—legs III, IV of female, paraxial face, E—leg IV of male, paraxial face.

FIGURE 1 in Redescription of two parasitic feather mites sampled from the last two Crested Ibises, Nipponia nippon (Temminck, 1835) (Pelecaniformes: Threskiornithidae) lived in Japan

FIGURE 1. Two feather mite species on a feather of the last Japanese Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon (Temminck, 1835) dead in 2003. Dark arrowheads—Compressalges nipponiae Dubinin, 1950, white arrowheads—Freyanopterolichus nipponiae Dubinin, 1953.

FIGURE 9. Freyanopterolichus nipponiae Dubinin, 1953, legs. A, B—Leg I, II in Redescription of two parasitic feather mites sampled from the last two Crested Ibises, Nipponia nippon (Temminck, 1835) (Pelecaniformes: Threskiornithidae) lived in Japan

FIGURE 9. Freyanopterolichus nipponiae Dubinin, 1953, legs. A, B—Leg I, II of female, antiaxial face, C, D—III, IV of female, paraxial face, E—tarsus IV of male, paraxial face.

Fig. 6 in The explosive radiation, intense host-shifts and long-term failure to speciate in the evolutionary history of the feather mite genus Analges (Acariformes: Analgidae) from European passerines

Fig. 6. The co-phylogenetic scenarios revealed by JANE analysis. Thin black lines are the Analges phylogenetic tree, wide grey lines are the bird tree. The legend shows the cost of each event (in parentheses) near every co-phylogenetic event and the number of reconstructed events. A, original analysis with the full set of taxa in multi-host Analges–bird associations.? – after speciation, the ancestral species still exists. B, dated best-cost scenarios of the multi-host associations reduced to a single host species and supplemented by spread events for remaining host species. Clades in multi-host species remained as in the original analysis, i.e. originated by failure to speciate. The circles near Analges species names designate the components of host nests: black circles, fine feathers and/or down in nest material; white circles, no feathers in nest material (after Gotzman & Jablonski, 1972 and Beuch, 2013).

Fig. 5 in The explosive radiation, intense host-shifts and long-term failure to speciate in the evolutionary history of the feather mite genus Analges (Acariformes: Analgidae) from European passerines

Fig. 5. Character tracing of two key morphological characteristics of Analges: finger-like process on tarsi III in males (A) and chelate hypertrophied legs III in heteromorph males (B). Changes were traced onto the final tree (Fig. 4) using likelihood asymmetrical two-parameter Markov model with differently estimated forward/backward rates of character state changes.

Fig. 4 in The explosive radiation, intense host-shifts and long-term failure to speciate in the evolutionary history of the feather mite genus Analges (Acariformes: Analgidae) from European passerines

Fig. 4. Diversification of Analges through time. A, dated maximum clade credibility tree revealed by BEAST analysis from concatenated COI, 16S and 28S sequences for Analges species and their outgroups. Intensity of node colouration designates PP of Bayesian analysis. The chronostratigraphic scale is given with absolute geological ages (MYA, million years ago). The node bars indicate credibility intervals (± 95% highest posterior densities HPD). Two columns of coloured squares on the right designate two taxonomic hypotheses of intrageneric groupings. The category 'ungrouped' describe male Analges without both chelate legs III and finger-like processes on tarsi III. B, lineages through time (LTT) plot for Analges. The upturn around 23 Mya reflects an acceleration in the rate of speciation which coincides with the origin of the crown in the Analges clade.

Fig. 3 in The explosive radiation, intense host-shifts and long-term failure to speciate in the evolutionary history of the feather mite genus Analges (Acariformes: Analgidae) from European passerines

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic conflict in the BI post-burnin trees reconstructed from concatenated sequences of COI, 16S and 28S as shown by consensus network analyses for threshold values 0.3 (A) and 0.012 (B). The hypothesized Analges corvinus–A. sturninus clade is depicted in red, the hypothesized Analges sp.n. 6–A. sturninus clade is depicted in blue. The numbers near splits are confidence values for alternate hypotheses.

Fig. 1 in The explosive radiation, intense host-shifts and long-term failure to speciate in the evolutionary history of the feather mite genus Analges (Acariformes: Analgidae) from European passerines

Fig. 1. Morphological characteristics applied in two different intrageneric groupings in the Analges genus. A, general view of male, Analges corvinus, ventral side; B, hypertrophied leg III in males of the passerinus species group, A. passerinus, dorsal side; C, hypertrophied leg III in males of the chelopus species group, A. spiniger, ventral side; D, male tarsus III with ventral finger-like process bearing seta w in Analgopsis subgenus, A. poppei, dorsal side; E, male tarsus III lacking the ventral process in Analges subgenus, A. corvinus, ventral side.

Fig. 2 in The explosive radiation, intense host-shifts and long-term failure to speciate in the evolutionary history of the feather mite genus Analges (Acariformes: Analgidae) from European passerines

Fig. 2. Neighbour-joining tree with sequence groups of putative Analges species recovered by automatic barcode gap discovery from COI barcode sequences.