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3,283 results for “males and females”
Data from: Females can solve the problem of low signal reliability by assessing multiple male traits
Male signals that provide information to females about mating benefits are often of low reliability. It is thus not clear why females often express strong signal preferences. We tested the hypothesis that females can distinguish between males with preferred signals that provide lower and higher quality direct benefits. In the field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, females usually prefer higher male chirp rates, but chirp rate is positively correlated with the fecundity benefits females will receive from males only for males that have experienced low quality diets. We paired females with muted males that were maintained on low or high nutrition diets, during the interactions we broadcast a replacement high chirp rate, and we observed whether females mated with the assigned male. Females were more likely to mate when paired with low nutrition males. These results suggest that females have evolved assessment mechanisms that allow them distinguish between males with preferred signals that provide high quality benefits (low nutrition males with high chirp rates) and males with preferred signals that provide low quality benefits (high nutrition males with high chirp rates).
Supporting information: Analysis of attentional bias towards attractive and unattractive body regions among overweight males and females: An eye-movement study.
<p>This is the data set as supporting information, provided as .csv file.</p> <p>Further information is available on request.</p>
FIGURE 10. Female P. linnaei, 15. V. 2016 in New species of Protosticta Selys from Vietnam with a key to the males of the P. curiosa group (Odonata: Platystictidae)
FIGURE 10. Female P. linnaei, 15. V. 2016, Quang Nam Province.
Figure 8. - Palaemonyuna sp. n. Figures i and m holotype; figures a–e, g, h, j–l paratype (CCDB 4866, male, CL 5.5 mm); figure f paratype (CCDB 4866, female, CL 5.5 mm). a left third pereiopod, lateral view b left fourth pereiopod, lateral view c distal portion of the left fifth pereiopod, lateral view d left fifth pereiopod, lateral view e left first pleopod, posterior view f left first pleopod, posterior view g left second pleopod, posterior view h left appendix masculina and appendix interna, posterior view i right posterior part of the abdomen, lateral view j pre-anal fig, ventral view k telson and uropods, dorsal view l distal part of the telson, dorsal view m left distal portion of the exopod of the uropod, dorsal view. Scale bar: a, b, d–g, i, k equal to 1 mm; c, j, m equal to 0.5 mm; h, l equal to 0.25 mm.
Figure 8. - Palaemonyuna sp. n. Figures i and m holotype; figures a–e, g, h, j–l paratype (CCDB 4866, male, CL 5.5 mm); figure f paratype (CCDB 4866, female, CL 5.5 mm). a left third pereiopod, lateral view b left fourth pereiopod, lateral view c distal portion of the left fifth pereiopod, lateral view d left fifth pereiopod, lateral view e left first pleopod, posterior view f left first pleopod, posterior view g left second pleopod, posterior view h left appendix masculina and appendix interna, posterior view i right posterior part of the abdomen, lateral view j pre-anal fig, ventral view k telson and uropods, dorsal view l distal part of the telson, dorsal view m left distal portion of the exopod of the uropod, dorsal view. Scale bar: a, b, d–g, i, k equal to 1 mm; c, j, m equal to 0.5 mm; h, l equal to 0.25 mm.
Figures 1–6. - Neohemisphaeriusguangxiensis sp. n. 1 Adult (male), dorsal view 2 Adult (male), in lateral view 3 Frons and clypeus (male), in front view 4 Adult (female), in dorsal view 5 Adult (female), in lateral view 6 Frons and clypeus (female), in front view.
Figures 1–6. - Neohemisphaeriusguangxiensis sp. n. 1 Adult (male), dorsal view 2 Adult (male), in lateral view 3 Frons and clypeus (male), in front view 4 Adult (female), in dorsal view 5 Adult (female), in lateral view 6 Frons and clypeus (female), in front view.
