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FIGURE 5 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 5. SEM images of scales sampled from selected scorpaenid species. (a, b) Parascorpaena mossambica SAIAB 35158, 12.8 mm and 14.6 mm, respectively. (c) Pterois mombassae SAIAB 68969, 14.9 mm and SAIAB 14532, 71.5 mm. (d) Scorpaenopsis venosa SAIAB 40271, 17.9 mm. (e) Dendrochirus brachypterus SAIAB 87001, 35.8 mm. (f) D. brachypterus SAIAB 4163, 77 mm. (g) Scorpaenodes guamensis SAIAB 98510, 14.0 mm and 43.5 mm. fo = scale focus.

FIGURE 2 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 2. SEM images of juvenile spinoid scales of species representing selected apogonid genera: (a) Ostorhinchus doederleini AMS I. 30881 - 019, 11.0 mm. (b) Cheilodipterus intermedius AMS I. 33273 - 010, 12 mm. (c) Unidentified apogonid AMS I. 41401 - 010, 14.8 mm. (d) Fowleria sp. AMS I. 42791 - 033, 14.8 mm. (e) Taeniamia pallida SAIAB 96212, 18.4 mm. (f) Ostorhinchus cookii 15.5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 4. SEM images of scales of selected species of the Pempheridae, Kurtidae and Gobiidae. (a) Pemperis sp. SAIAB 9521, 46.6 mm SL. (b) Pempheris flavicycla SAIAB 77805, 119 mm SL. (c) Cycloid scale of Kurtus gulliveri SAIAB 70522, 148 mm. Peripheral ctenoid scales of: (d) Bathygobius cocosensis SAIAB 56733, 38.5 mm. (e) Gnatholepis anjerensis SAIAB 2576, 83.5 mm. (f) Caffrogobius saldanha PEM 20130111, 14.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 3. Ontogeny of transforming ctenoid scales in Taeniamia pallida. (a) Cycloid stage (SAIAB 96212, 18.4 mm). (b) & (c) Spinoid and early ctenoid stage showing baseline of spines and first row of ctenii with no truncation (SAIAB 96212, 20 & 25.5 mm, respectively). (d) adult scale with spines and first row of ctenii truncated (SAIAB 96247, 57.2 mm).

FIGURE 1 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 1. SEM images of adult transforming ctenoid scales of species representing selected apogonid genera: (a) Siphamia cephalotes CSIRO B 3505, 35.5 mm. (b) Apogon coccineus SAIAB 3325, 27.9 mm. (c) Pristiapogon kallopterus SAIAB 9989, 73.5 mm. (d) Jaydia novaeguineae SAIAB 96303, 88.9 mm. (e) Cheilodipterus novemstriatus SAIAB 69182, 32.9 mm. (f) Foa sp. SAIAB 18422, 52.0 mm. (g) Fowleria variegata SAIAB 87543, 38.8 mm. (h) Phaeoptyx conklini SAIAB 60098, 43.5 mm. (i) Holapogon maximus SAIAB 55280, 154.0 mm.

Fig. 4. — A–B in Glaciambulata neumayeri gen. et sp. nov., a new Antarctic trachymedusa (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with a revision of the family Ptychogastriidae

Fig. 4. — A–B. Ptychogastria asteroides (Haeckel, 1879). A. Lateral view of a medusa. B. Portion of umbrella margin showing the arrangement of tentacles. — C–E. Ptychogastria polaris Allman, 1878. C. Medusa in lateral view. D. Oral view of half of the medusa, showing the arrangement of the marginal tentacles. E. Portion of the bell margin, greatly enlarged. — F–G. Tesserogastria musculosa Beyer, 1959. Medusa in lateral (F) and oral (G) aspects. [A, B redrawn after Gili et al. (1999); C, E redrawn after Panteleeva et al. (1999); D redrawn after Haeckel (1881b); F, G redrawn after Hesthagen (1971)]. Scale bars: A, B = 500 µm; C = 3 mm; E = 2 mm.

