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661 results for “nose”
MHC variation is similar in little brown bats before and after white-nose syndrome outbreak
<p>White-nose syndrome (WNS), caused by the fungal pathogen <i>Pseudogymnoascus destructans</i><i> </i>(Pd), has driven alarming declines in North American hibernating bats, such as little brown bat (<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>). During hibernation, infected little brown bats are able to initiate anti-Pd immune responses, indicating pathogen-mediated selection on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. However, such immune responses may not be protective as they interrupt torpor, elevate energy costs, and potentially lead to higher mortality rates. To assess whether WNS drives selection on MHC genes, we compared the MHC <i>DRB</i> gene in little brown bats pre- (Wisconsin) and post- (Michigan, New York, Vermont, and Pennsylvania) WNS (detection spanning 2014-2015). We genotyped 131 individuals and found 45 nucleotide alleles (27 amino acid alleles) indicating a maximum of 3 loci (1-5 alleles per individual). We observed high allelic admixture and a lack of genetic differentiation both among sampling sites and between pre- and post-WNS populations, indicating no signal of selection on MHC genes. However, post-WNS populations exhibited decreased allelic richness, reflecting effects from bottleneck and drift following rapid population declines. We propose that mechanisms other than adaptive immunity are more likely driving current persistence of little brown bats in affected regions.</p>
Data from: Invasive pathogen drives host population collapse: effects of a travelling wave of sarcoptic mange on bare-nosed wombats
1.Emerging and invasive pathogens can have long-lasting impacts on susceptible wildlife populations, including localised collapse and extirpation. Management of threatening disease is of widespread interest and requires knowledge of spatiotemporal patterns of pathogen spread. 2.Theory suggests disease spread often occurs via two patterns: homogenous mixing and travelling waves. However, high resolution empirical data demonstrating localised (within population) disease spread patterns are rare. 3.This study examined the spread of sarcoptic mange (aetiological agent Sarcoptes scabiei) in a population of bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus), and investigated whether pathogen spread occurred by homogenous mixing or a travelling wave. 4.Using seven years of population surveys and four years of disease severity surveys, we show that mange was first detected in the east of a wombat population in northern Tasmania, and progressed westward as a travelling wave. Wombat mortality rates reached 100% behind the wave, with a 94% decline in overall wombat abundance within the park. 5.Synthesis and applications. Globally distributed pathogens may have severe impacts on susceptible host species. This is the first study to quantify population level impacts of sarcoptic mange upon bare-nosed wombats, showing a wave of mange disease which resulted in a dramatic population decline. Successful management of the spread of this and similar pathogens may hinge on the capacity to establish transmission barriers at local or between-population scales.
Data from: Profiling the immunome of little brown myotis provides a yardstick for measuring the genetic response to white-nose syndrome
White-nose syndrome (WNS) has devastated populations of hibernating bats in eastern North America, leading to emergency conservation listings for several species including the previously ubiquitous little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus). However, some bat populations near the epicenter of the white-nose syndrome panzootic appear to be stabilizing after initial precipitous declines, which could reflect a selective immunogenetic sweep. To investigate the hypothesis that WNS exerts significant selection on the immunome of affected bat populations, we developed a novel, high-throughput sequence capture assay targeting 138 adaptive, intrinsic, and innate immunity genes of putative adaptive significance, as well as their respective regulatory regions (~370-kbp of genomic sequence/individual). We used the assay to explore baseline immunogenetic variation in M. lucifugus and to investigate whether particular immune genes/variants are associated with WNS susceptibility. We also used our assay to detect 1,038 putatively neutral single-nucleotide polymorphisms and characterize contemporary population structure, providing context for the identification of local immunogenetic adaptation. Sequence capture provided a cost-effective, 'all-in-one' assay to test for neutral genetic and immunogenetic structure and revealed fine-scale, baseline immunogenetic differentiation between sampling sites < 600 kilometers apart. We identified functional immunogenetic variants in M. lucifugus associated with WNS susceptibility. This study lays the foundations for future investigations of range-wide immunogenetic adaptation to white-nose syndrome in M. lucifugus, and provides a blueprint for studies of evolutionary rescue in other host-pathogen systems.
Incorporating evaporative water loss into bioenergetic models of hibernation to test for relative influence of host and pathogen traits on white-nose syndrome
<p class="Paragraph">Hibernation consists of extended durations of torpor interrupted by periodic arousals. The 'dehydration hypothesis' proposes that hibernating mammals arouse to replenish water lost through evaporation during torpor. Arousals are energetically expensive, and increased arousal frequency can alter survival throughout hibernation. Yet we lack a means to assess the effect of evaporative water loss (EWL), determined by animal physiology and hibernation microclimate, on torpor bout duration and subsequent survival. White-nose syndrome (WNS), a devastating disease impacting hibernating bats, causes increased frequency of arousals during hibernation and EWL has been hypothesized to contribute to this increased arousal frequency. WNS is caused by a fungus, which grows well in humid hibernaculum environments and damages wing tissue important for water conservation. Here, we integrated the effect of EWL on torpor expression in a hibernation energetics model, including the effects of fungal infection, to determine the link between EWL and survival. We collected field data for <i>Myotis lucifugus, </i>a species that experiences high mortality from WNS, to gather parameters for the model. In saturating conditions, we predicted healthy bats experience minimal mortality. Infected bats, however, suffer high fungal growth in highly saturated environments, leading to exhaustion of fat stores before spring. Our results suggest that host adaptation to humid environments leads to increased arousal frequency from infection, which drives mortality across hibernaculum conditions. Our modified hibernation model provides a tool to assess the interplay between host physiology, hibernaculum microclimate, and diseases such as WNS on winter survival.</p>
FIGURE 4 in A new species of ' spike-nosed' frog from northern New Guinea (Anura: Hylidae: Litoria)
FIGURE 4. Litoria chrisdahli sp. nov. paratype (SAMA R62506) in life.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of ' spike-nosed' frog from northern New Guinea (Anura: Hylidae: Litoria)
FIGURE 6. Detail of pulse structure of final two notes illustrated in Fig. 5.