Figure 3. - Teredoruschiangraiensis sp. n.: A lateral view of female B dorsal view of female C oblique view of male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Figure 3. - Teredoruschiangraiensis sp. n.: A lateral view of female B dorsal view of female C oblique view of male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Figure 1. - Hedotettixtriangularis sp. n.: A lateral view of female B dorsal view of female C oblique view of male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Figure 1. - Hedotettixtriangularis sp. n.: A lateral view of female B dorsal view of female C oblique view of male. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Fig. 2. Neoscona xishanensis, female. A in First record of Neoscona xishanensis Yin, Wang, Xie et Peng, 1990 (Araneae: Araneidae) from India with description of hitherto unknown male
Fig. 2. Neoscona xishanensis, female. A – habitus, dorsal view; B – chelicerae, ventral
Female chacma baboons modulate their sexual receptivity in response to male intrasexual competition
<p>Research in social mammals has revealed the complexity of strategies females use in response to female-female reproductive competition and sexual conflict. One point at which competition and conflict manifest acutely is during sexual receptivity, indicated by swellings in some primates. Whether females can adjust their sexual receptivity from cycle to cycle to decrease reproductive competition and sexual conflict in response to social pressures has not been tested. As a first step, this study explores whether sexual receptivity duration is predicted social pressures in wild female chacma baboons (<em>Papio</em> <em>ursinus</em>). Given that female baboons face intense reproductive competition and sexual coercion, we predicted that: females could shorten the duration of their sexual receptive period to reduce female-female aggression and male coercion or increase it to access multiple or their preferred male(s). We quantified 157 ovulatory cycles from 46 wild females living in central Namibia recorded over 15 years. We found no support for our hypothesis; however, our analyses revealed a negative correlation between maximal-swelling duration and group size, a proxy of within-group competition. This study provides further evidence that swelling is costly as well as a testable framework for future investigations of 'cycle length manipulation'.</p>
Adult male birds advance spring migratory phenology faster than females and juveniles across North America
<p>Advances in spring migratory phenology comprise some of the most well-documented evidence for the impacts of climate change on birds. Nevertheless, surprisingly little research has investigated whether birds are shifting their migratory phenology equally across sex and age classes – a question critical to understanding the potential for trophic mismatch. We used 60-years of bird banding data across North America – comprising over 4 million captures in total – to investigate both spring and fall migratory phenology for a total of 98 bird species across sex and age classes, with the exact numbers of species for each analysis depending on season-specific data availability. Consistent with protandry, in spring (n=89 species), adult males were the first to arrive and immature females were the last to arrive. In fall (n=98), there was little difference between sexes, but adults tended to depart earlier than juveniles. Over 60 years, adult males advanced their phenology the fastest (-0.84 days per decade, 95CrI = -1.22 to -0.47, n=36), while adult and immature females advanced at a slower pace, causing the gap in male and female arrival times to widen over time. In the fall, there was no overall trend in phenology by age or sex (n=57), driven in part by high interspecific variation related to breeding and molt strategies. Our results indicate consistent and predictable age- and sex-based differences in the rates at which species' springtime phenology is shifting. The growing gap between male and female migratory arrival indicates sex-based plasticity in adaptation to climate change that has strong potential to negatively impact current and future population trends.</p>
Male-female disparity in clinical features and significance of mild vertebral fractures in community-dwelling residents aged 50 and over: A Japanese cohort survey randomly sampled from a basic resident registry
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Rapid divergent evolution of internal female genitalia and the coevolution of male genital morphology revealed by micro-computed tomography
<p>Animal genitalia are thought to evolve rapidly and divergently in response to sexual selection. Studies of genital evolution have focused largely on male genitalia, with our understanding of female genital evolution relatively limited. The paucity of work on female genital morphology is likely due to problems faced in quantifying shape variation, due to their composition and accessibility. Here we use a combination of micro-computed tomography, landmark-free shape quantification, and phylogenetic analysis to quantify the rate of female genital shape evolution among 29 species of Antichiropus millipedes, and the coevolution of male genitalia. We found significant variation in female and male genital shape among species. While male genital shape showed significant phylogenetic signal, female genital shape did not. Male genital shape was found to be evolving 1.2 times faster than female genital shape. Female and male genital shapes exhibited strongly correlated evolution, indicating that genital shape changes in one sex are associated with corresponding changes in the genital shape of the other sex. This study adds novel insight into our growing understanding of how female genitalia can evolve rapidly and divergently and highlights the advantages of three-dimensional techniques and multivariate analyses in studies of female genital evolution.</p>
Data from: Ultraviolet signaling in a butterfly is preferred by females and conveys male genetic quality
<p>Indicator models of sexual selection posit that females chose males on the basis of traits that reveal male genetic quality and thereby enjoy increased offspring production. Here we report that females of the butterfly Eurema hecabe receive indirect benefits from choosing males based on their UV wing colouration, a heritable and condition-dependent trait in this species. We first used a large laboratory-bred pedigree to demonstrate a per-family association between inbreeding and male UV trait value. Females exerted choice for UV-bright males within this protocol, and average male UV trait value increased over six consecutive generations presumably due to such selection and despite an increasing rate of pedigree-wide inbreeding. We then experimentally imposed a standard strength of inbreeding upon lines of divergent male UV trait value. Inbreeding depressed the siring performance of low-UV treatment males more severely and resulted in a marginal reduction of their UV brightness, which rebounded sharply following subsequent outcrossing. These findings are consistent with the ornament-based signaling of genetic quality as a function of underlying individual-level mutational load.</p>
Females pay little attention to variation in male display traits in a jumping spider with dimorphic males
