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1,342 results for “pest”
Reproducing during Heat Waves: Influence of Juvenile and Adult Environment on Fecundity of a Pest Mite and its Predator
<p>Dataset of the results in the article:</p> <p>Reproducing during Heat Waves: Influence of Juvenile and Adult Environment on Fecundity of a Pest Mite and its Predator</p> <p>This research was funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF).</p>
Climate-related adaptation of metabolic rate across the distribution of a broadly tolerant invasive forest pest
<p>Metabolic rate is a widely-studied physiological species trait related to energetics, climate, and geographic distributions. Hypotheses have been proposed to explain variation in metabolic rate, but evidence has been mixed due to the limited sampling scope of intraspecific studies. Successful biological invasions offer a unique opportunity to examine the development of intraspecific physiological variation and how it relates to climate, invasive spread, and species range limits. Here we conducted a macro-scale study of routine metabolic rate variation across the Spongy moth (<em>Lymantria dispar</em>) invasive range in North America. We found a positive latitudinal cline with population-specific metabolic rates increasing from the southern range to the north that was significantly related to climate. Our comprehensive macrophysiological analyses provide further evidence that local adaptation of physiological and life history traits to climate has played a significant role in the spread of <em>L. dipsar</em> across the landscape in the past 150 years.</p>
Changing patterns of the East Asian monsoon drive shifts in migration and abundance of a globally important rice pest
<p>Numerous insects including pests and beneficial species undertake windborne migrations over hundreds of kilometers. In East Asia, climate-induced changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation systems are affecting wind-fields and precipitation zones and these, in turn, are changing migration patterns. We examined the consequences in a serious rice pest, the brown planthopper (BPH, <em>Nilaparvata</em> <em>lugens</em>) in East China. BPH cannot overwinter in temperate East Asia, and infestations there are initiated by several waves of windborne spring or summer migrants originating from tropical areas in Indochina. The East Asian Summer monsoon, characterized by abundant rainfall and southerly winds, is of critical importance for these northward movements. We analyzed a 42-year dataset of meteorological parameters and catches of BPH from a standardized network of 341 light-traps in South and East China. We show that south of the Yangtze River during summer, southwesterly winds have weakened and rainfall increased, while the summer precipitation has decreased further north on the Jianghuai Plain. Together, these changes have resulted in shorter migratory journeys for BPH leaving South China. As a result, immigration levels of pest outbreaks of BPH in the key rice-growing area of the Lower Yangtze River Valley (LYRV) have declined since 2001. We show that these changes to the East Asian summer monsoon weather parameters are driven by shifts in the position and intensity of the Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) system that have occurred in the last 20 years. As a result, the relationship between WPSH intensity and BPH immigration that was previously used to predict the size of the immigration to the LYRV has now broken down. Our results demonstrate that migration patterns of a serious rice pest have shifted in response to the climate-induced changes in precipitation and wind pattern, with significant consequences for the population management of migratory pests.</p>
Pest suppression potential varies across ten bioenergy cropping systems
<p>Dataset and metadata for Haan, N.L., & Landis, D.A. 2023. Pest suppression potential varies across ten bioenergy cropping systems. <em>Global Change Biology - Bioenergy</em>. </p>
Management intensity affects insect pests and natural pest control on Arabica coffee in its native range
<p><span>Agroforestry systems provide opportunities to reduce the trade-off between agricultural production and biodiversity, for example by enhancing a diverse community of species potentially acting as natural pest control agents. While management of agroforestry systems is intensifying across the globe, we lack insights into the impact of management intensity on pest levels and natural pest control, especially along broad management gradients and as compared with natural forests. </span></p> <p><span>We assessed the impact of management intensity on major insect pests (the coffee blotch miner, the serpentine leaf miner, the coffee leaf skeletonizer, and damage by other free-feeding herbivores) and natural pest control by parasitoid wasps across sixty sites in the center of origin of Arabica coffee in