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562 results for “genetic divergence”
Data from: Genetic divergence and the number of hybridizing species affect the path to homoploid hybrid speciation
Hybridization is often maladaptive, and in some instances has led to the loss of biodiversity. However, hybridization can also promote speciation, such as during homoploid hybrid speciation, thereby generating biodiversity. Despite examples of homoploid hybrid species, the importance of hybridization as a speciation mechanism is still widely debated, and we lack a general understanding of the conditions most likely to generate homoploid hybrid species. Here we show that the level of genetic divergence between hybridizing species has a large effect on the probability that their hybrids evolve reproductive isolation. We find that populations of hybrids formed by parental species with intermediate levels of divergence were more likely to mate assortatively, and discriminate against their parental species, than those generated from weakly or strongly diverged parental species. Reproductive isolation was also found between hybrid populations, suggesting differential sorting of parental traits across populations. Finally, hybrid populations derived from three species were more likely to evolve reproductive isolation than those derived from two, supporting arguments that hybridization-supplied genetic diversity can lead to the evolution of novel "adaptive systems" and promote speciation. Our results illustrate when we expect hybridization and admixture to promote hybrid speciation. Whether homoploid hybrid speciation is a common speciation mechanism in general, remains an outstanding empirical question.
Data from: Stable coexistence of genetically divergent Atlantic cod ecotypes at multiple spatial scales
Coexistence in the same habitat of closely related yet genetically different populations is a phenomenon that challenges our understanding of local population structure and adaptation. Identifying the underlying mechanisms for such coexistence can yield new insight into adaptive evolution, diversification, and the potential for organisms to adapt and persist in response to a changing environment. Recent studies have documented cryptic, sympatric populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in coastal areas. We analyzed genetic origin of 6483 individual cod sampled annually over 14 years from 125 locations along the Norwegian Skagerrak coast and document stable coexistence of two genetically divergent Atlantic cod ecotypes throughout the study area and study period. A 'fjord' ecotype dominated in numbers deep inside fjords while a 'North Sea' ecotype was the only type found in offshore North Sea. Both ecotypes coexisted in similar proportions throughout coastal habitats at all spatial scales. The size-at-age of the North Sea ecotype on average exceeded that of the fjord ecotype by 20% in length and 80% in weight across all habitats. Different growth and size among individuals of the two types might be one of several ecologically significant variables that allow for stable coexistence of closely related populations within the same habitat. Management plans, biodiversity initiatives, and other mitigation strategies that do not account for the mixture of species ecotypes are unlikely to meet objectives related to the sustainability of fish and fisheries.
Substantial genetic divergence and lack of recent gene flow support cryptic speciation in a colour polymorphic bumble bee (Bombus bifarius) species complex
<p>Phenotypic polymorphism can constitute an inherent challenge for species delimitation. This issue is exemplified in bumble bees (<i>Bombus</i>), where species can exhibit high colour variation across their range, but otherwise exhibit little morphological variation to distinguish them from close relatives. We examine the species status of one of the most abundant North American bumble bees, <i>Bombus bifarius</i> Cresson, which historically was comprised of two major taxa, <i>bifarius</i> <i>s.s.</i> (<i>sensu stricto</i>) and <i>nearcticus</i>. These sublineages are recognized primarily by red and black variation in their mid-abdominal coloration, however, a continuum from black (<i>nearcticus</i>) to red (<i>bifarius s.s.</i>) variation has led to their historic synonymisation. Integrating mitochondrial and nuclear data and whole-genome sequencing, we reveal a high level of both mitochondrial and nuclear divergence delimiting two morphologically cryptic species – the red <i>bifarius s.s.