Fig. 5 in Glaciambulata neumayeri gen. et sp. nov., a new Antarctic trachymedusa (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with a revision of the family Ptychogastriidae

Fig. 5. — Pectis antarctica Haeckel, 1879. A–B. Medusa in lateral (A) and oral (B) views. C. Longitudinal section through the manubrium. D. Lateral view of the manubrium showing the outer, gastric pouches. E. Lateral view of Voragonema laciniata Bouillon et al., 2001. F–G. Manubrium of V. laciniata in oral (F) and lateral (G) views. [A–D redrawn after Haeckel (1881b); E–G redrawn after Bouillon et al. (2001)]. Scale bars: A, B, E = 1 cm; F, G = 5 mm.

Fig. 2 in Glaciambulata neumayeri gen. et sp. nov., a new Antarctic trachymedusa (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with a revision of the family Ptychogastriidae

Fig. 2. Glaciambulata neumayeri Galea, Roder, Walcher, Warmuth, Kohlberg & Fischer, gen. et sp. nov. A. Arrangement pattern of the large, Fliform tentacles around the bell margin. B. Aboral view of a medusa showing some radial and the ring canal. C. Distal part of an adhesive tentacle. D. Portion of a Fliform tentacle, showing the arrangement of the nematocysts. E–F. The mouth in frontal (E) and lateral (F) aspects. G–H. Arrangement and structure of the gonads. I–J. Position of the statocysts (arrowheads). K. Close-ups of three statocysts. L. Cnidome. Scale bars: G = 2 mm; A, B, H, I = 1 mm; E, F = 500 µm; C, J = 200 µm; K = 30 µm; L = 10 µm.

Fig. 1 in Glaciambulata neumayeri gen. et sp. nov., a new Antarctic trachymedusa (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with a revision of the family Ptychogastriidae

Fig. 1. Glaciambulata neumayeri Galea, Roder, Walcher, Warmuth, Kohlberg & Fischer, gen. et sp. nov. A–C. Living medusae. D–G. Preserved medusae in aboral (D, E) and oral (F, G) views. Scale bars: A, C = 5 mm; B, D–G = 2 mm.

Fig. 4 in On Powellithecidae fam. nov., a new Pliocene to Recent bryozoan family endemic to New Zealand, with the description of Powellitheca gen. nov. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

Fig. 4. Powellitheca waipukurensis (Waters, 1887) comb. nov. NHMUK BZ 7744, Nukumaruan, Pleistocene, Nukumaru Limestone, Waiinu Beach. Two colonies of P. waipukurensis encrusting a bivalve shell, competing with other bryozoan species for space. Note the band of fertile zooids with large, globular ovicells.

Fig. 6 in On Powellithecidae fam. nov., a new Pliocene to Recent bryozoan family endemic to New Zealand, with the description of Powellitheca gen. nov. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

Fig. 6. Powellitheca waipukurensis (Waters, 1887) comb. nov. Nukumaruan, Pleistocene, Nukumaru Limestone, Waiinu Beach. A–F. NHMUK BZ 7744. A. General view of two colonies encrusting a bivalve shell. B. Fusion of the two colonies shown in A and formation of kenozooids along the encountering edge. C. Group of fertile zooids and autozooids. D. Ancestrula and early ontogeny. E. Close-up of the minimally calcified ancestrula. F. Autozooidal orifice and avicularium. — G–H. NHMUK BZ 7745. G. Internal view of the proximal, convex, orificial rim lacking a lyrula. H. Multiporous septula on the zooidal vertical walls. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 µm; C–D = 200 µm; E–F = 100 µm; G–H = 20 µm.

Fig. 3 in On Powellithecidae fam. nov., a new Pliocene to Recent bryozoan family endemic to New Zealand, with the description of Powellitheca gen. nov. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

Fig. 3. Powellitheca labiosa gen. et sp. nov. NIWA 98320 (A–C, E–F), 98229 (D), Recent, Three King Islands, New Zealand. A. Group of fertile zooids and autozooids. B. Tilted view of the primary orifice of an autozooid. Note the lack of a lyrula. C. Close-up of the frontal, multiporous septula on the distolateral corners and the funnel-shaped pseudopores on the frontal shield. D. Lateral, multiporous septula on the zooidal vertical walls. E–F. Tilted view of the orifice of fertile zooids. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–C = 100 µm; D = 200 µm; E = 250 µm; F = 150 µm.