FIGURE 1 in Studies in Australian Katydids: A Review of the Australian Snub-nosed Sylvan katydids (Tettigoniidae; Pseudophyllinae; Simoderini)
FIGURE 1. Mastigaphoides vaginalis Rentz, Su, Ueshima, sp. nov., adult female.
FIGURE 11 in Studies in Australian Katydids: A Review of the Australian Snub-nosed Sylvan katydids (Tettigoniidae; Pseudophyllinae; Simoderini)
FIGURE 11. Narea sp. probably compacta. See text, p. 27. R. Farrow photo.
A LA-BTC MOF AS A SENSOR ELEMENT OF AN ELECTRONIC NOSE FOR SELECTIVE ADSORPTION OF BIOMARKERS OF DISEASES: MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF ADSORPTION
<p>The MD trajectories calculated for all the La-BTC MOF-biomarker simulation systems </p>
Figure 6 from: Patterson BD, Webala PW, Lavery TH, Agwanda BR, Goodman SM, Kerbis Peterhans JC, Demos TC (2020) Evolutionary relationships and population genetics of the Afrotropical leaf-nosed bats (Chiroptera, Hipposideridae). ZooKeys 929: 117-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.929.50240
Figure 6 Species tree Hipposideridae based on StarBEAST analysis of four introns. Posterior probabilities appear at all nodes.
Figure 5 from: Patterson BD, Webala PW, Lavery TH, Agwanda BR, Goodman SM, Kerbis Peterhans JC, Demos TC (2020) Evolutionary relationships and population genetics of the Afrotropical leaf-nosed bats (Chiroptera, Hipposideridae). ZooKeys 929: 117-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.929.50240
Figure 5 Phylogeny of Hipposideridae based on Bayesian analysis of 103 concatenated nuclear intron sequences. Numbers denote posterior probabilities (BI) and bootstrap percentages (ML); red circles at more terminal nodes indicate BS ≥ 70%, PP ≥ 0.95.
Figure 4 from: Patterson BD, Webala PW, Lavery TH, Agwanda BR, Goodman SM, Kerbis Peterhans JC, Demos TC (2020) Evolutionary relationships and population genetics of the Afrotropical leaf-nosed bats (Chiroptera, Hipposideridae). ZooKeys 929: 117-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.929.50240
Figure 4 Substitution network plots for Afrotropical hipposiderids AHipposideros caffer clades 1–4 BHipposideros caffer clades 5–8 CH. ruber clades.
FIGURE 1 in Assessment of the Linnaean type material of the Nose-horned viper, Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758)
FIGURE 1 Section of pages 216–217 of Ed. 10 of 'Systema Naturae' describing Coluber ammodytes.
FIGURE 2 in Assessment of the Linnaean type material of the Nose-horned viper, Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758)
FIGURE 2 Section of pages 376 of 'Systema Naturae' Ed. 12 describing Coluber ammodytes.
FIGURE 5 in Assessment of the Linnaean type material of the Nose-horned viper, Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758)
FIGURE 5. Original jar with the label in Thunberg's handwriting.
On following page: 3. Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii). in Vombatidae
On following page: 3. Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii).
Kitti''s Hog-nosed Bat in Craseonycteridae
Kitti''s Hog-nosed Bat
Figures 76-84 from: Brown SDJ (2017) Austromonticola, a new genus of broad-nosed weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from montane areas of New Zealand. ZooKeys 707: 73-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.707.12649
Figures 76-84 - Genitalia of Austromonticola postinventus. 76 penis, dorsal view 77 aedeagus, lateral view 78 male hemisternites 8 and spiculum gastrale, lateral view (muscles between hemisternites 8 and basal plate indicated) 79 male hemisternites 8 and spiculum gastrale with basal plate, ventral view 80 female tergite 8, dorsal view 81 ovipositor, dorsal view 82 bursal sclerite, anterior view 83 ovipositor and spermatheca, lateral view 84 female sternite 8, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm; 75–79 at same scale; 80–84 at same scale.
Figures 93-99 from: Brown SDJ (2017) Austromonticola, a new genus of broad-nosed weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from montane areas of New Zealand. ZooKeys 707: 73-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.707.12649
Figures 93-99 - Genitalia of Austromonticola rotundus. 93 penis, dorsal view 94 aedeagus, lateral view 95 female tergite 8, dorsal view 96 ovipositor, dorsal view 97 ovipositor and spermatheca, lateral view 98 bursal sclerite, ventral view 99 female sternite 8, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm; 93–94 at same scale; 95–99 at same scale.
Figures 67-75 from: Brown SDJ (2017) Austromonticola, a new genus of broad-nosed weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from montane areas of New Zealand. ZooKeys 707: 73-130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.707.12649
Figures 67-75 - Genitalia of Austromonticola planulatus. 67 penis, dorsal view 68 aedeagus, lateral view 69 male hemisternites 8 and spiculum gastrale, lateral view (muscles between hemisternites 8 and basal plate indicated) 70 male hemisternites 8 and spiculum gastrale with basal plate, ventral view 71 tergite 8, dorsal view 72 ovipositor, dorsal view 73 bursal sclerite, anterior view 74 ovipositor and spermatheca, lateral view 75 female sternite 8, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm; 67–70 at same scale; 71–75 at same scale.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.