southwestern Ethiopia. Within this region, coffee is growing along a broad management gradient ranging from little or no management in the natural forest to intensively managed commercial plantations. </span></p> <p><span>In the wet season, pest levels were largely similar in the natural forest, semi-forest, and semi-plantation systems, whereas pests reached outbreak densities in the most intensively managed plantation system. In contrast, management intensity did not significantly affect pest levels</span><span> in the dry season</span><span>. The insect pests differed in their seasonal dynamics, consistently declined with elevation, and were largely unaffected by shade levels. Parasitism rate of the coffee blotch miner was lower, and the parasitoid community was distinct, in the most intensively managed plantation system. </span></p> <p><span><em><strong>Synthesis and applications</strong></em>: Our findings support the hypothesis that the weaker top-down control by parasitoids in the intensively managed plantation sites leads to higher pest levels, and that – at least for some pest species – there is a threshold in the effect of management intensity on pest levels and natural pest control. It is important to consider such non-linear relationships to maintain or enhance the sustainability of agroforestry systems during management intensification. Overall, our findings highlight that ecological knowledge of natural pest control can be used to intensify production to improve the livelihood of smallholders without jeopardizing natural pest control, at least up to a certain point. </span></p>
DATASET: Temperature Differentially Influences the Capacity of Trichoderma Species to Induce Plant Defense Responses in Tomato Against Insect Pests
<p>Species of the ecological opportunistic, avirulent fungus, <em>Trichoderma</em> are widely used in agriculture for their ability to protect crops from the attack of pathogenic fungi and for plant growth promotion activity. Recently, it has been shown that they may also have complementary properties that enhance plant defense barriers against insects. However, the use of these fungi is somewhat undermined by their variable level of biocontrol activity, which is influenced by environmental conditions. Understanding the source of this variability is essential for its profitable and wide use in plant protection. Here, we focus on the impact of temperature on <em>Trichoderma afroharzianum</em> T22, <em>Trichoderma atroviride</em> P1, and the defense response induced in tomato by insects. The <em>in vitro</em> development of these two strains was differentially influenced by temperature, and the observed pattern was consistent with temperature-dependent levels of resistance induced by them in tomato plants against the aphid, <em>Macrosiphum euphorbiae</em>, and the noctuid moth, <em>Spodoptera littoralis</em>. Tomato plants treated with <em>T. afroharzianum</em> T22 exhibited enhanced resistance toward both insect pests at 25°C, while <em>T. atroviride</em> P1 proved to be more effective at 20°C. The comparison of plant transcriptomic profiles generated by the two <em>Trichoderma</em> species allowed the identification of specific defense genes involved in the observed response, and a selected group was used to assess, by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), the differential gene expression in <em>Trichoderma</em>-treated tomato plants subjected to the two temperature regimens that significantly affected fungal biological performance. These results will help pave the way toward a rational selection of the most suitable <em>Trichoderma</em> isolates for field applications, in order to best face the challenges imposed by local environmental conditions and by extreme climatic shifts due to global warming.</p>
Incomplete reproductive barriers and genomic differentiation impact the spread of resistance mutations between green- and red-colour morphs of a cosmopolitan mite pest
<p>We studied patterns of genetic differentiation and barriers to gene flow within and between morphs of <em>T. urticae</em> in order to understand the factors that influence the spread of resistance mutations across its populations. We derived multiple iso-female lines from <em>Tetranychus</em> populations collected from agricultural crops. We generated genomic and morphological data, characterized their bacterial communities, and performed controlled crosses.</p>
Data from: Pest management science often disregards farming system complexities