Fig. 2 in On Powellithecidae fam. nov., a new Pliocene to Recent bryozoan family endemic to New Zealand, with the description of Powellitheca gen. nov. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

Fig. 2. Powellitheca terranovae gen. et sp. nov. NIWA 98983, Recent, Stephens Hole, NZOI Station Q686, New Zealand. A. Group of fertile zooids and autozooids. B. Close-up of an autozooid showing frontal, multiporous septula on the distolateral corners. C. Lateral, multiporous septula on the vertical walls of a maternal zooid. Note also the prominent, suboral umbo. D. Avicularium. E. Tilted view of an autozooidal orifice to show the anvil-shaped, downwardly directed lyrula. F. Orifice of a maternal zooid and incomplete ooecium. Scale bars: A = 250 µm; B–C = 100 µm; D–E = 50 µm; F = 150 µm.

Fig. 1 in On Powellithecidae fam. nov., a new Pliocene to Recent bryozoan family endemic to New Zealand, with the description of Powellitheca gen. nov. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

Fig. 1. Emballotheca quadrata (MacGillivray, 1880), NHMUK 1897.5.1.830, Recent, Port Phillip Heads, Victoria, Australia. A. General view of the colony. B. Autozooidal orifice and avicularia. C. Close-up of a condyle with scaled tip. D. Fertile zooid and surrounding autozooids. E. Large, spatulate, frontal avicularium and lateral pore-chamber windows in the vertical walls. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B = 40 µm; C = 10 µm; D = 200 µm; E = 100 µm.

Fig. 5 in On Powellithecidae fam. nov., a new Pliocene to Recent bryozoan family endemic to New Zealand, with the description of Powellitheca gen. nov. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

Fig. 5. Powellitheca waipukurensis (Waters, 1887) comb. nov. Specimen figured by Brown (1952: fig. 203), NHMUK D36986, Mangapanian, Early Pliocene, Hawkes Bay, Waipukurau Gorge. A. General view of the colony. B. Group of autozooids and fertile zooids showing the dimorphic orifices. C. Group of zooids with avicularia. D. Autozooids. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–C = 200 µm; D = 100 µm.

Fig. 7 in On Powellithecidae fam. nov., a new Pliocene to Recent bryozoan family endemic to New Zealand, with the description of Powellitheca gen. nov. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

Fig. 7. Powellitheca terranovae gen. et sp. nov. Underwater photograph taken by Dr. Vincent Zintzen (Department of Conservation, NZ) at the Poor Knights Islands, off the NE coast of North Island, north of Auckland, New Zealand. Note the band of yellow pigment at the colony's growing edges and the 19 yellow tentacles of the autozooids.

Fig. 9. Posterior gonopods. A in Taxonomic status of the family Biokoviellidae Mršić, 1992 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida): reconsideration, with a description of one new species

Fig. 9. Posterior gonopods. A. Biokoviella mauriesi Mršić, 1992, ♂ from the Lovricia 3 Pit. B. Biokoviella mosorensis Antić & Dražina sp. nov., ♂, holotype. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale line = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 8 in Taxonomic status of the family Biokoviellidae Mršić, 1992 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida): reconsideration, with a description of one new species

Fig. 8. Biokoviella mosorensis Antić & Dražina sp. nov., ♀, paratype, vulvae. A. Posterior view. B. Lateral view. C. Anterior view. D. Antero-distal view. E. Distal view. F. Postero-distal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

Fig. 7 in Taxonomic status of the family Biokoviellidae Mršić, 1992 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida): reconsideration, with a description of one new species

Fig. 7. Biokoviella mosorensis Antić & Dražina sp. nov., ♂, holotype, anterior gonopods. A–B. Anterior view. C–D. Posterior view. E–F. Lateral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale line = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 4 in Taxonomic status of the family Biokoviellidae Mršić, 1992 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida): reconsideration, with a description of one new species

Fig. 4. Biokoviella mosorensis Antić & Dražina sp. nov., ♂, paratype. A. Pleurotergite 15, posterior view. B. Pleurotergite 15, prozonite and metazonite, dorsal view. C. Pleurotergite 15, metaznonite, dorsal view. D. Pleurotergites 14 and 15, lateral view. E. Pleurotergites 14 and 15, dorsal view.