</i> and the color variable (black to red) <i>nearcticus</i>. Population genomic analysis supports an absence of recent genomic admixture and a strong population structure between the two clades even in sympatry. Species distribution models predict partially differentiated niches between the genetically-inferred clades with annual precipitation being a leading differentiating variable. The<i> bifarius</i> <i>s.s. </i>lineage also occupies significantly higher elevations, with regions of sympatry being among the highest elevations in <i>nearcticus</i>. Our data also support a subspecies-level divergence between the broadly distributed <i>nearcticus</i> and the island population <i>vancouverensis</i>. In this paper, we formally recognize the two species, <i>Bombus</i> <i>bifarius</i> Cresson and <i>Bombus</i> <i>vancouverensis </i>Cresson, the latter including the subspecies <i>B. vancouverensis vancouverensis</i> <b>comb. n.</b> and <i>B. vancouverensis nearcticus</i> <b>comb. n</b>., with <i>vancouverensis </i>the name bearer due to year priority.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Establishment and maintenance of adaptive genetic divergence under migration, selection, and drift
There is a long tradition in population genetics of exploring the maintenance of variation under migration-selection balance using deterministic models that assume infinite population size. With finite population size, stochastic dynamics can greatly reduce the potential for the maintenance of polymorphism, but this has yet to be explored in detail. Here, classical two-patch models are extended to predict: i) the probability of a locally beneficial mutation rising in frequency in the patch where it is favored, and ii) the critical threshold migration rate above which the maintenance of polymorphism is much less likely. Individual-based simulations show that these approximations provide accurate predictions across a wide range of parameter space.
Data from: Assortative mating by an obliquely transmitted local cultural trait promotes genetic divergence: a model
The effect of learned culture (e.g., birdsong dialects and human languages) on genetic divergence is unclear. Previous theoretical research suggests that because oblique learning allows phenotype transmission from individuals with no offspring to an unrelated individual in the next generation, the effect of sexual selection on the learned trait is masked. However, I propose that migration and spatially constrained learning can form statistical associations between cultural and genetic traits, which may allow selection on the cultural traits to indirectly affect the genetic traits. Here, I build a population genetic model that allows such statistical associations to form, and find that sexual selection and divergent selection on the cultural trait can indeed help maintain genetic divergence through such statistical associations, while selection against genetic hybrids does not affect cultural trait divergence. Furthermore, I find that even when the cultural trait changes over time due to drift and mutation, it can still help maintain genetic divergence. These results suggest the role of obliquely transmitted traits in evolution may be underrated, and the lack of one-to-one associations between cultural and genetic traits may not be sufficient to disprove the role of culture in genetic divergence.
Data from: Hybrid crosses and the genetic basis of interspecific divergence in lifespan in Pristionchus nematodes
Characterizing the genetic basis of among-species variation in lifespan is a major goal of evolutionary gerontology research, but the very feature that defines separate species—the inability to interbreed—makes achieving this goal impractical, if not impossible, for most taxa. Pristionchus nematodes provide an intriguing system for tackling this problem, as female lifespan varies among species that can be crossed to form viable (though infertile) hybrids. By conducting reciprocal crosses among three species—two dioecious (long-lived P. exspectatus and short-lived P. arcanus) and one androdioecious (short-lived P. pacificus)—we found that female lifespan was long for all hybrids, consistent with the hypothesis that the relatively short lifespans seen for P. pacificus hermaphrodites and P. arcanus females are caused by independent, recessive alleles that are masked in hybrid genomes. Cross direction had a small effect on survivorship for crosses involving P. exspectatus, indicating that nuclear-mitochondrial interactions may also influence Pristionchus longevity. Our findings suggest that long lifespan in P. exspectatus reflects the realization of an ancestral potential for extended longevity in the P. pacificus species complex. This work demonstrates the utility of interspecific hybrids for ageing research and provides a foundation for future work on the genetic architecture of interspecific lifespan variation.