<p><span>Dimorphic male alternative reproductive strategies typically involve divergent suites of morphological and behavioral traits to maximize reproductive success. Most instances of these strategies typically follow similar patterns of a larger, territorial or aggressive male morph and a smaller, satellite male morph. The genetically determined male morphs of the jumping spider, <em>Maevia</em> <em>inclemens</em>, have evolved dramatically different secondary sexual traits and courtship behavior, but do not seem to fit the classic mold of male alternative reproductive strategies. In the past several decades, advances have been made to better understand the different reproductive strategies between the morphs and how females (or predators) perceive them differently. However, the specific information content and function of their dimorphic morphological traits, and whether female aggression is an important factor in their evolution, is still not clearly understood. We tested two hypotheses for alternative mating strategies in <em>M. inclemens</em>. Tufted males have three tufts of setae above their eyes that may signal their mate quality. Striped males have contrasting black-and-white striped legs that may function as an aggression deterrent. We manipulated tuft length and the presence/absence of leg stripes and paired a single male with an unmated female in no-choice mating behavior experiments to quantify mating success, female receptivity, female aggression, and reproductive output. We found little support for our focal hypotheses. However, our models suggested that male body condition is more likely to influence mating interactions than variation in the target traits we manipulated. Our robust negative results allow us to critically revise our hypotheses to better understand the unique and perplexing male dimorphism of <em>M. inclemens</em> that deviates from current theory.</span></p>
Data for: Male, female and mixed-sex poplar plantations support divergent soil microbial communities
<p>Mixed-species forests are often more productive than monocultures because of a lower niche overlap and higher taxonomic and functional diversity of soil microbial communities. Males and females of dioecious plants have sex-specific adaptations to diverse habitats. The potential of using sexual differences in establishing more diverse poplar plantations has not been explored in degraded areas. We conducted a series of greenhouse and field experiments to investigate how belowground competition, soil microbial communities and seasonal variation nitrogen content differ among female, male and mixed-sex <em>Populus cathayana</em> plantations. In the greenhouse experiment, female neighbors suppressed the growth of males under optimal nitrogen conditions. However, male neighbors enhanced δ<sup>15</sup>N of females under inter-sexual competition. In the field, the root length density, root area density and biomass of fine roots were lower in female plantations than in male or mixed-sex plantations. Bacterial networks of female, male and mixed-sex plantations were characterized by different composition of hub nodes, including connectors, module and network hubs. The sex composition of plantations altered bacterial and fungal community structures according to Bray-Curtis distances, with 44% and 65% of variance explained by the root biomass, respectively. The total soil nitrogen content of mixed-sex plantation was higher than that in female plantation in spring and summer. The mixed-sex plantation also had a higher β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity in summer and a higher nitrification rate in autumn than the other two plantations. The seasonal soil N content, nitrification rate and root distribution traits demonstrated spatiotemporal niche separation in the mixed-sex plantation. We argue that a strong female-female competition and limited nitrogen content could strongly impede plant growth and reduce the resistance of monosex plantations to climate change and the mixed-sex plantations constitutes a promising way to restore degraded land.</p>
The evolution of lifespan and ageing in response to dietary macronutrients in male and female decorated crickets
<p>Dietary macronutrients regulate lifespan and ageing, yet little is known about their evolutionary effects. Here, we examine the evolutionary response of these traits in decorated crickets (<em>Gryllodes sigillatus</em>) maintained on diets varying in caloric content and protein-to-carbohydrate ratio. After 37 generations, each population was split: half remained on the evolution diet and half switched to a standardized diet. Crickets lived longer and aged slower when evolving on high-calorie (both sexes) and carbohydrate-biased (females only) diets and had lower baseline mortality on high-calorie (females only) diets. However, on the standardized diet, crickets lived longer when evolving on high-calorie diets (both sexes), aged slower on high-calorie (females only) and carbohydrate-biased (both sexes) diets, and had lower baseline mortality on high-calorie (males only) and protein-biased (both sexes) diets. Lifespan was longer and baseline mortality lower when provided the evolution versus the standardized diet but ageing rate was comparable. Moreover, lifespan was longer, ageing slower (females only) and baseline mortality lower (males only) compared to our evolved baseline suggesting varying degrees of dietary adaptation. Collectively, we show dietary components influence the evolution of lifespan and ageing in different ways and highlight the value of combining experimental evolution with nutritional geometry.</p>
Achoanus hulleyi, n.sp. I. Head of male in profile; 2. Head of female in profile: 3. Wing. in A New Genus And Species Of Syrphidae (Diptera) From South Africa
Achoanus hulleyi, n.sp. I. Head of male in profile; 2. Head of female in profile: 3. Wing.
F I G U R E 4 in Genetic characteristics and growth patterns of the hybrid grouper derived from the hybridization of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (female) Epinephelus polyphekadion (male)
F I G U R E 4 Examples of functional secondary structures of the 5S gene
Database for "Ecological perspectives on female and male reproductive success with competition in two Serapias species" Annals of Botany 2024
<p>Public data from the paper: Ecological perspectives on female and male reproductive success with competition in two Serapias species by J. Borràs, J. Cursach, C. Herrera, S. Perelló-Suau and M. Capó published in Annals of Botany 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcae074">DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae074</a></p>
Data and code from "COVID-19 lockdown effects on adolescent brain structure suggest accelerated maturation that is more pronounced in females than in males"
<p>Data and code used to perform analyses published in the research article "COVID-19 lockdown effects on adolescent brain structure suggest accelerated maturation that is more pronounced in females than in males" which is currently in press in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. (https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2403200121).</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.