<p><span>Since the 1940s, pesticide-intensive crop protection has sustained food security but also caused pervasive impacts on biodiversity, environmental integrity and human health. Here, we employ a systematic literature review to structurally analyze pest management science in 65 developing countries. Within a corpus of 3,407 publications, we find that taxonomic coverage is skewed towards a subset of 48 herbivores. Simplified contexts are commonplace: 48% of studies are performed within laboratory confines. 80% treat management tactics in an isolated rather than integrated fashion. 83% consider no more than two out of 15 farming system variables. Limited attention is devoted to pest-pathogen or pest-pollinator interplay, trophic interactions across ecosystem compartments or natural pest regulation. By overlooking social strata, the sizable scientific progress on agroecological management translates into slow farm-level uptake. We argue that the scientific enterprise should integrate system complexity to chart sustainable trajectories for global agriculture and achieve transformative change on the ground.</span></p>
Bats are sentinels for invasive pest surveillance based on DNA metabarcoding
<p><span>Insectivorous bats have been identified as important agents for biological pest control in the agroecosystems and impose strong top-down pressure on pests</span><span> (</span><span>Ramirez-Francel</span><span> et al., 2022)</span><span>.</span><span> Without bats, it is estimated that the United States would spend more than $3 billion a year on pesticides alone</span><span> (</span><span>Boyles</span><span> et al., 2011)</span><span>. </span><span>Thus, b</span><span>ats are expected to be natural pest collectors</span><span> (Kunz, 2011)</span><span>. However, </span><span>it is still unproven assumption that bats can be used to efficiently monitor </span><span>invasi</span><span>ve</span><span> pest</span><span>s</span><span> in agroecosystems.</span> <span>Due to the wide distribution of bats, their high foraging efficiency, large activity range, and because most bats return to the same habitat and cluster in roosts together after foraging, collecting fecal samples is feasible and convenient. In our preliminary experiments, multiple bat species were found to normally consume FAW, which provides an excellent opportunity for verifying the practicability of DNA metabarcoding in monitoring the invasion of this pest.</span></p>
Figure 1 in Abundance and Seasonal Occurrence of Pest Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Residential and Rural Areas of Oahu (Hawaiian Islands)
Figure 1. Map of trapping sites on Oahu (2009–2013), with habitat at each site.
Increasing catches of adult moth pests (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in pome fruit with low-intensity LED lights added to sex pheromone / kairomone lure-baited traps.
<p>Raw data of field studies trapping different tortricid pest species with pheromone/kairomone lures and LED lights added to the traps.</p>
Data from: A novel protein-based fruit fly trap in melon flies Bactrocera cucurbitae for effective pest control management
<p>Agriculture remains a major source of subsistence for local communities in India. However, agricultural yield can be strongly affected by agricultural pest outbreaks. This can result in economic losses for small-scale farmers who already experience socioeconomic challenges, such as lack of appropriate infrastructure and subsidies. Sophisticated pest management techniques (e.g., sterile insect technique) are less accessible to small farmers in developing countries and therefore, alternative cost-effective approaches for pest management are needed. Here, we report our findings of a three-year-long field trial (2018 to 2020) in India which was designed to test for the potential effectiveness of a novel, slow-release formulation protein-based trap, compared to standard Cuelure traps against melon flies <em>Bactrocera</em> <em>cucurbitae</em> (Diptera: Tephritidae). Protein-bait traps can attract flies from both sexes (as opposed to males-only, chemical traps), bearing the potential to have greater long-term impact on pest populations by decreasing future reproductive potential of trapped individuals. We found that Cuelure had overall higher trapping performance, while protein-bait traps, despite trapping at lower efficiency, were equally effective for males and females. Simulations with our field data revealed that protein-bait traps can have an 'inclusive' advantage by trapping females and thereby preventing future individuals. Overall, our study highlights the potential benefits of using this alternative trapping technique to supplement pest management in developing countries.</p>
High promiscuity among females of the invasive pest species Drosophila suzukii