Data from: Divergent selection on, but no genetic conflict over, female and male timing and rate of reproduction in a human population
The sexes often have different phenotypic optima for important life-history traits, and because of a largely shared genome this can lead to a conflict over trait expression. In mammals, the obligate costs of reproduction are higher for females, making reproductive timing and rate especially liable to conflict between the sexes. While studies from wild vertebrates support such sexual conflict, it remains unexplored in humans. We used a pedigreed human population from preindustrial Finland to estimate sexual conflict over age at first and last reproduction, reproductive lifespan and reproductive rate. We found that the phenotypic selection gradients differed between the sexes. We next established significant heritabilities in both sexes for all traits. All traits, except reproductive rate, showed strongly positive intersexual genetic correlations and were strongly genetically correlated with fitness in both sexes. Moreover, the genetic correlations with fitness were almost identical in men and women. For reproductive rate, the intersexual correlation and the correlation with fitness were weaker but again similar between the sexes. Thus, in this population, an apparent sexual conflict at the phenotypic level did not reflect an underlying genetic conflict over the studied reproductive traits. These findings emphasize the need for incorporating genetic perspectives into studies of human life-history evolution.
Figure 3 from: Raupach MJ, Rulik B, Spelda J (2022) Surprisingly high genetic divergence of the mitochondrial DNA barcode fragment (COI) within Central European woodlice species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea). ZooKeys 1082: 103-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1082.69851
Figure 3 Subtree of the Neighbor-joining topology based on Kimura 2-parameter distances of all analyzed specimens of Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii Brandt, 1833 and nearest neighbor. Branches with specimen ID-number from BOLD and sample localities. Numbers next to internal nodes are non-parametric bootstrap values (in %) with values higher than 80. BIN values are based on the barcode analysis from 05-06-2020. The isopod drawing by Christian Schmidt was obtained from Raupach (2005).
Genetic divergence and diversity reflect a predominant freshwater resident life history in Rainbow Trout from southwestern Alaska
<p>Rainbow Trout <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> in southwestern Alaska occupy coastal watersheds near the northern boundary of the species native range and support a world class wild trout sport fishery. Although low freshwater temperatures and a short growing season in this region may favor anadromy, these populations appear to exhibit a freshwater resident life history strategy. In this study we used genetic data to evaluate two hypotheses regarding the influence of the presumed migratory behavior of these Rainbow Trout on reproductive isolation among and within watersheds. The results were largely consistent with the predictions but there were exceptions. The data supported the hypothesis that the freshwater resident behavior precludes marine-mediated gene flow resulting in large genetic divergence and low admixture among watersheds. The estimate of <i>F<sub>CT</sub></i> (among-watershed differentiation, 0.350) was large and reflected over 96% of the variation among all sampled aggregations (<i>F<sub>ST</sub></i> = 0.363). However, evidence of admixed individuals in two adjacent watersheds and five first generation migrants among five watersheds suggests that the potential for coastal migration with gene flow exists in these populations. The data also supported the hypothesis that aggregations formed within watersheds during the spawning period (May-June) represent reproductively isolated populations. The pairwise estimates of <i>F<sub>ST</sub></i> and the <i>G</i>-test results revealed population structure in four of the six watersheds tested. However, not all aggregation pairs were found genetically distinct and there was notable variation in the pairwise <i>F<sub>ST</sub></i> estimates (0.000 – 0.067). In summary, the data reflected the predicted results for each hypothesis, but also revealed exceptions that, consistent with tagging studies, demonstrate the complexity of migratory behavior in southwestern Alaska Rainbow Trout. We discuss the implications of these results for fishery management and conservation.</p>
Figure 26 in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 26. Distribution of A, Pseudoanthidium kaspareki; B, P. rozeni.
Figure 15. Neotype Anthidium stigmaticorne. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 15. Neotype Anthidium stigmaticorne. A, dorsal view; B, labels; C, face; D, lateral view.
Figure 14. Lectotype Anthidium frontale. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 14. Lectotype Anthidium frontale. A, dorsal view; B, face; C, labels; D, lateral view.
Figure 5. Lectotype, Pseudoanthidium nanum. A in Paraphyly and low levels of genetic divergence in morphologically distinct taxa: revision of the Pseudoanthidium scapulare complex of carder bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)
Figure 5. Lectotype, Pseudoanthidium nanum. A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, labels.