<p><em><span>Drosophila suzukii</span></em> <span>(</span><span>Matsumura, </span><span>1931), </span><span>the spotted-wing drosophila, is a highly invasive fruit fly </span><span>that spread from</span><span> Southern Asia across most regions of Asia</span><span>,</span><span> and in the last </span><span>fifteen</span><span> years has invaded Europe and the Americas. </span><span>It is an economically important pest of small fruits such as berries</span><span> and </span><span>stone fruits</span><span>.</span><span> <em>Dro</em></span><em><span>sophila suzukii</span></em><span> speciated by adapting to cooler, mountainous and forest environments. In temperate regions, it evolved seasonal polyphenism traits which enhanced its survival during stressful winter population bottlenecks. Consequently, in these temperate regions, the populations undergo seasonal reproductive dynamics. </span><span>Despite its economic importance, no data are available on the behavioural reproductive strategies of this fly. The presence of polyandry, for example, has not been determined despite the important role it might play in the reproductive dynamics of the populations.</span></p> <p><span>We explored </span><span>the presence of polyandry </span><span>in an established population in </span><span>Trentino, a region in </span><span>North Italy</span><span>. In this area, <em>D. suzukii</em> overcomes the </span><span>winter </span><span>bottleneck and undergoes a seasonal reproductive fluctuation. We observed a high remating frequency in females during the late spring demographic explosion that led</span><span> to the abundant summer population. </span><span>The presence of </span><span>a high degree of polyandry and shared paternity</span><span> associated with the post-winter population increase raises the question of the possible</span><span> evolutionary adaptive </span><span>role</span><span> of </span><span>this reproductive behaviour in </span><em><span>D. suzukii.</span></em></p>
Tree species richness around urban red maples reduces pest abundance but does not enhance biological control
<p>Urban trees often host greater insect pest abundance than trees in rural forests. This may be due, in part, to differences in tree diversity and canopy cover between these settings. Urban trees are often planted in isolation or monoculture, which favors pest accumulation. The gloomy scale, <em>Melanaspis tenebricosa</em> Comstock, is a pest of urban red maples (<em>Acer rubrum </em>L.) that is abundant where impervious surfaces dominate the local landscape. Increasing tree diversity and canopy cover around urban red maples may reduce gloomy scale abundance by supporting natural enemy communities. We investigated the effect that surrounding tree species richness and tree canopy cover had on gloomy scale abundance, natural enemy abundance, and biological control in red maple trees in Raleigh, NC, USA. We collected scales and natural enemies from red maples that spanned a gradient of tree species richness, canopy cover, and impervious surface values. We also measured gloomy scale parasitism and predation of sentinel prey in red maple canopies. Greater tree species richness and canopy cover were associated with lower gloomy scale density. Red maples in diverse settings also hosted fewer scales per natural enemy. Parasitoids were less common in maples in diverse settings, but generalist predator abundance was unaffected by tree diversity. Finally, tree species richness and canopy cover did not increase biological control of scales or sentinel prey. Our findings suggest that higher tree diversity and greater canopy cover may reduce gloomy scale density, but this is not entirely explained by the effects of natural enemies and biological control.</p>
Data from : Both long-term grasslands and crop diversity are needed to limit pest and weed infestations in agricultural landscapes
<p>Data used for analysis in Both long-term grasslands and crop diversity are needed to limit pest and weed infestations in agricultural landscapes </p>
Data for paper: Genomic data reveals new species and the limits of mtDNA barcode diagnostics to contain a global pest species complex (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae)
<p>Files in this repository:</p><p>"COI_alignment.fas.zip" Zipped file of the FASTA alignment of the COI sequences.</p><p>"COI_IQtree.treefile" Newick treefile resulting from the IQ-tree analysis of the COI alignment.</p><p>"RAD-loci_alignment.nex.zip" Zipped file of the NEXUS alignment of RAD loci of 2295 samples.</p><p>"RAD-loci_IQtree.tre" Newick treefile resulting from the IQ-tree analysis of the RAD-loci alignment.</p><p>"RAD-SNP_alignment.usnps.nex" NEXUS alignment of the RAD-SNP data of 50 samples.</p><p>"RAD-SNP_SNAPP.trees" Set of Newick trees resulting from the BEAST SNAPP analysis.</p>
Modulo De Papelitos Da Peste
Lucas Eliel Costa Soares Curso superior em tecnologia de jogos digitais. Modelagem de objetos. Modulo de medicos da peste, feitos de papelão. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Landscape simplification increases vineyard pest outbreaks and insecticide use
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Data for: Effect of cover cropping and biosolarization on eggplant growth, soil pests, and soil nitrogen
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Data from: Crop pests and predators exhibit inconsistent responses to surrounding landscape composition
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