Supplementary material 2 from: Raupach MJ, Rulik B, Spelda J (2022) Surprisingly high genetic divergence of the mitochondrial DNA barcode fragment (COI) within Central European woodlice species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea). ZooKeys 1082: 103-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1082.69851
Neighbor-joining topology
Supplementary material 1 from: Raupach MJ, Rulik B, Spelda J (2022) Surprisingly high genetic divergence of the mitochondrial DNA barcode fragment (COI) within Central European woodlice species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea). ZooKeys 1082: 103-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1082.69851
Barcode analysis using the BOLD workbench
Figure 1 from: Raupach MJ, Rulik B, Spelda J (2022) Surprisingly high genetic divergence of the mitochondrial DNA barcode fragment (COI) within Central European woodlice species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea). ZooKeys 1082: 103-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1082.69851
Figure 1 Various woodlouse species of Germany AOniscus asellus Linnaeus, 1758 BArmadillidium nasatum Budde-Lund, 1885 CTrachelipus ratzeburgii (Brandt, 1833) DMesonicus alpicola (Heller, 1858) EPhiloscia muscorum (Scopoli, 1763) FHaplophthalmus mariae Strouhal, 1953 GArmadillidium opacum (C. Koch, 1841) HPlatyarthrus hoffmannseggii Brandt, 1833. Scale bar: 1 mm. Photograph credits: A–G Jörg Spelda H Armin Rose.
Supplementary material 3 from: Raupach MJ, Rulik B, Spelda J (2022) Surprisingly high genetic divergence of the mitochondrial DNA barcode fragment (COI) within Central European woodlice species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea). ZooKeys 1082: 103-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1082.69851
Neighbor-joining topology of the BOLD workbench including BIN analysis
Figure 2 from: Raupach MJ, Rulik B, Spelda J (2022) Surprisingly high genetic divergence of the mitochondrial DNA barcode fragment (COI) within Central European woodlice species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea). ZooKeys 1082: 103-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1082.69851
Figure 2 Neighbor-joining (NJ) topology of the analyzed isopod species based on Kimura 2-parameter distances. Triangles show the relative number of individual's sampled (height) and sequence divergence (width). Red triangles highlight terrestrial species with intraspecific maximum pairwise distances > 2.2%, whereas dark blue triangles indicate freshwater species with such distances. Numbers next to nodes represent non-parametric bootstrap values > 90% (1,000 replicates). Asterisks indicate species not recorded in Germany.
Contrasting environmental drivers of genetic of genetic and phenotypic divergence in an Andean poison frog
<p>Phenotypic and genetic divergence are shaped by the homogenizing effects of gene flow and the differentiating processes of genetic drift and local adaptation. Herein, we examined the mechanisms that underlie phenotypic (size and color) and genetic divergence in 35 populations (535 individuals) of the poison frog <em>Epipedobates anthonyi</em> along four elevational gradients (0–1800 m asl) in the Ecuadorian Andes. We found phenotypic divergence in size and color despite relatively low genetic divergence at neutral microsatellite loci. Genetic and phenotypic divergence were both explained by landscape resistance between sites (isolation-by-resistance, IBR), likely due to a cold and dry mountain ridge between the northern and southern elevational transects that limits dispersal and separates two color morphs. Moreover, environmental differences among sites also explained genetic and phenotypic divergence, suggesting isolation-by-environment (IBE). When northern and southern transects were analyzed separately, genetic divergence was predicted either by distance (isolation-by-distance, IBD; northern) or environmental resistance between sites (IBR; southern). In contrast, phenotypic divergence was primarily explained by environmental differences among sites, supporting the IBE hypothesis. These results indicate that although distance and geographic barriers are important drivers of population divergence, environmental variation has a two-fold effect on population divergence. On the one hand, landscape resistance between sites reduces gene flow (IBR), while on the other hand, environmental differences among sites exert divergent selective pressures on phenotypic traits (IBE). Our work highlights the importance of studying both genetic and phenotypic divergence to better understand the processes of population divergence and speciation along ecological gradients.</p>
Data from: Genetic divergence and isolation by thermal environment in geothermal populations of an aquatic invertebrate
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